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A shuriken (Japanese: 手裏剣, lit. 'hand-hidden blade') is a Japanese concealed weapon used by samurai or ninja or in martial arts as a hidden dagger or metsubushi to distract or misdirect.^[1]^[2]

Shuriken are also known as throwing stars, or ninja stars, although they were originally constructed in many different shapes. The major varieties of shuriken are the bō shuriken (棒手裏剣, stick shuriken) and the hira shuriken (平手裏剣, flat shuriken) or shaken (車剣, wheel shuriken, also read as kurumaken).

Shuriken functioned as supplementary weapons to the sword or to other weapons in a samurai's arsenal, although they often had an important tactical effect in battle.^[3]^[4]^[5]^{[better source needed]} The art of wielding the shuriken is known as shurikenjutsu^[5] and was taught as a minor part of the martial-arts curriculum of many famous schools, such as Yagyū Shinkage-ryū, Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū, Ittō-ryū, Kukishin-ryū, and Togakure-ryū.^[2]^[6]^[7]

Bo-shuriken

A bo-shuriken is a throwing weapon consisting of a straight iron or steel spike, usually four-sided but sometimes round or octagonal in section. Some examples have points on both ends. The length ranges from 12 to 21 cm (5–8.5 in) and the average weight from 35 to 150 grams (1.2–5.4 ounces).^[8] They should not be confused with the kunai, which is a thrusting and stabbing implement that is sometimes thrown.

Bo-shuriken were constructed from a wide variety of everyday items, and as such came in many shapes and sizes. Some derived their names from the materials of which they were made, such as kugi-gata (nail form), hari-gata (needle form) and tantō-gata (knife form); some were named after an object of similar appearance, such as hoko-gata (spear form), matsuba-gata (pine-needle form); while others have names that are purely descriptive, such as kankyuto (piercing tool form), kunai-gata (utility tool form), or teppan (plate metal) and biao (pin).^[8]

The bo-shuriken is thrown in a number of ways, such as overhead, underarm, sideways and rearwards, but in each case the throw involves the blade sliding out of the hand through the fingers in a smooth, controlled flight. The major throwing methods are the jiki da-ho (direct-hit method), and the han-ten da-ho (turning-hit method). These two are technically different, in that the former does not allow the blade to spin before it hits the target, while the latter requires that the blade spin.

Other items such as hairpins, kogata (utility knife), and chopsticks were thrown in the same way as bo-shuriken, although they were not associated with any particular school of shurikenjutsu.

The origins of the bo-shuriken in Japan are still unclear, despite continuing research. This is partly because shurikenjutsu was a secret art and also due to the fact that throughout early Japanese history there were many independent exponents of the skill of throwing long, thin objects. The earliest-known reference to a school teaching shurikenjutsu is Ganritsu Ryu, active during the 17th century. This school utilized a long, thin implement with a bulbous head, thought to be derived from the arrow. Surviving examples of blades used by this school appear to combine an arrow's shape with that of a needle traditionally used in Japanese leatherwork and armor manufacture.^[8]

There are earlier mentions in written records,^{[clarification needed]} such as the Osaka Gunki (大阪軍記, the military records of Osaka), of the standard knife and short sword being thrown in battle. Miyamoto Musashi is said to have won a duel by throwing his short sword at his opponent, killing him.

Hira shuriken/shaken

Hira-shuriken generally resemble the popular conception of shuriken. They are constructed from thin, flat plates of metal derived from a variety of sources including hishi-gane (coins), kugi-nuki (carpentry tools), spools, and senban (nail removers).

They often have a hole in the center and possess a fairly thin blade sharpened mainly at the tip. The holes derive from their source in items that had holes—old coins, washers, and nail-removing tools. This proved convenient for the shuriken user as the weapons could be strung on a string or dowel in the belt for transport, and the hole also had aerodynamic and weighting effects that aided the flight of the blade.^[8]

There are a wide variety of forms of hira-shuriken, and they are now usually identified by the number of points the blades possess. As with bo-shuriken, the various shapes of hira-shuriken were usually representative of a particular school (ryū) or region that preferred the use of such shapes, and it is therefore possible to identify the school by the type of blade used.^[8]

Usage

Shuriken targets were primarily the more exposed parts of the body: the eyes, face, hands, or feet.^[3]^[7]^{[better source needed]} Shuriken, despite low mass, were capable of dealing lethal blows at short ranges. In some cases, shuriken were capable of partially disemboweling targets.^[9]

Shuriken, especially hira-shuriken, were also used in novel ways—they could be embedded in the ground, injuring those who stepped on them (similar to a caltrop), wrapped in a fuse to be ignited and thrown to cause fire, or wrapped in a cloth soaked in poison and lit to cover an area with a cloud of poisonous smoke.^[10] They could also be used as a handheld weapon in close combat.^[11]^{[better source needed]}

There are reports of shuriken being coated with poison, intended either as a throwing weapon or to be left in a conspicuous place for a victim to pick up.^[12]^[7]^{[better source needed]} Other reports indicate that shuriken may have been buried in dirt or animal feces and allowed to harbor the bacterium Clostridium tetani—if the point penetrated a victim deeply enough, the bacteria transferred into the wound could cause a then-incurable tetanus infection.^[7]

Shuriken are simple weapons, but their historical value has increased.^[6]^[7] Unlike the katana and other bladed weapons, antique shuriken are not often well preserved (although some are blackened in ash to prevent corrosion), largely due to their expendable nature.^[13]

Legality

Modern commercially available shuriken, which are sold in Europe and North America, are often made of stainless steel. However, in many countries and jurisdictions, they are illegal to possess or carry, such as in Belgium, the Netherlands, Canada,^[14] Germany,^[15] and the United Kingdom (manufacture, sale, distribution and import).^[16] In the United States, they are prohibited in some states such as California,^[17] and New York.^[18] In some cases they may be allowed, but may still be subject to specific local legislation. Owners may be required to possess a certificate for possession.

References

^ Fletcher, Daniel (21 August 2012). Japanese Throwing Weapons: Mastering Shuriken Throwing Techniques (Downloadable Media Included). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4629-0985-8.
^ ^a ^b Mol, Serge (2003). Classical Weaponry of Japan: Special Weapons and Tactics of the Martial Arts. Kodansha International. ISBN 978-4-7700-2941-6.
^ ^a ^b Malmstrom, Bud (1984). "How To Make a Throwing Star". Black Belt. 22 (10). Active Interest Media: 61–64.
^ Gruzanski, Charles (17 January 2012). Ninja Weapons: Chain and Shuriken. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4629-0322-1.
^ ^a ^b Toda, Katsumi (1984). The Ninja Star: Art of Shuriken Jutsu. Dragon Books. ISBN 978-0-946062-10-2.
^ ^a ^b Musashi, Miyamoto; Seiko, Fujita (September 2020). Miyamoto Musashi & Shuriken. Eric Michael Shahan. ISBN 978-1-950959-29-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Seiko, Fujita (July 2020). Shuriken. Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print US. ISBN 978-1-950959-22-8.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Mol, Serge (2003). Classical weaponry of Japan: special weapons and tactics of the martial arts. Tokyo: Kodansha International. pp. 159–160. ISBN 978-4-7700-2941-6.
^ Kettner, M.; Gade, G.; Ramsthaler, F.; Shah, S.; Pape, A.; Theisen, A.; Schmidt, P. (2010). "Experimental studies on the wounding capacity of recently developed shuriken/Throwing stars and their legal categorization--an interdisciplinary view". Archiv für Kriminologie. 225 (5–6): 167–180. PMID 20642255.
^ Draeger, Donn F. (2008). Ninjutsu: The Art of Invisibility. Tokyo: Tuttle martial arts. pp. 72–73. ISBN 978-0-8048-3937-2.
^ Adams, Andy (1985). "The Battle for Ninja Supremacy". Black Belt. 23 (12). Active Interest Media: 21–24.
^ Steele, David (1981). "Japanese Daggers". Black Belt. 19 (2). Black Belt, Inc.: 55–60.
^ Gruzanski, Charles V. (1991). Ninja Weapons: Chain and Shuriken. Tokyo: Tuttle martial arts. pp. 91–92. ISBN 978-0-8048-1705-9.
^ "Regulations Prescribing Certain Firearms and other Weapons, Components and Parts of Weapons, Accessories, Cartridge Magazines, Ammunition and Projectiles as Prohibited or Restricted, SOR/98-462". www.canlii.org.
^ "Point 1.3.3". www.gesetze-im-internet.de. 17 May 2022.
^ "Criminal Justice Act 1988 (Offensive Weapons) Order 1988", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 1988/2019
^ "California Penal Code Section 22410". www.leginfo.legislature.ca.gov.
^ "New York Penal Law". www.law.onecle.com. § 265.01 – Criminal Possession of a Weapon in the Fourth Degree

Literature

Nawa, Yumio (1962) Kakushi Buki Soran (An Overview of Hidden Weapons)
Seiko Fujita (June 1964) Zukai Shurikenjutsu / 図解手裏剣術 (An Overview of Shuriken-jutsu)
Finn, Michael (1983) Art of Shuriken Jutsu
Hammond, Billy (1985) Shuriken jutsu: The Japanese Art of Projectile Throwing A.E.L.S
Shirakami, Eizo (1985) Shurikendo: My Study of the Way of Shuriken
Iwai, Kohaku (1999) Hibuki no Subete ga Wakaru Hon (Hidden Weapons) BAB, Japan
Kono, Yoshinori (1996) Toru Shirai: Founder of Tenshin Shirai Ryu in Aikido Journal #108
Saito, Satoshi in Skoss, Diane ed. (1999) Sword & Spirit: Classical Warrior Traditions of Japan Vol. 2 Koryu Books
Mol, Serge (2003). Classical Weaponry of Japan: Special Weapons and Tactics of the Martial Arts. Kodansha. pp. 1–217. ISBN 4-7700-2941-1.