The East Zhejiang Maritime Affairs/Folk Custom Museum[2] is a museum located in Yinzhou District in Ningbo, Zhejiang, China. It is located in the Qing'an Guildhall, a reconstructed complex which once housed a temple to the sea-goddessMazu. Originally built in 1191, the complex was destroyed and rebuilt several times. After its mid-19th century restoration by Ningbo's guild of Fujianese merchants, it was acclaimed as one of the most beautiful temples in China and was used by the merchants as their guildhall. It was destroyed in 1949 as the Communists were fighting the Chinese Civil War, and suffered further harm during the Cultural Revolution, but was repaired from 1997 to 2001. It reopened in June 2001 as a museum dedicated to eastern Zhejiang's maritime history and local arts and crafts.
The diverse roles the location has served have caused it to appear in English accounts under a variety of names, particularly before the adoption of pinyin as a standard romanization scheme.
It was known as the Tianhou Temple,[1] the Tianhou Palace,[4] the Tien-how-kung[5] or Tianhou Gong,[6] the Queen of Heaven Temple,[7] the Temple of the Queen of Heaven,[5][8][9] or the Palace of the Empress of Heaven, from one of Mazu's epithets.[2] From its local pronunciation, it also sometimes appears as Tín Heo Kōng.[9] Another of Mazu's epithets sometimes gave it the name Tianfei Gong[6] or Tín Fi Kōng.[9] It is also known as the Sea Goddess Temple.[2]
After it was rebuilt by Fujianese merchants in the mid-19th century, it became known as the Fujianese Guildhall,[6] the Qing'an Guildhall,[1] or Qing'an Assembly Hall.[7] The merchants' involvement in northern maritime (北洋) trade led local Chinese to refer to it as the North Guildhall.[2] In English, it was called the Fukien[10] or Fujian Temple,[1]Fukien Guildhall,[5]Fokien Guild House[8] or Guildhouse,[11] the Guild House of Fokien Merchants,[6] and the Guildhall for the Fujian People or Fukien Hui Kuan.[12]
The present-day museum is sometimes translated as the Museum of Maritime Affairs and Folk Custom in Eastern Zhejiang.[13]
The entrance, with the character for luck above those for "Palace of the Empress of Heaven", surrounded by stone carvings
Sign announcing the Qing'an Guild Hall's protected status
The temple's ruin was largely left to the elements until Ningbo's Culture and Press Bureau began renovating it in 1997.[2] It reopened to the public as a museum in June 2001, when the State Council designated it among its 5th batch of cultural relics entitled to national protection.[15] It is one of the largest surviving Mazu temples in China and some of the old stone carvings have been preserved and incorporated into the present museum.[7]
The ceiling decoration above one of the performance stages
The west-facing complex covers 5,000 square meters (1.2 acres) and consists, from front to back, of the Entrance, Second Door, Front Stage, Great Hall, Rear Stages, and Rear Chamber. The second door, having been destroyed during the Cultural Revolution, was reconstructed from historical drawings held by Southeast University. The front stage is 9.5 meters (31 ft) high, 5.2 meters (17 ft) wide, and about as deep, being roughly square. By placing it before the main hall, it was thought that the gods could enjoy watching the opera shows.[2] The walls were designed to produce a resonating effect during performances. The front and rear chambers and the two stages are linked by wing-rooms to one another. The southwest corner has seven side-rooms. The north side includes a separate area for greenery and the north and west sides each have a private courtyard, used as the offices for the guildhall.[2] The style is believed to have been widely influential and copied.[12] To the north of the present complex lies Qing'an Park.
Exhibits
The museum collects regional art concerning Mazu, including large frescos.[16] Its naval exhibits include the wooden steering wheel recovered from the wreck of the SS Jiangya, which struck a mine near the mouth of the Huangpu River in 1948 as Shanghainese were fleeing to Ningbo from the oncoming Communists. Given the high number of stowaways, it is thought that more than 3000 people were killed in the explosion, making it the worst or 2nd-worstmaritime disasters in history.
The museum preserves a thousand red wood carvings[clarification needed] and a few hundred stone and brick carvings.[16] The 14 tile carvings over the entrance include Twin Dragons Playing with a Pearl, the Eight Immortals Crossing the Sea, "Dragon Tongue Squad",[clarification needed] Fishing, Wood-cutting, Farming, and Reading.[2] The beams of the front stage mostly depict stories from the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, including Three Heroes Fighting against Lu Bu and the Empty Fort Strategy. It also includes some carvings of actors and auspicious designs such as Magpies Perching on Plum Trees, dragons, phoenixes, and peonies. The screens are engraved with paintings of six ladies. Curved rails ("Rails for Beauties to Lean On") line three sides of the stage.[2]
For younger children, it has many scale boat models with woven sails and moving parts.[7] One of the models is based upon the western-style gunboat purchased by the temple's 19th-century restorers in 1854 to suppress pirate attacks on their vessels.[16]
Stone carvings at the EZMAFCM
Gilt woodcarving at the EZMAFCM
Gallery
The right foo dog which protected the temple's great hall, c. 1870
A stereogram of the left foo dog which protected the temple's great hall, c. 1870
^A Chinese legend holds that it was constructed by Koreans who commissioned some vessels from Ningbo's shipwrights but only survived a fierce storm on their way home by praying to Mazu. They then had a temple constructed in her honor the next time they returned to the city.[7]
^Reports that it was constructed in the mid-1880s[7] are mistaken.
^"Programme", Maritime Heritage and Museums: Forum for Directors of the Maritime-Related Museums in China, Hong Kong: Hong Kong Maritime Museum, 2014. (in Chinese)& (in English)
![The Great Hall in the early 19th century[14]](File:Temple_of_the_Goddess_Ma_Tsu-pu,_Ningpo.jpg)
