Saeculum

For another use, see Saeculum (journal).
Look up saeculum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

A saeculum is a length of time roughly equal to the potential lifetime of a person or, equivalently, the complete renewal of a human population.[1]

Background

Originally it meant the time from the moment that something happened (for example the founding of a city) until the point in time that all people who had lived at the first moment had died. At that point a new saeculum would start. According to legend, the gods had allotted a certain number of saecula to every people or civilization; the Etruscans, for example, had been given ten saecula.[2]

By the 2nd century BC, Roman historians were using the saeculum to periodize their chronicles and track wars.[3] At the time of the reign of emperor Augustus, the Romans decided that a saeculum was 110 years. In 17 BC, Caesar Augustus organized Ludi saeculares ("saecular games") for the first time to celebrate the "fifth saeculum of Rome".[4] Augustus aimed to link the saeculum with imperial authority.[5]

Emperors such as Claudius and Septimius Severus celebrated the passing of saecula with games at irregular intervals. In 248, Philip the Arab combined Ludi saeculares with the 1,000th anniversary of the founding of Rome. The new millennium that Rome entered was called the saeculum novum,[6] a term that received a metaphysical connotation in Christianity, referring to the worldly age (hence "secular").[7]

Roman emperors legitimised their political authority by referring to the saeculum in various media, linked to a golden age of imperial glory. In response, Christian writers began to define the saeculum as referring to 'this present world', as opposed to the expectation of eternal life in the 'world to come'.[5] This results in the modern sense of 'secular' as 'belonging to the world and its affairs'.[8]

The English word secular, an adjective meaning something happening once in an eon, is derived from the Latin saeculum.[9] The descendants of Latin saeculum in the Romance languages generally mean "century" (i.e., 100 years): French siècle,[10] Spanish siglo,[11] Portuguese século,[12] Italian secolo,[13] etc.

See also

References

  1. ^ Dunning, Susan Bilynskyj (November 2017). "Saeculum". Oxford Classical Dictionary. Vol. 1. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.8233. ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5.
  2. ^ Feeney, Denis (2007). Caesar's calendar: ancient time and the beginnings of history. Berkeley: University of California Press. doi:10.1525/california/9780520251199.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-520-25119-9.
  3. ^ Diehl, Ernst (1934). "Das saeculum, seine Riten und Gebete: Teil I. Bedeutung und Quellen des saeculum. Die älteren saecula". Rheinisches Museum für Philologie. n.s. 83 (3): 255–272. ISSN 0035-449X. JSTOR 23078470.
  4. ^ Barker, Duncan (1996). "'The Golden Age Is Proclaimed'? The Carmen Saeculare and the Renascence of the Golden Race". The Classical Quarterly. n.s. 46 (2): 434–446. doi:10.1093/cq/46.2.434. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 639800.
  5. ^ a b Dunning, Susan Bilynskyj (2022-06-06). "The transformation of the saeculum and its rhetoric in the construction and rejection of Roman imperial power". In Faure, Richard; Valli, Simon-Pierre; Zucker, Arnaud (eds.). Conceptions of time in Greek and Roman antiquity. Berlin: De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110736076-008. ISBN 978-3-11-073607-6.
  6. ^ Hall, John. F. III (1986). "The Saeculum Novum of Augustus and its Etruscan Antecedents". In Haase, Wolfgang (ed.). The Saeculum novum of Augustus and its Etruscan Antecedents. Vol. 2. pp. 2564–2589. doi:10.1515/9783110841671-016. ISBN 978-3-11-084167-1. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  7. ^ Diehl, Ernst (1934). "Das ʻsaeculumʼ, seine Riten und Gebete: Teil II. Die ʻsaeculaʼ der Kaiserzeit. Ritual und Gebet der Feiern der Jahre 17 v. Chr., 88 und 204 n. Chr". Rheinisches Museum für Philologie. n.s. 83 (4): 348–372. ISSN 0035-449X. JSTOR 23079245.
  8. ^ "secular". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
  9. ^ "secular". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
  10. ^ "siècle", Wiktionary, the free dictionary, 2023-08-29, retrieved 2023-09-05
  11. ^ "siglo", Wiktionary, the free dictionary, 2023-08-19, retrieved 2023-09-05
  12. ^ "século", Wiktionary, the free dictionary, 2023-03-17, retrieved 2023-09-05
  13. ^ "secolo", Wiktionary, the free dictionary, 2023-08-11, retrieved 2023-09-05