Rich Communication Services (RCS) is a communication protocol standard between mobile telephone carriers, based on IP Multimedia Subsystem, developed and defined by the GSM Association (GSMA). It aims to be a replacement of SMS and MMS, with a text-message system that is richer and provides phonebook polling (for service discovery). It is also marketed as Advanced Messaging,[1] and was previously marketed as chat features,[2]joyn, SMSoIP,[3]Message+, and SMS+.[4]
RCS features include high-resolution photo and video sharing, file sharing, typing indicators, read receipts, operation over mobile data or Wi-Fi, and improved group chat functionality. End-to-end encryption is not a feature of RCS specified by GSMA, instead deferring to the individual messaging clients to establish encryption;[5][6][7][8]Google has added support for this feature using RCS in their own text messaging app, Google Messages.
By November 2020, RCS was available globally in Google Messages on Android, provided directly by Google if the operator does not provide RCS.[9] By 2023, there were 800 million active RCS users on Google's platform and 1.2 billion handsets worldwide supporting RCS.[10]Apple plans to support RCS in Messages with iOS 18 in the fall of 2024, at which time RCS will be supported by all major smartphone manufacturers.
History
The Rich Communication Suite industry initiative[11]
was formed by a group of industry promoters in 2007. In February 2008 the GSM Association (GSMA) officially became the project home of RCS and an RCS steering committee was established by the organization, officially announced as Rich Communications Suite on September 15, 2008.[12]
The steering committee specified the definition, testing, and integration of the services in the application suite known as RCS.[13][14][15] Three years later, the RCS project released a new specification – RCS-e (e = "enhanced"), which included various iterations of the original RCS specifications. The GSMA program is now called Rich Communication Services.[16]
The GSMA published the Universal Profile in November 2016.[17] The Universal Profile is a single GSMA specification for advanced communications. Carriers that deploy the Universal Profile guarantee interconnection with other carriers. As of early 2017[update], there were 47 mobile network operators, 11 manufacturers, and 2 OS providers (Google and Microsoft) that had announced their support of the Universal Profile.[18] Google's Jibe Cloud platform is an implementation of the RCS Universal Profile, designed to help carriers launch RCS quickly and scale easily.[19]
Samsung was one of the first major device original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to support RCS. Samsung RCS capable devices have been commercially launched in Europe since 2012 and in the United States since 2015.
Google supports RCS on Android devices with its Android SMS app Google Messages, beginning with Lollipop across Android devices.[20][21] In April 2018, it was reported that Google would be transferring the team that was working on its Google Allo messaging service to work on a wider RCS implementation.[22][23][24] In June 2019, Google announced that it would begin to deploy RCS on an opt-in basis via the Messages app, with service compliant with the Universal Profile and hosted by Google rather than the user's carrier, if the carrier does not provide RCS. The rollout of this functionality began in France and the United Kingdom.[22][23][25]
In response to concerns over the lack of end-to-end encryption in RCS, Google stated that it would only retain message data in transit until it is delivered to the recipient.[26] In November 2020, Google later announced that it would begin to roll out end-to-end encryption for one-on-one conversations between Messages users, using RCS but not part of the GSMA's RCS specifications, beginning with the beta version of the app.[27] In December 2020, Samsung updated its One UI Messages app to also allow users to opt into RCS.[28] Google added end-to-end encryption to their Messages app using the Signal Protocol as the default option for one-on-one RCS conversations starting in June 2021. Google stated it would like to collaborate with other companies to make end to end encryption over RCS compatible with other apps.[29][30][5][31] In December 2022, end-to-end encryption was added to group chats in the Google Messages app for beta users and was made available to all users in August 2023. Additionally, Google enabled RCS in Messages by default to encourage end-to-end encryption adoption.[7][8][32]
In October 2019, the four major U.S. carriers announced an agreement to form the Cross-Carrier Messaging Initiative (CCMI) to jointly implement RCS using a newly developed app. This service was to be compatible with the Universal Profile.[33] However, this carrier-made app never came to fruition. By 2021, both T-Mobile and AT&T signed deals with Google to adopt Google's Messages app.[34][35][36] In 2023, T-Mobile and AT&T agreed to use Google Jibe to implement RCS services, and in 2024 Verizon agreed to use Google Jibe.[37][38][39]
In September 2022, Apple CEO Tim Cook said the company had no plans to support RCS on its devices or any interoperability with iMessage.[40] However, in November 2023, an Apple spokesperson stated that the company planned to introduce RCS support in 2024. The decision came after China"s Ministry of Industry and Information Technology proposed new regulation which could have required Apple to support RCS.[41][42] Apple stated it will not support Google's end-to-end encryption extension over RCS, but would work with GSMA to create an RCS encryption standard.[42] In June 2024, Apple announced that RCS support would be introduced on iOS 18 in the Messages app; as with SMS, RCS will be displayed with green message bubbles and buttons, although an RCS indicator will display in the text box.[43]
RCS specifications
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(February 2017)
RCS Universal Profile
The GSMA's Universal Profile is a globally agreed-upon standard for implementing RCS. The profile allows subscribers of different carriers and nations to communicate with each other.[44] Universal Profile became the dominant RCS specification since its introduction.
Includes core features such as capability discovery which will be interoperable between regions, chat, group chat, file transfer, audio messaging, video share, multi-device, enriched calling, location share and live sketching.
Removes plug-in integration and includes integrated seamless web-view. Supports RCS Business Messages. This version is planned for the first iOS 18 support of RCS.[46]
Before Universal Profile RCS, there was a variety of proprietary RCS specifications that did not allow RCS messaging between carriers.[49] RCS combines different services defined by 3GPP and Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) with an enhanced phonebook. Another phone's capabilities and presence information can be discovered and displayed by a mobile phone.
RCS reuses 3GPP specified IMS core system as the underlying service platform taking care of issues such as authentication, authorization, registration, charging and routing.
Release 1 Version 1.0 (December 15, 2008)
Offered the first definitions for the enrichment of voice and chat with content sharing, driven from an RCS enhanced address book (EAB).
Release 2 Version 1.0 (August 31, 2009)
Added broadband access to RCS features: enhancing the messaging and enabling sharing of files.
Release 3 Version 1.0 (February 25, 2010)
Focused on the broadband device as a primary device.
Release 4 Version 1.0 (February 14, 2011)
Included support for LTE.
Release 5 Version 1.0 (April 19, 2012)
RCS 5.0 was completely backwards-compatible with RCS-e V1.2 specifications and also includes features from RCS 4 and new features such as IP video call, IP voice call and Geo-location exchange. RCS5.0 supported both OMA CPM and OMA SIMPLE IM. RCS 5.0 included the following features.
Standalone Messaging
1-2-1 Chat
Group Chat
File Transfer
Content Sharing
Social Presence Information
IP Voice call (IR.92 and IR.58)
IP Video call (IR.94)
Geolocation Exchange
Capability Exchange based on Presence or SIP OPTIONS
Release 5.1
5.1 was completely backwards compatible with the RCS-e V1.2 and RCS 5.0 specifications. It introduced additional new features such as Group Chat Store & Forward, File Transfer in Group Chat, File Transfer Store & Forward, and Best Effort Voice Call, as well as lessons-learnt and bug fixes from the V1.2 interoperability testing efforts. RCS 5.1 supported both OMA CPM and OMA SIMPLE IM.
Version 1.0 (August 13, 2012)
Version 2.0 (May 3, 2013)
Version 3.0 (September 09, 2013)
Version 4.0 (November 28, 2013)
Release 5.2 Version 5.0 (May 7, 2014)
Improved central message store and introduced service extension tags into the specification. It also introduced a number of incremental improvements and bug fixes to RCS 5.1 V4.0 that improved the user experience and resolve issues that were noticed in deployed RCS networks.
Release 5.3 Version 6.0 (February 28, 2015)
Release 6.0 Version 7.0 (March 21, 2016)
Support for Visual Voice Mail and more
Release 7.0 Version 8.0 (June 28, 2017)
Support for Chatbots, SMS fallback features and more
Release 8.0 Version 9.0 (May 16, 2018)
Support for additional Chatbots features and vCard 4.0
RCS-e (enhanced)
Initial Version (May 2011)
Version 1.2 (November 28, 2011)
Version 1.2.2 (July 4, 2012)
Joyn
The GSMA defined a series of specific implementations of the RCS specifications. The RCS specifications often defined a number of options for implementing individual communications features, resulting in challenges in delivering interoperable services between carriers. The RCS specifications aimed to define a more specific implementation that promotes standardization and simplify interconnection between carriers.
Joyn Hot Fixes (July 15, 2013) - based upon the RCS 1.2.2 specification (previously known as RCS-e), this includes 1:1 chat, group chat, MSRP file sharing and video sharing (during a circuit-switched call).[50] Services based upon this specification were live in Spain, France and Germany.
Joyn Blackbird Drop 1 (June 19, 2013) - based upon the RCS 5.1 specification, this extends the Joyn Hot Fixes service to include HTTP file sharing, location sharing, group file sharing, and other capabilities such as group chat store and forward. Joyn Blackbird Drop 1 was backwards compatible with Joyn Hot Fixes.[51] Vodafone Spain's network is accredited for Joyn Blackbird Drop 1, and Telefónica and Orange Spain have also been involved in interoperability testing with vendors of Joyn Blackbird Drop 1 clients. A number of client vendors were accredited to Joyn Blackbird Drop 1.
Joyn Blackbird Drop 2 (September 26, 2013) - also based upon the RCS 5.1 specification, this primarily added IP voice and video calling.[52]
RCS Business Messaging (RBM) is the B2C (A2P in telecoms terminology) version of RCS. This is supposed to be an answer to third-party messaging apps (or OTTs) absorbing mobile operators' messaging traffic and associated revenues. While RCS is designed to win back Person-to-Person (P2P) traffic, RBM is intended to retain and grow this A2P traffic.[54][55] RCS offers "rich" features similar to those of messaging apps, but delivered (in theory) via the preloaded SMS messaging app - for example Google Messages or Samsung Messages. By making these features available in a B2C setting, RBM is expected to attract marketing and customer service spend from enterprises, thanks to improved customer engagement and interactive features that facilitate new use cases.[56][57] This was the primary reason for the development of RCS by the GSMA.
RBM includes features not available to ordinary users, including predefined quick-reply suggestions, rich cards, carousels, and branding. This last feature is intended to increase consumer confidence and reduce fraud through the implementation of a verified sender system.[58] These additional features are only available with the use of a messaging-as-a-platform (MaaP) server integrated with the operator's network. The MaaP controls the verified sender details, unlocking RBM features, while also segregating P2P and A2P RCS messages, aiding monetisation of the latter (SMS currently suffers from grey routes, where A2P messages are sent over P2P connections, which are cheaper or often free).[59]
Universal Profile is currently backed by "a large and growing ecosystem" (68 supporters in 2019). Universal Profile support is optional in 4G, but mandatory in 5G networks and devices.[61]
Branded as Chat and launched as part of Android's default Messenger app with initial rollout for Pixel 3 phones. By 2022, Google's Messages app with RCS became the default messaging app for Android phones on Verizon.[93] In February 2024, Verizon announced a conversion to Google Jibe for RCS services.[94]
Like SMS, RCS requires national and international interconnects to enable roaming. As with SMS, this will be accomplished with hubbing - where third-party providers complete agreements with individual operators to interwork their systems. Each subsequent operator that connects to a hub is therefore connected automatically to all other connected operators. This eliminates the need to each operator to connect to all the others to which they may need to send messages.[104] RCS hubs are provided by stakeholders with a vested interest in increasing RCS use. These include traditional SMS hub providers (e.g. Global Message Services and Sinch), software and hardware vendors (e.g. Interop Technologies, Mavenir, and ZTE), and also Google via its Jibe Cloud platform.[105]
Accreditation
The RCS interop and testing (IOT) accreditation process[106] was started by the GSMA in order to improve the quality of testing, increase transparency, drive scale, minimize complexity and accelerate time-to-market (TTM) of joyn services. Companies need to undertake the IOT process from the GSMA to apply for a license to use the service mark joyn.
"Accredited" means that the device, client or network has undertaken a series of test cases (150 to 300) in a specific set of conditions, provided test results and traces that have been analysed by the GSMA RCS IOT team and any IOT issues arising resolved with the submitter.[107]
"Accreditation Ready" is the designation awarded to a hosted RCS service that has undertaken the same series of test cases as the mobile network operator, provided test results and traces that have been analysed by the GSMA RCS IOT team and any IoT issues arising resolved with the submitter.[107]
A list of RCS AS providers and their GSMA RCS Accreditation status can be found here:
[108]
The Verge in 2019 criticized the inconsistent support of RCS in the United States, with carriers not supporting RCS in all markets, not certifying service on all phones, or not yet supporting the Universal Profile. Concerns were shown over Google's decision to run its own RCS service due to the possibility of antitrust scrutiny, but it was acknowledged that Google had to do so in order to bypass the carriers' inconsistent support of RCS, as it wanted to have a service more comparable to Apple's iMessage service available on Android.[26][111]
Ars Technica in 2019 criticized Google's move to launch a direct-to-consumer RCS service, considering it a contradiction of RCS being native to the carrier to provide features reminiscent of messaging apps, counting it as being among various past and unsuccessful attempts by Google to develop an in-house messaging service (including Google Talk, Google+ Messenger, Hangouts, and Allo), and noting limitations: such as its dependencies on phone numbers as the identity (whereas email-based accounts are telco-agnostic), not being capable of being readily synchronized between multiple devices, and the aforementioned lack of end-to-end encryption.[112]