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Servian Wall
Servian Wall
Rome, Italy
	A preserved section of Servian Wall next to Termini railway station.
	A map of Rome showing the seven Hills of Rome (pink), the Servian Wall (blue) and its gates. The Aurelian Walls (red) were constructed in the 3rd century AD.
Coordinates	41°54′06″N 12°30′06″E / 41.90167°N 12.50167°E
Type	Defensive wall
Height	Up to 10 metres (33 ft)
Site information
Open to; the public	Open to public.
Condition	Ruinous. Fragmentary remains
Site history
Built	4th century BC (Livy dates grotta oscura sections from 378 BC)
Materials	Tuff
Events	Second Punic War
Garrison information
Occupants	Romans

The Servian Wall (Latin: Murus Servii Tullii; Italian: Mura Serviane) is an ancient Roman defensive barrier constructed around the city of Rome in the early 4th century BC. The wall was built of volcanic tuff and was up to 10 m (33 ft) in height in places, 3.6 m (12 ft) wide at its base, 11 km (6.8 mi) long,^[1] and is believed to have had 16 main gates, of which only one or two have survived, and enclosed a total area of 246 hectares (610 acres). In the 3rd century AD it was superseded by the construction of the larger Aurelian Walls as the city of Rome grew beyond the boundary of the Servian Wall.^[2]

History

The wall is named after the sixth Roman King, Servius Tullius. The literary tradition stating that there was some type of defensive wall or earthen works that encircled the city of Rome dating to the 6th century BC has been found to be false.^[3] The main extent of the Servian Wall was built in the early 4th century BC, during what is known as the Roman Republic.

Construction

The Servian Wall was originally built from large blocks of Cappellaccio tuff (a volcanic rock made from ash and rock fragments that are ejected during a volcanic eruption) that was quarried from the Alban Hills volcanic complex.^[4] This initial wall of Cappellaccio tuff was partially damaged and in need of restoration by the late 390s (either because of rapid disintegration or damage sustained after the Sack of Rome in 390 BC).^[5] These reparations were done using the superior Grotta Oscura tuff which had become available after the Romans had defeated Veii in the 390s.^[6] This tuff was quarried by the vanquished Veientines.^[7] In addition to the tuff blocks, some sections of the structure incorporated a deep fossa, or a ditch, in front of the wall, as a means to effectively heighten the wall. This second iteration of the wall containing Grotta Oscura tuff is dated by Livy to have been completed in 378 BC.^[8]

Along part of the topographically weaker Northern perimeter was an agger, a defensive ramp of earth that was built up along the inside of the Servian Wall. This effectively thickened the wall and also gave the defenders of Rome a base to stand while repelling an attack. The wall was also outfitted with defensive war engines, including catapults.^[9]

Usage

The Servian Wall was maintained through the end of the Late Republic and into the Roman Empire. By this time, Rome had already begun to outgrow the original boundaries of the Servian Wall.

The Servian Wall became unnecessary as Rome became well protected by the ever-expanding strength of the field armies of the Republic and of the later Empire. As the city continued to grow and prosper, Rome was essentially unwalled for the first three centuries of the Empire. Expanding domestic structures simply incorporated existing wall sections into their foundations, an example of which survives in the Auditorium of Maecenas.^[10] When German tribes made further incursions along the Roman frontier in the 3rd century AD, Emperor Aurelian had the larger Aurelian Walls built to protect the city of Rome.^[11]

Present day

Several sections of the Servian Wall are still visible in various locations around the city of Rome. The largest section is preserved outside the Termini Station, the main railway station in Rome – including a section in a McDonald's dining area at the station. Another notable section on the Aventine Hill incorporates an arch that was supposedly for a defensive catapult from the late Republic.^[9]

Gates along the Servian Wall

The Porta Esquilina was originally a gateway in the Servian Wall. In the later Roman Empire it became known as the Arch of Gallienus, and was the starting point of the via Labicana and the via Tiburtina.

The following lists the gates that are believed to have been built, clockwise from the westernmost. (Many of these are inferred only from writings, with no known remains.)

Porta Flumentana – this gate was where the via Aurelia entered Rome after crossing the Tiber River.
Porta Carmentalis – the western end of the Capitoline.
Porta Fontinalis – led from the northern end of the Capitoline into the Campus Martius along the via Lata.
Porta Sanqualis – on the Quirinal.
Porta Salutaris – on the Quirinal.
Porta Quirinalis – on the Quirinal.
Porta Collina – the northernmost gate, on the Quirinal, leading to the via Salaria. Hannibal camped his army within sight of this gate when he considered besieging Rome in 211 BC. This section was fortified additionally with the agger.
Porta Viminalis – on the Viminal. This is near the large section still visible outside Termini Station.
Porta Esquilina – this gate on the Esquiline is still visible, and incorporates the later arch of the emperor Gallienus. It led to the via Labicana, via Praenestina and via Tiburtina.
Porta Querquetulana – this led to the Via Tusculana.
Porta Caelimontana – this gate is perhaps preserved in the Arch of Dolabella and Silanus, which was the reconstruction of an existing gate in 10 AD by the consuls Dolabella and Silanus.
Porta Capena – this was the gate through which the via Appia left Rome to southern Italy after separating from the via Latina.
Porta Naevia – this gate on the Aventine led to the via Ardeatina.
Porta Raudusculana – headed south along the Tiber River along the via Ostiensis. Near here, on the modern viale Aventino, may be found a section of the wall incorporating an arch for a catapult.
Porta Lavernalis – also joined up with the via Ostiensis.
Porta Trigemina – this triple gate near the Forum Boarium also led to the via Ostiensis.

Gallery

The Servian Wall at Via di Sant Anselmo
in the Piazza Manfredo Fanti
incorporated in the Auditorium of Maecenas
in the via Salandra
at Largo Magnanapoli
in Santa Sabina crypt
in Termini station

References

^ Fields, Nic; Peter Dennis 10 Mar 2008 The Walls of Rome Osprey Publishing ISBN 978-1-84603-198-4 p. 10.
^ Becker, J. (3 April 2021). "Places: 103808101 (Murus Servii Tullii)". Pleiades. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
^ Carter, Jesse Benedict (1909). "The Evolution of the City of Rome from Its Origin to the Gallic Catastrophe". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 48 (192): 129–141. JSTOR 984151.
^ Panei, Liliana (10 April 2010). "The tuffs of the 'Servian Wall' in Rome: Materials from the local quarries and from the conquered territories". ArchéoSciences (34): 39–43. doi:10.4000/archeosciences.2599.
^ Le Glay, Marcel; Voisin, Jean-Louis; Le Bohec, Yann; Cherry, David (2009). A history of Rome. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-8327-7. OCLC 760889060.^{[page needed]}
^ Le Glay, Marcel; Voisin, Jean-Louis; Le Bohec, Yann; Cherry, David (2009). A history of Rome. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-8327-7. OCLC 760889060.^{[page needed]}
^ Forythe, Gary (2005). A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War. University of California.^{[page needed]}
^ Le Glay, Marcel; Voisin, Jean-Louis; Le Bohec, Yann; Cherry, David (2009). A history of Rome. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-8327-7. OCLC 760889060.^{[page needed]}
^ ^a ^b Frank, Tenney (1918). "Notes on the Servian Wall". American Journal of Archaeology. 22 (2): 175–188. doi:10.2307/497234. JSTOR 497234. S2CID 191393088.
^ Kontokosta, Anne (January 2019). "Building the Thermae Agrippae: Private Life, Public Space, and the Politics of Bathing in Early Imperial Rome". American Journal of Archaeology. 123 (1): 45–77. doi:10.3764/aja.123.1.0045. S2CID 239359878.
^ Watson 1999, pp. 51–54, 217.

Bibliography

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Carandini, A., P. Carafa, Italy, and Università degli studi di Roma “La Sapienza.,” eds. 2012. Atlante di Roma antica: biografia e ritratti della città. Milano: Electa.
Carter, Jesse Benedict (1909). "The Evolution of the City of Rome from Its Origin to the Gallic Catastrophe". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 48 (192): 129–141. JSTOR 984151.
Cifani, G. (1998). "La documentazione archeologica delle mura arcaiche a Roma". Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abteilung. 105: 359–389.
Cifani, Gabriele (2016). "The fortifications of Archaic Rome: social and political significance". In Frederiksen, Rune; Müth, Silke; Schneider, Peter I.; Schnelle, Mike (eds.). Focus on Fortifications: New Research on Fortifications in the Ancient Mediterranean and the Near East. Oxbow Books. pp. 82–93. doi:10.2307/j.ctvh1dv3d.12. ISBN 978-1-78570-131-3. JSTOR j.ctvh1dv3d.12.
Claridge, Amanda. Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide. 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford UP, 2010. Oxford Archaeological Guides
Coarelli, Filippo (1989). Guida Archeologica di Roma. Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Milano.
Forsythe, Gary. 2005. A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War. Berkeley: University of California Press
Holleran, C., and A. Claridge, eds. 2018. A companion to the city of Rome. Blackwell companions to the ancient world. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Merrill, Elmer Truesdell (1909). "The City of Servius and the Pomerium". Classical Philology. 4 (4): 420–432. doi:10.1086/359328. JSTOR 262369. S2CID 161086450.
Showerman, Grant. 1969. Rome and the Romans: A Survey and Interpretation. New York: Cooper Square
Watson, Alaric (1999). Aurelian and the Third Century. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-07248-4.