Containing a "macho mise-en-scene and resonant reworkings of classic action genres,"[2] Aldrich's films were known for pushing the boundaries of violence in mainstream cinema, as well as for their psychologically complex interpretations of genre film tropes.[3] The British Film Institute wrote that Aldrich's work displays "a subversive sensibility in thrall to the complexities of human behaviour."[4] Several of his films later proved influential to members of the French New Wave.[5][6]
Aside from his directorial work, Aldrich was also noted for his advocacy as a member of the Directors Guild of America, serving as its president for two terms, and becoming the namesake for its Robert B. Aldrich Achievement Award.[7]
Early life
Family
Robert Burgess Aldrich was born in Cranston, Rhode Island, into a family of wealth and social prominence – "The Aldriches of Rhode Island".[8] His father, Edward Burgess Aldrich (1871–1957) was the publisher of The Times of Pawtucket and an influential operative in state Republican politics. His mother, Lora Elsie (née Lawson) of New Hampshire (1874–1931), died when Aldrich was 13 and was remembered with fondness by her son. Ruth Aldrich Kaufinger (1912–1987) was his elder sister and only sibling.[9]
His grandfather, Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich, was a self-made millionaire and art investor. A Republican member of the U.S. Senate for thirty years (1881–1911), he was dubbed "General Manager of the Nation" by the press for his dominant role in framing federal monetary policy.[11][12]
As the only male heir to the Lawson-Aldrich family line, Aldrich was under considerable pressure to compete successfully with his numerous cousins in a family of high achievers.[15]
Following family tradition and expectations, Aldrich was educated at Moses Brown School in Providence from 1933 to 1937. There he served as captain of the track and football teams and was elected president of his senior class.
Failing to matriculate to Yale due to mediocre grades, Aldrich attended the University of Virginia from 1937 to 1941, majoring in economics. He continued to excel in sports and played a leading role in campus clubs and fraternities.[16][17]
During the Great Depression, the adolescent Aldrich began to question the justice of his family's "politics and power" which clashed with his growing sympathies with left-wing social and political movements of the 1930s. Aldrich's disaffection from the Aldrich-Rockefeller right-wing social and political orientation contributed to a growing tension between father and son.[18][19]
Having satisfactorily demonstrated his aptitude for a career in finance, Aldrich defied his father by dropping out of college in his senior year without taking a degree.[13]
Aldrich approached his uncle Winthrop W. Aldrich, who got his 23-year-old nephew a job at RKO Studios as a production clerk at $25 a week.[20] For this act of defiance, Aldrich was promptly disinherited. Aldrich reciprocated by expunging public records of his connection with the Aldrich-Rockefeller clan, while stoically accepting the breach. He rarely mentioned or invoked his family thereafter.[21] It has been said that "No American film director was born as wealthy as Aldrich — and then so thoroughly cut off from family money."[22][23]
RKO Pictures: 1941–1943
At the age of 23, Aldrich began work at RKO Pictures as a production clerk, an entry-level position, after declining an offer through his Rockefeller connections to enter the studio as an associate producer.[24][25]
He married his first wife, Harriet Foster, a childhood sweetheart, shortly before he departed for Hollywood in May 1941.[26][17]
When the United States entered the Second World War in December 1941, Aldrich was inducted into the Air ForceMotion Picture Unit, but was quickly discharged when an old football injury disqualified him for military service. The film studios' manpower shortage allowed Aldrich to win assignments as third- or second-tier director's assistant to learn the basics of filmmaking.[28][29]
Aldrich's association with Enterprise Productions marks the most formative period of his apprenticeship. The production company offered a unique venue of independent filmmakers welcoming socially conscious themes critical of authoritarian aspects of American society.[37][38]
While at Enterprise, Aldrich established both a professional and a personal affiliation with screenwriter and director Abraham Polonsky, a major figure in the Popular Front movement of the 1930s. Their respective films addressed the issue of an individual's often desperate struggle to resist destruction by an oppressive society.[39][40]
Enterprise's Body and Soul (1947), written by Polonsky, directed by Robert Rossen, and starring John Garfield, made a deep and lasting impression on the 29-year-old assistant director from both structural and thematic standpoints. Garfield plays a corrupt prizefighter who seeks to redeem himself by defying mobsters who insist he throw a fight or forfeit his life.[41] While the protagonist's personal failings contribute to his own oppression, the film censures capitalism as an unredeemable system.[42] Aldrich would revisit Body and Soul throughout his career when seeking guidance on how to convey the progressive ideals of the 1930s while working in the reactionary political atmosphere of the Cold War era.[43][44]
"I think anybody with any brains in 1936 to '40 would have been a Communist. They were the brightest, they were the quickest, they were the best, and you found working with people of that persuasion more stimulating, more exciting."
In 1948 Aldrich joined Polonsky and Garfield on the noir filmForce of Evil. The story concerns a Wall Street attorney turned mob lawyer (Garfield) who informs on his employers when they murder his brother. Force of Evil's cinematically excessive visuals and striking sound would later appear in Aldrich's films Kiss Me Deadly and Twilight's Last Gleaming.[48][49]
A number of Aldrich's associates at Enterprise came under scrutiny by the HUAC in the late 1940s after Enterprise had closed its doors. Among them were Rossen, Polonsky, Garfield, directors John Berry, and Joseph Losey, producer Carl Foreman, and screenwriter Dalton Trumbo, some of whom suffered blacklisting and imprisonment. Aldrich was never targeted by the authorities, despite his collaborations with these artists. This was largely due to his post-1930s entry into the film industry when recruitment by Communist and leftist organizations was declining. Nonetheless, Aldrich remained a champion for the victims of the Red Scare.[50][51]
During his apprenticeship Aldrich developed a keen appreciation for the nexus between autonomous control over every element of picture production and achievement of his creative vision. He would forever strive for full control over his films.[52][53]
By 1952, the 34-year old assistant director, fully prepared to make his directorial debut, had no offers materializing in Hollywood.[55] Eager to perform at a journeyman level, he moved to New York City to join its television startups.
The infant industries' golden age of live broadcasts was in a primitive stage of organization, and producers were pleased to enlist talent from the Hollywood film industry.[56][57] More than merely a career move, television offered Aldrich an opportunity to apply the cinematic skills and concepts he had garnered during his eclectic education in movie-making to an entirely new medium.[58][59]
"All they were paying directors was scale", recalled Aldrich of this time. "Who the hell wanted to go live in New York and work for scale? Only guys that had never directed or couldn't get a shot... Walter Blake... convinced these people who were doing the Camay soap shows that I was a genius waiting behind a rock out here. I had been assistant director on a Chaplin picture, so he told them that I had directed Chaplin. Nobody directs Chaplin except Chaplin, but these guys didn't know the difference. So I went back to New York and did, I don't know, thirty or forty shows."[54]
Procter & Gamble hired Aldrich in 1952 to direct episodes of the anthology series The Doctor (later retitled The Guest in syndication), an early soap opera starring Warner Anderson. Shooting schedules were notoriously tight. Despite this, Aldrich routinely dedicated half or more of the allotted time to rehearsals, an immensely reassuring practice for the players that contributed to the efficient execution of the final live shoot.[60][61]
Following The Doctor, Aldrich resettled in Hollywood to complete twenty episodes of television's China Smith starring Dan Duryea, filmed on an even tighter timetable.
Aldrich described the early TV industry as a "director's crash course" where, unlike feature film production, the overall quality of the series outweighed the success or failure of an individual episode. In his two-year stint in television, Aldrich was free to experiment with technique and narrative schemes that would appear later in his film treatments. As such, he used cinematic framing and composition to reveal character motivation and close ups serving to highlight dialog, all of which endowed his episodes with a polished Hollywood studio-like appearance. Aldrich avoided disparaging television as an art form, only regretting its "rushed schedules and lack of preparation time."[64][65]
Feature film director
Early feature films
In December 1951 Irving Allen announced he had formed Warwick Productions with Albert Broccoli. He intended to make The Gamma People with Robert Aldrich.[66] In August 1952 Allen announced that Aldrich would make his feature debut as director with The Gamma People, to be shot in Europe in the winter from Aldrich's own script.[67]Dick Powell was slated to star.[68] However, the film would not be made for several years, with Aldrich's involvement limited to working on the story.
Aldrich broke into feature films as a director when Herbert Baker, who had worked with Aldrich on So This is New York, recommended the director to MGM, which was looking for someone with a background in sports for a low-budget baseball film, Big Leaguer (1953).[54][69]
Aldrich remained ambitious to work in features and raised money for a low-budget action film called World for Ransom (1954), which used many of the same sets and cast members as China Smith, including star Dan Duryea. It was made for Plaza Productions and financed by Allied Artists; Aldrich produced and directed. The cinematographer was Joseph F. Biroc, who would shoot many of Aldrich's later features.
Hecht and Lancaster used Aldrich again on Vera Cruz (1954), a western starring Gary Cooper and Lancaster. It was even more successful at the box office than Apache, making $9 million, and firmly established Aldrich as a director.[72]
Turning producer: Kiss Me Deadly, The Big Knife and Attack
The success of these movies enabled Aldrich to set up his own company, The Associates and Aldrich, and sign a deal with United Artists. Its first movie was to be The Way We Are by Jack Jevne, about a woman who has an affair with a younger man.[73] It was not immediately made.
Aldrich and his company then made The Big Knife (1955), based on a play by Clifford Odets. Aldrich directed and produced this film about a movie star played by Jack Palance who rebels against Rod Steiger's tyrannical Hollywood producer.
The Associates and Aldrich Company made a second film, also based on a play and released through United Artists, Attack (1956), starring Palance and Lee Marvin.[76]
None of the three films was particularly successful at the box office, although they received some excellent reviews. In particular, Kiss Me Deadly became a major cult favorite in France.[54] "I worked almost for nothing, economically, on those movies", he said. "They got caught up in the system and were not profitable pictures." Aldrich said his experiences made him "more cynical in terms of what preference to give survival and what preference to give material that might make a fine film which nobody or very few would go to see. That was the break. I realized that if you're careful in choosing projects and setting costs your taste and knowledge will, out of every six or seven pictures, produce one that makes a good deal of profitable return for everybody."[54]
The Associates announced numerous projects around this time, including Tryanny, Kinderspiel, Potluck for Pomeroy, Candidate for President (by Don Weis) and Machine for Chuparosa.[77][78]
The Associates and Aldrich Company expanded to offer financing and distribution for other films. The only one that resulted was The Ride Back (1957) for UA.[79] They wanted to make The Build Up Boys with Dana Andrews but the film did not eventuate (Dana Andrews eventually backed and starred in the movie, changed to Madison Avenue).[80]
Columbia: Autumn Leaves and The Garment Jungle
In between making Big Knife and Attack, Aldrich directed the Joan Crawford melodrama Autumn Leaves (1956) (originally The Way We Are), which was a minor hit.[81]
In July 1956 Robert Aldrich signed a two-picture deal with Columbia to make films through his own company. The first was to be The Garment Jungle (1957).[82] The second was to be Until Proven Guilty.[83] He also acquired the John O'Hara story Now We Know.[84]
Aldrich started directing Garment but was fired towards the end of filming and replaced by Vincent Sherman.[85]
In March 1957 Aldrich sued Columbia for reneging on a promise to make a film of the play Storm in the Sun, which he wanted to do with Crawford. The case was settled the following month.[86]
Aldrich announced a range of projects – Kinderspiel, Pommeroy, The Snipe Hunt, Until Proven Guilty, Now We Know – but he found it difficult to get financing.[87]
The Associates and Aldrich had the rights to the script for 3:10 to Yuma but ended up selling the project outright to Columbia.[88]
Aldrich stayed in Europe to make The Angry Hills (1959), based on the novel by Leon Uris and starring Robert Mitchum, for MGM in Greece for producer Raymond Stross. Aldrich had the film rewritten by Bezzerides, but then his cut of the film was re-edited by Stross. It was an unhappy experience for Aldrich and the film lost money.[90]
Adlrich was going to make Taras Bulba in Yugoslavia with Anthony Quinn and a budget of $3 million, but the film did not proceed. Neither did another proposed subject, The Catalyst, based on a play by Ronald Duncan about male bisexuality.[91] Aldrich would attempt to make Taras Bulba several times but ended up having to sell his script to Harold Hecht, who produced a film without Aldrich in 1962. Other projects he developed around this time include Angry Odyssey, The Left Bank, and Too Late the Hero.[92]
Aldrich tried to make Cross of Iron with John Mills but could not get financing.[93]
Aldrich then went back to Italy, where he directed the Biblical spectacular Sodom and Gomorrah (1962) for Joseph E. Levine. Aldrich disparaged the final film, which ended up costing $6 million.[54][94][95]
Warner Bros: What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? and 4 For Texas
Aldrich rejuvenated his career by optioning the novel What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962) for the Associates and Aldrich Company. He signed Bette Davis and Joan Crawford as stars, got Lukas Heller to write the script, and raised financing through Warner Bros. The film was a massive hit at the box office and earned five Academy Award nominations (including a win for black-and-white costume design), restoring Aldrich's commercial and critical reputation. It also revived the popularity of Davis and Crawford as box office draws and led to a subgenre of horror movies starring elder actresses nicknamed "Psycho-biddy".[54] It also started a run of films (continued in Hush Hush Sweet Charlotte and others) with a gothic, camp sensibility that became an immediate hit with queer audiences.[96]
20th Century Fox: Hush Hush Sweet Charlotte and Flight of the Phoenix
Emboldened by his recent commercial successes, Aldrich announced a $14 million production program of eight films, including Cross of Iron, Whatever Happened to Cousin Charlotte, The Tsar's Bride, Brouhaha, The Legend of Lylah Clare, Paper Eagle, Genghis Khan's Bicycle, and There Really Was a Gold Mine a sequel to Vera Cruz. He had prepared scripts on Now We Know, Vengeance Is Mine, Potluck for Pomeroy and Too Late the Hero. Other projects were The Strong Are Lonely, Pursuit of Happiness and the TV series The Man.[97]
He started with a follow-up to Baby Jane, Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964), made for the Associates and Aldrich at 20th Century Fox. Bette Davis starred as a Southern woman who lives in a mansion and thinks she is going insane. Davis was to be reunited with Joan Crawford, but Crawford left the film and was replaced by Olivia de Havilland. The movie was popular, though not as successful as Baby Jane.
Aldrich stayed at Fox for his next film, the all-male action story The Flight of the Phoenix (1965), with James Stewart, Richard Attenborough and Peter Finch. The film was a commercial disappointment but eventually proved profitable.[54]
MGM: The Dirty Dozen and The Legend of Lylah Clare
Aldrich stayed at MGM for The Legend of Lylah Clare (1968) starring Finch and Kim Novak, made for Aldrich's own company. It was a critical and commercial disappointment.
Aldrich Studios
Aldrich sold his profit participation in Dirty Dozen to MGM for $1,350,000 and used the money to achieve a long-time dream – to buy his own studios, which he called the Aldrich Studios. He picked a facility at 201 North Occidental Boulevard, which had been in existence as a film studio since 1913, making Mary Pickford movies, and had recently been the basis of Sutherland Productions. Aldrich had made The Big Knife there.[99]
"My dream has always been to own my own studio", he said. "With the possible exception of the old Enterprise Studio back in '45 I've never seen a studio run the way it should. That's because everybody at Enterprise felt they could make a contribution
and that's the feeling I hope we can have here."[99]
The studios were opened in August 1968. Along with Goldwyn, The Associates and Aldrich was the only major independent company with a studio in Hollywood. For the next few years he would make his movies there.[100]
ABC Pictures
Aldrich's success with The Dirty Dozen led to the newly formed ABC Pictures offer the Associates and Aldrich Company a four-film contract. Aldrich announced they would be The Killing of Sister George, The Greatest Mother of Them All, Whatever Happened to Aunt Alice and Too Late the Hero.[101]
Aldrich's first film for ABC was The Killing of Sister George (1968), adapted from by Lukas Heller from the play by Frank Marcus. It starred Beryl Reid and Susannah York and was notable for its frank depiction of a lesbian relationship. The movie was popular but because of its high cost lost money.[102]
Aldrich produced but did not direct What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice? (1969), a psycho-biddy thriller in the vein of Baby Jane directed by Lee H. Katzin and starring Geraldine Page and Ruth Gordon. It also lost money.[102] (Aldrich announced he would make a third "Whatever Happened to" film, Whatever Happened to Dear Elva? based on the novel Goodbye, Dear Elva by Elizabeth Fenwick. However no film was made.[103])
Aldrich made a 20-minute demo film, "The Greatest Mother of Them All" (1969), in an attempt to raise money for a feature-length version, but was unable to attract interest from ABC. Peter Finch starred.[54]
ABC wanted Aldrich to make a war film in the vein of The Dirty Dozen so he produced and directed Too Late the Hero (1970), a "patrol" film, which he had been developing since 1959.[92] Despite starring Michael Caine and Cliff Robertson and location work in the Philippines, the film made an overall loss of $6,765,000, making it one of the biggest money losers in the history of ABC Films.[102]
Aldrich's next film for ABC was The Grissom Gang (1971), an adaptation of No Orchids for Miss Blandish set in the 1930s, with Scott Wilson and Kim Darby. It was another flop, losing ABC $3,670,000.[102]
Films Aldrich announced but did not make around this time included Rebellion, a western about Victoriano Huerta with Ernest Borgnine and George Kennedy,[104] and The Movement, about student protest.[105] He also developed scripts for books which were turned into films by others: Coffee, Tea or Me? and Monte Walsh.[106]
By now Aldrich's relationship with ABC had become fraught and devolved into lawsuits, in part caused by ABC refusing to finance other Aldrich projects. Aldrich parted company with ABC and in January 1972 put his studios up for sale.[107][54]
In a 1972 interview Aldrich said that:
Lasting power is the most important power. Especially in this business, staying at the plate or staying at the table, staying in the game, is the essential. You can't allow yourself to get passed over or pushed aside. Very, very talented people got pushed aside and remained unused... If you must make a choice between luck and talent, you have to opt for luck. It's nice to have some of both, or a lot of both; but if you can't, luck is the answer. Nowhere else more so than in this business. The right place, the right time, the right script, all the right auspices—they made the difference to directors, writers, actors.[54]
Ulzana's Raid and Emperor of the North Pole
Aldrich returned to westerns with Ulzana's Raid (1972), made at Universal for the Associates and Aldrich with producer Carter De Haven. It reteamed Aldrich with Lancaster for the first time since Vera Cruz. The film was a commercial disappointment but has subsequently come to be regarded as one of his finest films.[54][108]
Aldrich followed it with Emperor of the North Pole (1973), a story of railway hobos in the 1930s starring Lee Marvin and Ernest Borgnine. Produced by Hyman at 20th Century Fox, it was another box office failure,[108] though it too has seen its reputation soar in recent years (Leonard Maltin gave it 3 1/2 stars, calling it "unusual, exciting" and a "unique entertainment").
Two with Burt Reynolds: The Longest Yard and Hustle
Aldrich's commercial fortunes were revived with a prison comedy starring Burt Reynolds,The Longest Yard (1974). Made for producer Albert S. Ruddy at Paramount, it was Aldrich's biggest hit since The Dirty Dozen.[109]
Aldrich and Reynolds promptly reteamed on Hustle (1975), made for their own production company RoBurt and released through Paramount. A tough police drama co-starring Catherine Deneuve, it was another box office success. However, tension between Aldrich and Reynolds during filming meant they made no more movies together.[110] In 1975 Aldrich was elected president of the Directors Guild of America and served two two-year terms.
Lorimar: Twilight's Last Gleaming and The Choirboys
Aldrich signed a two-picture deal with Lorimar Productions, a TV company which wanted to move into features.
The first was Twilight's Last Gleaming (1977), an action thriller starring Lancaster. The second was a comedy, The Choirboys (1977), based on the best selling novel by Joseph Wambaugh, which Wambaugh disliked so much he sued to get his name taken off the film.[111][112]
When the latter film came out, Aldrich said, "I'm 63 and I've had hits every ten years and I just hope I can function long enough to have one in the 90s."[113]
Personal life
From his marriage to Harriet Foster (1941–1965),[114] Aldrich had four children, all of whom work in the film business—Adell, William, Alida and Kelly.[115] In 1966, after divorcing Foster, he married fashion model Sibylle Siegfried.
Death and legacy
Aldrich died of kidney failure on December 5, 1983, in a Los Angeles hospital. He is buried in Lot 5153 of the Whispering Trees Section of Forest Lawn Cemetery in Hollywood Hills.[116]
Film critic John Patterson summarized his career in 2012: "He was a punchy, caustic, macho and pessimistic director, who depicted corruption and evil unflinchingly, and pushed limits on violence throughout his career. His aggressive and pugnacious film-making style, often crass and crude, but never less than utterly vital and alive, warrants — and will richly reward — your immediate attention."[3]
In 2012, John Patterson of The Guardian commented that Aldrich is "a wonderful director nearly 30 years dead now, whose body of work is in danger of slipping over the horizon."[3] Japanese film director Kiyoshi Kurosawa noted Aldrich's influence on him.[117]
In the FX miniseries Feud: Bette and Joan, Aldrich is portrayed by British-born actor Alfred Molina. The series follows the productions of What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? and Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte.
China Smith (1952) — director, 2 episodes ("Straight Settlement", "Shanghai Clipper")
The Doctor (1952) — director, 1 episode (including "Blackmail" 21 Sept 1952, "The Guest" 26 Oct 1952, "A Tale of Two Christmases" 21 Dec 1952, "Take the Odds" 18 Jan 1953)
Four Star Playhouse (1952) — director, 5 episodes (including "The Squeeze" 1 Oct 1953, "The Witness" 22 Oct 1953, "The Hard Way" 19 Nov 1953, "The Gift" 24 Dec 1953, "The Bad Streak" 14 Jan 1954)
Hotel de Paree (1959) — director, 1 episode ("Sundance Returns" 2 Oct 1959)
Adventures in Paradise (1959) — director, 2 episodes ("The Black Pearl" 12 Oct 1959, "Safari at Sea" 16 Nov 1959)
^Arnold and Miller, 1986. p. 2-3: "...effectively voiced the interests of big business [and] author of the 'Aldrich Plan' [on] banking reform in the early twentieth century."
^Walsh, 2018. "...a leading member of the Republican Party around the turn of the 20th century, referred to by the press as the "General Manager of the Nation" for his dominance in determining federal government monetary policy."
^Arnold and Miller, 1986. p. 3: His family ties "a burden as well as a blessing... [his] position in the family was from the beginning a difficult one." And p. 4: "...as the only son in his branch of the family, Aldrich must have felt a tremendous pressure to follow family traditions."
^Arnold and Miller, 1986. p. 5: Aldrich describes himself as "not being bright enough to get into Yale."
^Arnold and Miller, 1986. p. 4: Aldrich's "relationship with his demanding and authoritative father... [became] strained." and quoting Aldrich, 'I discovered that [family] politics and power meant money...there was little discussion of art or culture or theatre or music in my [childhood] home."
^Williams, 2004. p. 2: Aldrich "often sympathized with outsiders victimized by a family unit seeking to destroy human potential...He was fully aware of changing historical forces affecting American cinema and society, often for the worse..." And "The cultural movements of the New Deal had an effect on his work as well as the trauma caused by the blacklist."
^Arnold and Miller, 1986. p. 4: "Aldrich always played down his impressive heritage" and had little personal contact with his father..."omitted his parents' names from Who's Who in America and any mention of the Aldrich-Rockefeller connection." And p. 5: His uncle warned him "I never want to see you again..." after procuring the position at RKO.
^Arnold and Miller, 1986. p. 1, p. 6: "...the first job offered him as a rich man's son [was] as an associate producer...[as] a production clerk he started at the bottom."
^Williams, 2004. p. 47: "...as a production clerk, a position little better than a gofer."
^Arnold and Miller, 1986. p. 6: Aldrich quote: "Working with great directors – and terrible directors – is the greatest education possible." And p. 8-9: "Aldrich's education, finally, involved the process of sorting out, in the case of each director, the good qualities from the bad…."
^Williams, 2004. p. 48: Enterprise "was an attempt to maintain the goals of the Cultural Front movement in a period of developing historical reaction [with] socially conscious work[s]..."
^Arnold and Miller, 1986. p. 12: Aldrich approvingly acknowledged that Enterprise had "more liberal" talent and more "social content" and p. 13-14: attracted the "best and the brightest" artists.
^Williams, 2004. p. 5"…issues involving the nature of an oppressive social structure, he damaging psychological aspects of hubris and self-delusion, and the necessity of struggling against overwhelming odds."
^Arnold and Miller, 1986. p. 11: "Aldrich's friendship with Polonsky would prove to be one of the most important of his life… [they] remained close."
^Williams, 2004. p. 6: "Aldrich's protagonists face their own personal demons as well as the oppressive nature of the social systems that created them in the first place…they do have a choice... something can be reversed...." See also pp. 57-58
^Arnold and Miller, 1986. p. 13-14: Letter to authors from Aldrich in 1982. (See footnote 40): "During the late 1940s and early 1950s I had the privilege of working with many, many people who were later blacklisted [by the film industry], some of whom went to jail .. I was fortunate not to come to California [Hollywood] five years earlier. I was fortunate that nobody ever recruited me into the [Communist] Part, and I was fortunate that I never volunteered ..."
^Williams, 2004. p. 58, 61-62: "...a masterly cinematic experiment… representing a fusion of sound and image that influenced the later films of Robert Aldrich."
^ abcdefghijklmnSilver, Alain. "mr. film noir stays at the table". Film Comment. Vol. 8, no. 1 (Spring 1972). New York. pp. 14–23.
^Silver and Ursini, 1995. p. 5: "By 1949 Aldrich had established a reputation as a topnotch feature film first assistant director and worked on a freelance or project-by-project basis."
^Arnold and Miller, 1986. p. 14: "...few film directors chose to leave Hollywood for the less lucrative work in New York... television officials… soon found themselves faced with a serious shortage of trained, talented and skilled personnel."
^Williams, 2004. p. 83: China Smith "another example of Aldrich gaining valuable experience for his future role as film director." And p. 78: "...his early 1950s television work transcend[ed] the world of a New York television industry.…" And pp. 81-82: Aldrich's creative use of cinematic technique adding vitality "to his TV themes...a sophisticated use of cinematic grammar...polished Hollywood manner." And p. 106: Television "represents important phases in his development...." And p. 108: "Aldrich did not entirely discount television...."
^Arnold and Miller, 1986. pp. 14-15: See Aldrich interview passage from Studio Review journal, 31 March 1960.
^Schallert, Edwin (December 1, 1951). "Drama: Night Club Sparklers Invade West; Dieterle Adds to London Trend --". Los Angeles Times. p. A7.
^"U. S. TAX HELD DOOM TO 6,000 THEATRES". The New York Times. August 15, 1952. p. 11.
^Hopper, Hedda (August 15, 1952). "Looking at Hollywood: Leslie Caron and Mel Ferrer Will Co-star in Dore Schary Movie". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. a6.
^The Eddie Mannix Ledger, Los Angeles: Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study.
^A. H. Weiler (July 4, 1954). "RANDOM OBSERVATIONS ON PEOPLE AND PICTURES: Story of Gen. Billy Mitchell Planned By Wayne-Fellows -- Other Matters". The New York Times. p. X5.
^Prince, Stephen, Visions of Empire: Political Imagery in Contemporary American Film, Praeger/Greenwood, 1992, ISBN0-275-93662-7.
^"TRACY AND CLIFT TO STAR IN FILM". The New York Times. September 3, 1954. p. 13.
^Knight, Arthur (September 1, 1956). "Aldrich Against the Army". The Saturday Review.
^THOMAS M. PRYOR (August 7, 1955). "HOLLYWOOD CANVAS: Aldrich and Sinatra in Full Throttle -Debate -- Science-Fiction Derby". The New York Times. p. X5.
^A. H. WEILER (November 13, 1955). "BY WAY OF REPORT: New Films on Aldrich Slate -- Other Items". The New York Times. p. X5.
^THOMAS M. PRYORS (December 15, 1955). "FILM GROUP ADDS FINANCING SET-UP: Associates and Aldrich Also to Aid in Distribution for Independent Producers". The New York Times. p. 50.
^THOMAS M. PRYOR (January 17, 1956). "R.K.O. AGAIN BUYS SCENARIO FROM TV: Acquires 'Public Pigeon No.1,' First Seen Last Summer on C.B.S. Show 'Climax!'". The New York Times. p. 29.
^'The Top Box-Office Hits of 1956', Variety Weekly, January 2, 1957
^OSCAR GODBOUT (July 11, 1956). "ALDRICH TO MAKE 2 COLUMBIA FILMS: Independent Producer Will Direct Story of Racketeers in Garment District Sagan Novel to Be Film Of Local Origin". The New York Times. p. 19.
^Schallert, Edwin (July 19, 1956). "Drama: Duff Developing Quick Video-to-Feature Deal; 'Don Quixote' Proposed". Los Angeles Times. p. A13.
^THOMAS M. PRYOR (August 3, 1956). "'BACHELOR PARTY' SIGNS 5 FOR LEADS: New York Actors, Newcomers to Movies, Are Engaged by Hecht-Lancaster Gena Rowlands Signed Of Local Origin". The New York Times. p. 12.
^THOMAS M. PRYOR (May 1, 1957). "AUDREY HEPBURN WEIGHS FILM ROLE: Actress Is Uncommitted on Offer to Star in 'Diary of Anne Frank' for Fox Gene Kelly Takes Over Of Local Origin". The New York Times. p. 41.
^THOMAS M. PRYOR (May 27, 1957). "JERRY WALD BUYS MYRER'S 'BIG WAR': Producer Plans to Film New Novel of Civilian-Soldiers in '58 Under Fox Pact". The New York Times. p. 26.
^OSCAR GODBOUT (June 20, 1956). "COMEDIANS TO DO SEPARATE TURNS: Martin and Lewis Get Wallis' Permission to Split Up for 'One Motion Picture Only' Of Local Origin". The New York Times. p. 28.
^Mannix, Eddie. The Eddie Mannix Ledger. Los Angeles: Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study.
^ROBERT F. HAWKINSROME (February 8, 1959). "SCREENED ALONG THE TIBER: Pair of Hits Boosts Italian Moviemakers' Morale -U. S.-Yugoslav Tandem -- Top Directors' Dossiers". The New York Times. p. X7.
^ abScheuer, Philip K. (December 3, 1959). "Luciano Influence Will Affect Brazzi: Aldrich to Direct 'Deportee'; Welles Joins Marlene on TV". Los Angeles Times. p. C11.
^"Mills Signed". Los Angeles Times. December 31, 1960. p. 8.
^"Top Rental Features of 1963". Variety. January 8, 1964. p. 71. Please note figures are rentals as opposed to total gross.
^Aubrey Solomon, Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History, Scarecrow Press, 1989 p229
^Farmer, Brett (2006). "Robert Aldrich". In Gerstner, David A. (ed.). Routledge International Encyclopedia of Queer Culture (1 ed.). Routledge. pp. 35–36. ISBN9780415306515. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
^"Aldrich Film Program to Cost $14 Million". Los Angeles Times. October 30, 1963. p. E11.
^"Tag: Robert Aldrich". myfavoritewesterns.com. March 18, 2017. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
Sources
Arnold, Edward T. and Miller, Eugene, L. 1986. The Films and Career of Robert Aldrich. University of Tennessee Press. Knoxville, Tennessee. ISBN0-87049-504-6
Sauvage, Pierre. 1976. Aldrich Interview in Edward Arnold's and Eugene Miller's Robert Aldrich: Interviews, 2004. University of Mississippi Press. ISBN1-57806-602-6
"Aldrich & Associates special section". Screening the Past (10). 2000. A special issue of a film journal that emerged from a symposium devoted to Aldrich & Associates on August 2, 1998, in Melbourne.
Silver, Alain (May 2002). "Robert Aldrich". Senses of Cinema (20). Silver's contribution to the journal's "Great Directors" series.
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