Prince George, Duke of Cambridge

Not to be confused with Prince George of Wales, who was formerly known as Prince George of Cambridge.

Prince George
Duke of Cambridge
The Duke of Cambridge, c. 1900
BornPrince George of Cambridge
26 March 1819
Cambridge House, Hanover
Died17 March 1904(1904-03-17) (aged 84)
Gloucester House, London
Burial22 March 1904
Kensal Green Cemetery, London
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1847, void)​
[a]
IssueGeorge FitzGeorge
Adolphus FitzGeorge
Augustus FitzGeorge
Names
George William Frederick Charles
HouseHanover
FatherPrince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge
MotherPrincess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel
SignaturePrince George's signature
Military career
AllegianceUnited Kingdom
Service / branchBritish Army
RankField marshal
CommandsCommander-in-Chief of the Forces

Prince George, Duke of Cambridge (George William Frederick Charles; 26 March 1819 – 17 March 1904) was a member of the British royal family, a grandson of King George III and cousin of Queen Victoria. The Duke was an army officer by profession and served as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces (military head of the British Army) from 1856 to 1895. He became Duke of Cambridge in 1850 and field marshal in 1862. Deeply devoted to the old Army, he worked with Queen Victoria to defeat or minimise every reform proposal, such as setting up a general staff. His Army's weaknesses were dramatically revealed by the poor organisation at the start of the Second Boer War.

Early life

Portrait of his mother, 1818

Prince George was born at Cambridge House, Hanover.[1][2] His father was Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, the seventh son of King George III and Queen Charlotte.[2] His mother was the Duchess of Cambridge (née Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel).[1]

He was baptised at Cambridge House in Hanover on 11 May 1819, by the Reverend John Sanford, his father's Domestic Chaplain. His godparents were the Prince Regent (represented by the Duke of Clarence and St Andrews), the Duke of Clarence and St Andrews (represented by the 4th Earl of Mayo) and the Dowager Queen of Württemberg (represented by the Countess of Mayo).[3]

Military career

Prince George of Cambridge was educated in Hanover and from 1830 in England by the Rev. J. R. Wood, a canon of Worcester Cathedral.[1] Like his father, he embarked upon a military career, initially becoming a colonel in the Hanoverian Army and then, on 3 November 1837, becoming a brevet colonel in the British Army.[4] He was attached to the staff at Gibraltar from October 1838 to April 1839.[2] After serving in Ireland with the 12th Royal Lancers (Prince of Wales's), he was appointed substantive lieutenant-colonel of the 8th Light Dragoons on 15 April 1842[5] and colonel of the 17th Lancers on 25 April 1842.[2]

From 1843 to 1845 he served as a colonel on the staff in the Ionian islands,[2] then was promoted Major-General on 7 May 1845.[6] He succeeded to his father's titles of Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Tipperary, and Baron Culloden on 8 July 1850.[2]

The storm in Balaklava Bay on 14 November 1854, during which HRH was on board the steam frigate HMS Retribution

The Duke of Cambridge became Inspector of the Cavalry in 1852.[2] In February 1854, at an early stage in the Crimean War of 1853–1856, he received command of the 1st Division (Guards and Highland brigades) of the British army in the East.[7] On 19 June 1854, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general.[8]

Collodion of Prince George, 1855, by Roger Fenton

He was present at the battles of the Alma (September 1854),[7] Balaclava (October 1854) and Inkerman (November 1854),[7] and at the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855).[1]

In December 1854, owing to illness, the Earl of Cardigan returned first to Malta and then to England: before the conclusion of the Crimean campaign he was back in London.[9] Meanwhile, Lord Raglan died at 9.30 pm on 28 June 1855 from dysentery; General Simpson succeeded Raglan in commanding in the Crimea, followed by General Codrington. Field Marshal Viscount Hardinge, the serving general commanding-in-chief since 1852, was forced to resign in July 1856 on grounds of ill-health.[10] (The Crimean War had ended in March 1856.)

On 5 July 1856, the Duke was appointed general commanding-in-chief of the British Army,[7] a post that was re-titled field marshal commanding-in-chief on 9 November 1862 and commander-in-chief of the forces by Letters Patent on 20 November 1887.[11] In that capacity he served as the chief military advisor to the Secretary of State for War, with responsibility for the administration of the army and the command of forces in the field. He was promoted to the rank of general on 15 July 1856[12] and to the rank of field marshal on 9 November 1862.[13]

Policies

Equestrian statue of the Duke of Cambridge, Whitehall

The Duke of Cambridge served as commander-in-chief for 39 years.[7] Early in his term he encouraged the army to trial various breech-loading carbines for the cavalry, one of which—the Westley Richards—proved so effective that it was decided to investigate the possibility of producing a version for the infantry. In 1861, 100 were issued to five infantry battalions; in 1863 an order of 2,000 was placed for further trials.[14] The Duke was also involved in the formation of the Staff College and of the Royal Military School of Music, and became governor of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich:[15] he further sought to improve the efficiency of the army by advocating a scheme of annual military manoeuvres.[1] In 1860 he introduced a new system to restrict corporal punishment: soldiers became eligible for flogging only in cases of aggravated mutinous conduct during wartime, unless they committed an offence serious enough to degrade to the second class and make them once again subject to corporal punishment. A year's good behaviour would return them to the first class, meaning that only a hard core of incorrigible offenders tended to be flogged.[16]

Opposition to reforms

Under the Duke's command, the British Army became a moribund and stagnant institution. There were no new ideas. He allegedly rebuked one of his more intelligent subordinates with the words: "Brains? I don't believe in brains! You haven't any, I know, Sir!" He was equally forthright on his reluctance to adopt change: "There is a time for everything, and the time for change is when you can no longer help it."[17]

In the wake of the Prussian victories in the 1870–71 Franco-Prussian War, the Liberal Party government of Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone and Secretary of State for War Edward Cardwell called for the Army to undergo major reforms.[18] Cardwell succeeded in pushing through a number of reforms, including one that made the commander-in-chief nominally report to the secretary of state for war.[19]

The Duke opposed most of the reforms because they struck at the heart of his view of the Army. According to Theo Aronson, he "stoutly resisted almost every attempt at reform or modernization."[20] He feared that the newly created force of reservists would be of little use in a colonial conflict, and that expeditionary forces would have to strip the most experienced men from the home-based battalions in order to fill the gaps in their ranks.[1] His fears seemed to be confirmed in 1873, when Wolseley raided battalions for the expedition against the Ashanti. In 1881, when the historic numbers of regiments were abolished and facing colours standardised for English, Welsh, Scottish, and Irish regiments, the Duke protested that regimental spirit would be degraded; the majority of facing colours were restored by the time of World War I, although the numbers of regiments were not.[1]

The reforming impetus, however, continued. Parliament passed the War Office Act 1870, which formally subordinated the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces to the Secretary of State for War and in 1871 Cardwell abolished the custom of purchasing an office which had done much to instil elitism in the form of discipline and training. The Duke of Cambridge strongly resented this move, a sentiment shared by a majority of officers, who would no longer be able to sell their commissions when they retired.[1]

Pressures for reform built up as the Duke of Cambridge aged; his strongest ally was his cousin, Queen Victoria. While the Queen insisted on reform, she was also protective of the Household brigades and their long association and traditions. An 1890 royal commission led by Lord Hartington (later the 8th Duke of Devonshire) criticised the administration of the War Office and recommended the devolution of authority from the Commander-in-Chief to subordinate military officers.[1] A number of reformers opposed to the Duke banded together, including Henry Campbell-Bannerman and Lord Lansdowne, the Liberal and Conservative Secretaries for War between 1892 and 1900. The leading generals eager to replace the Duke were Wolseley, Buller (1802–1884), Roberts (1832–1914), and the Duke of Connaught (1850–1942). The Duke of Cambridge was forced to resign his post on 1 November 1895, and was succeeded by Lord Wolseley.[21] On his resignation he was given the title of honorary colonel-in-chief to the Forces.[22]

Historian Correlli Barnett blames British failures in the Second Boer War of 1899–1902 on the Duke, stressing the Army's "[l]ack of organization, ignorant and casual officers, inferior human material in the ranks" as well as "soldiers drilled to machine-like movements [versus the Boer] with a rifle working on his own initiative."[23]

Friend of Haig

During the Duke's long career he helped to further the career progress of Douglas Haig, a talented and able young officer, who succeeded through Staff College to gain promotion. As Commander-in-Chief, the Duke was able to admit any candidate to the college so long as they passed three out of eight of the tests. Haig, who was also acquainted with Sir Evelyn Wood, left for India in 1893 knowing that the Duke had also made a friend of Henrietta Jameson (née Haig), his older sister. The Duke's nomination was made in 1894 and 1895, but Haig did not take up the place until 15 January 1896 under Army Regulations Order 72 (1896). The Duke, who was replaced by Lord Wolseley, after 32 years was not the only patron of preferment. The Staff College was not intended to educate a General Staff until much later in its historical development. However the traditional system of informal patronage was gradually giving way to more than gifted amateurs.[24]

On 22 November 1909 the reforms to which Haig, as Director of Staff Duties was a part, abolished the post of Commander-in-Chief which the Duke had made his own. In setting up the Army Council, with its head being called the Chief of the General Staff by Order in Council, the Liberal government separated the army from the monarchy.[25]

Marriage and mistress

George, Duke of Cambridge, with his son Adolphus FitzGeorge, his granddaughter Olga FitzGeorge, and great-grandson George FitzGeorge Hamilton in 1900
Funerary monument, Kensal Green Cemetery, London

It is believed, according to Roger Fulford, that William IV, who had been his godfather when Duke of Clarence, had George brought up at Windsor in hope of an eventual marriage to his cousin Princess Victoria of Kent, who was two months younger. This prospective match was favoured by George's own parents, but was forestalled by Victoria's maternal uncle Leopold I of Belgium. He secured Victoria's betrothal to his nephew, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, which became formal after she acceded to the British throne. In 1839 Queen Victoria wrote to Albert about George's father: "The Duke told Lord Melbourne he had always greatly desired our marriage, and never thought of George: but that I don't believe."[26] George was one of a range of suitors considered by Victoria, the most prominent of whom, Prince Alexander of the Netherlands, was openly favoured by William.[27]

The Duke of Cambridge made no secret of his view that "arranged marriages were doomed to failure." He married privately, without seeking Queen Victoria's consent, at St John Clerkenwell, London, on 8 January 1847 to Sarah Fairbrother (1816 – 12 January 1890), the daughter of John Fairbrother, a servant in Westminster. Sarah Fairbrother (whose stage name was Louisa)[28] had been an actress since 1827, performing at Drury Lane, the Lyceum, and Covent Garden Theatre. Without the Queen's consent, the wedding ceremony was in contravention of the 1772 Royal Marriages Act, rendering the marriage void.[29] This meant the Duke's wife was not titled Duchess of Cambridge or accorded the style Her Royal Highness, while the son born after the marriage was illegitimate and ineligible to succeed to the Duke's titles. Indeed, Sarah's very existence was ignored by the Queen. Instead, Sarah called herself "Mrs. Fairbrother" and later "Mrs. FitzGeorge". The Duke was a very weak man where women were concerned, and it seems likely that he had been cajoled into marriage by Sarah (then pregnant for the fifth time), she herself obtaining the licence. Legend has created for the couple an ideal relationship that is far from the reality; the Duke having other affairs.[30] From 1837 the Duke had known Louisa Beauclerk,[31] third daughter of Sir George Wombwell, 2nd Baronet, whom he later described as "the idol of my life and my existence." He saw much of her in 1847, and she was his mistress from at least 1849 until her death in 1882. As early as 1849 he had decided that he would be buried near Beauclerk and it was solely on her account that Sarah Fairbrother and he were deposited in the mausoleum in Kensal Green Cemetery, west of the main chapel, about sixty feet away from Beauclerk's grave.[32]

Later life

The Duke of Cambridge served as colonel-in-chief of the 17th Lancers,[33] Royal Artillery[34] and Royal Engineers;[34] The Middlesex Regiment (Duke of Cambridge's Own)[35] and King's Royal Rifle Corps;[36] colonel of the Grenadier Guards;[37] honorary colonel of the 10th (Duke of Cambridge's Own) Bengal Lancers,[38] 20th Duke of Cambridge's Own Punjabis,[39] 4 Battalion Suffolk Regiment,[40] 1st City of London Volunteer Brigade[41] and the Scots Fusilier Guards.[42] He became the Ranger of Hyde Park and St. James's Park in 1852,[43] and of Richmond Park in 1857; governor of the Royal Military Academy in 1862,[15] and its president in 1870.[44] He was the patron of the Oxford Military College from 1876 to 1896.[45]

Cambridge's strength and hearing began to fade in his later years. He was unable to ride at Queen Victoria's funeral and had to attend in a carriage.[46] He paid his last visit to Germany in August 1903.[1] He died of a haemorrhage of the stomach in 1904 at Gloucester House, Piccadilly, London.[1] His remains were buried five days later next to those of his wife in Kensal Green Cemetery, London.[1]

In 1904, his estate was probated at under £121,000.[47]

The Duke is today commemorated by an equestrian statue standing on Whitehall in central London; it is positioned outside the front door of the War Office that he so strongly resisted.[48] He is also commemorated by two street names in Kingston Vale and Norbiton, in southwest London, George Road and Cambridge Road; the Duke inherited much of the land in the area from his father in 1850.[49] Cambridge Military Hospital in Aldershot was built during his time as Commander-in-Chief.[50]

Titles, styles and honours

Titles and styles

  • 26 March 1819 – 8 July 1850: His Royal Highness Prince George of Cambridge
  • 8 July 1850 – 17 March 1904: His Royal Highness The Duke of Cambridge

As the male-line grandson of a King of Hanover, Prince George of Cambridge also bore the titles of 'Prince of Hanover' and 'Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg'.

His title, 'Duke of Cambridge', fell into extinction upon his death. It was not revived until 107 years later, when Elizabeth II (Prince George's great-great-niece through his sister Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge) awarded the title to her grandson, Prince William, on 29 April 2011, the day of his wedding.[51][52]

Honours

British
Foreign

Issue

The Duke of Cambridge and Mrs. FitzGeorge had three sons, two of whom were born before their marriage in contravention to the Royal Marriages Act 1772,[71] and all of whom pursued military careers.

Name Birth Death Notes
George FitzGeorge 24 August 1843 2 September 1907 m. Rosa Baring, daughter of William Baring of Norman Court, Hants., by Elizabeth Hammersley; had issue
Adolphus FitzGeorge 30 January 1846 17 December 1922 m. (1) Sofia Holden; had issue (Olga FitzGeorge); (2) Margaret Watson; no issue
Augustus FitzGeorge 12 June 1847 30 October 1933 Col Sir Augustus FitzGeorge, KCVO, CB; no marriage or issue

Ancestors

Notes

  1. ^ This marriage was contracted in contravention of the Royal Marriages Act 1772, as George failed to seek permission from the then-monarch, his cousin Queen Victoria. The marriage was not legally recognised.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Prince George, Duke of Cambridge". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33372. Retrieved 3 March 2012. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Heathcote, p. 141
  3. ^ "No. 17479". The London Gazette. 22 May 1819. p. 881.
  4. ^ "No. 19555". The London Gazette. 3 November 1837. p. 2797.
  5. ^ "No. 20091". The London Gazette. 15 April 1842. p. 1047.
  6. ^ "No. 20469". The London Gazette. 9 May 1845. p. 1395.
  7. ^ a b c d e Heathcote, p. 142
  8. ^ "No. 21564". The London Gazette. 22 June 1854. p. 1931.
  9. ^ "The King and his Navy and Army" 26 March 1904
  10. ^ George, HRH Duke of Cambridge, Letters and Diaries, vol.1, pp.114-124
  11. ^ "No. 25762". The London Gazette. 29 November 1887. p. 6604.
  12. ^ "No. 21902". The London Gazette. 15 July 1856. p. 2485.
  13. ^ "No. 22679". The London Gazette. 10 November 1862. p. 5343.
  14. ^ "HBSA lecture Monday 15 March 2010 at Imperial War Museum – Westley Richards Monkeytails". 3 June 2010. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
  15. ^ a b "No. 22600". The London Gazette. 21 February 1862. p. 898.
  16. ^ "Flogging in the Army". The Times. 14 January 1860. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
  17. ^ "After the triumph of the Royal Wedding, now we need a stronger monarchy". The Freedom Association. 30 April 2011. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
  18. ^ Ensor, p. 16
  19. ^ Spiers (1994)
  20. ^ Aronson, Theo (1981). Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone. London: Cassell. p. 76. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
  21. ^ Brian Bond, "The Retirement of the Duke of Cambridge", Journal of the Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies (1961), Vol. 106 Issue 624, pp. 544–553.
  22. ^ "No. 26676". The London Gazette. 1 November 1895. p. 5922.
  23. ^ Correlli Barnett, Britain and Her Army 1509-1970: A Military, Political and Social Survey (1970) p. 340.
  24. ^ Reid, pp. 65–66
  25. ^ Reid, p. 168
  26. ^ Fulford, Roger (1973). Royal Dukes, The Father and Uncles of Queen Victoria. Fontana. pp. 300–301. ISBN 0-00-633589-6.
  27. ^ Longford, Elizabeth (1964). Victoria R.I. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 51–52. ISBN 0-297-17001-5.
  28. ^ Countess of Athlone, Princess Alice (1966). For my Grandchildren. London: Evans Brothers. p. 110. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
  29. ^ Lyon, Ann (2016). Constitutional History of the UK. Taylor and Francis. p. 432. ISBN 978-1317203988.
  30. ^ Anthony J. Camp, Royal Mistresses and Bastards: Fact and Fiction 1714–1936 (London, 2007) pp. 330–38.
  31. ^ St Aubyn, Giles (2011). The Royal George: The Duke of Cambridge: His Family and Career, 1819-1904 (Chapter VIII – Family Affairs). Faber & Faber. ISBN 9780571281718.
  32. ^ Camp, op.cit., p. 339.
  33. ^ "No. 24338". The London Gazette. 20 June 1876. p. 3563.
  34. ^ a b "No. 26676". The London Gazette. 1 November 1895. p. 5923.
  35. ^ "No. 26992". The London Gazette. 2 August 1898. p. 4651.
  36. ^ "No. 23479". The London Gazette. 16 March 1869. p. 1696.
  37. ^ "No. 22598". The London Gazette. 14 February 1862. p. 774.
  38. ^ Heathcote, p.143
  39. ^ "No. 25265". The London Gazette. 31 August 1883. p. 4276.
  40. ^ "No. 26311". The London Gazette. 29 July 1892. p. 4317.
  41. ^ "No. 22361". The London Gazette. 28 February 1860. p. 852.
  42. ^ "No. 21362". The London Gazette. 28 September 1852. p. 2573.
  43. ^ "No. 21371". The London Gazette. 22 October 1852. p. 2760.
  44. ^ "No. 23598". The London Gazette. 15 March 1870. p. 1737.
  45. ^ "Visit by the Duke of Cambridge, Oxford Military College". Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
  46. ^ "No. 27316". The London Gazette. 22 May 1901. p. 3552.
  47. ^ Spiers, Edward M. (2004). "Prince George, Duke of Cambridge". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33372. Retrieved 10 February 2008. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  48. ^ "Duke of Cambridge Statue, Whitehall". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 19 November 1928. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
  49. ^ "List of conservation areas: Coombe Hill". Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  50. ^ "Cambridge Military Hospital". QARANC. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  51. ^ "Kate and William become Duke and Duchess of Cambridge". BBC News. 29 April 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  52. ^ This did not become official until 26 May 2011, when Letters Patent to that effect were signed and recorded in the Crown Office on the Roll of the Peerage.
  53. ^ a b c d e f g h Shaw, William Arthur (1906). The Knights of England. Vol. 1. London: Sharrett & Hughes. pp. 55, 88, 101, 191, 311, 337, 401, 417.
  54. ^ a b c d e f g The Complete Peerage, Volume II. St Catherine's Press. 1912. p. 499.
  55. ^ Kelly's Handbook to the Titled, Landed and Official Classes, 1895. Kelly's. p. 227.
  56. ^ "No. 26676". The London Gazette. 1 November 1895. p. 5922.
  57. ^ "No. 26725". The London Gazette. 27 March 1896. p. 1960.
  58. ^ "House of Guelph". Retrieved 3 March 2012.
  59. ^ Braunschweigisches Adreßbuch für das Jahr 1896. Braunschweig 1896. Meyer. p. 3
  60. ^ Königliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen. Hof-und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Hannover. 1865. p. 37.
  61. ^ M. & B. Wattel. (2009). Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers. Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 460. ISBN 978-2-35077-135-9.
  62. ^ Kurfürstlich Hessisches Hof- und Staatshandbuch: 1866. Waisenhaus. 1866. p. 15.
  63. ^ a b "Königlich Preussische Ordensliste", Preussische Ordens-Liste (in German), 1, Berlin: 5, 936, 1886
  64. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1862), "Großherzogliche Orden" p. 33
  65. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch ... Baden (1862), "Großherzogliche Orden" p. 44
  66. ^ "Ritter-Orden: Königlich-ungarischer St. Stephans-Orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1895, p. 66, retrieved 29 August 2021
  67. ^ Staats- und Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Nassau (1866), "Herzogliche Orden" p. 8
  68. ^ "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen". Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Mecklenburg-Strelitz: 1878 (in German). Neustrelitz: Druck und Debit der Buchdruckerei von G. F. Spalding und Sohn. 1878. p. 11.
  69. ^ Bragança, Jose Vicente de (2014). "Agraciamentos Portugueses Aos Príncipes da Casa Saxe-Coburgo-Gota" [Portuguese Honours awarded to Princes of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]. Pro Phalaris (in Portuguese). 9–10: 13. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  70. ^ Kongelig Dansk Hof-og Statskalendar (1878) (in Danish), "De Kongelig Danske Ridderordener", p. 4
  71. ^ The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 would have made George and Sarah Fairbrother marriage legal as Royal consent is now limited to only the first six persons in succession in line to the British throne; George was eighth in line to succession.

Bibliography

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prince George, Duke of Cambridge.
Prince George, Duke of Cambridge
Cadet branch of the House of Welf
Born: 26 March 1819 Died: 17 March 1904
Military offices
Preceded by Colonel of the 17th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons (Lancers)
1842–1852 		Succeeded by
Thomas William Taylor
Preceded by Colonel of the Scots Fusilier Guards
1852–1861 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Commander-in-Chief of the Forces
1856–1895 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Colonel of the Grenadier Guards
1861–1904 		Succeeded by
Other offices
Preceded by President of the Foundling Hospital
1851–1904 		Succeeded by
Honorary titles
Preceded by Grand Master of the Order of St Michael and St George
1850–1904 		Succeeded by
Peerage of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Duke of Cambridge
4th creation
1850–1904 		Extinct
Title next held by
Prince William

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For his cousin, see Alexander Vladimirovich Baryatinsky. In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming conventions, the patronymic is Vladimirovich and the family name is Baryatinsky. His Serene HighnessPrince Alexander BaryatinskyBaryatinsky in Russian Hussar uniformViceroy of CaucasusIn office22 July 1856 – 18 December 1862Preceded byNikolay Muravyov-KarskySucceeded byGrigol Orbeliani Personal detailsBorn14 May [O.S. 2] 1815Ivanovo [ru], Kursk...

 

وارومبونغل

وارومبونغلمعلومات عامةالبلد  أستراليا المكان نيوساوث ويلز الجغرافياالإحداثيات 31°12′S 148°54′E / 31.2°S 148.9°E / -31.2; 148.9 الارتفاع 1٬206 متر علم الأرضالنوع سلسلة جبلية تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات وارومبونغل، (بالإنجليزية: Warrumbungles)‏ هي سلسلة جبلية في منطقة أ�...

 

Georges Merle

L'Envoûteuse (The Sorceress), lukisan karya, Georges Merle, 1883. Birmingham Museum of Art Georges Merle (1851–1886) adalah seorang pelukis Prancis yang dikenal karena penguasaannya yang luar biasa terhadap bentuk wanita. Ia sering mengirimkan karya ke Salon di Paris.[1] Ayahnya, Hugues Merle, juga seorang pelukis. Karena Georges jarang menandatangani karya awalnya, beberapa karya awalnya pada awalnya secara keliru dikaitkan dengan ayahnya. Referensi ^ Birmingham Museum of Art (201...

 

Álvaro Dávila y Núñez de Villavicencio

Álvaro María Dávila y Núñez de Villavicencio (Jerez de la Frontera, 17 de julio de 1784 - 1825), VI Marqués de Villamarta-Dávila, VI Marqués de Mirabal y VII Conde de Villafuente Bermeja, Caballero de la Real Maestranza de Ronda, Caballero Veinticuatro de Jerez de la Frontera, fue un aristócrata español perteneciente al linaje de los Dávila de Jerez de la Frontera, antigua familia que se encuentra presente en Jerez desde su repoblación en tiempos de Alfonso X El Sabio. Biografía ...

 

アレーニア・アエルマッキ

アレーニア・アエルマッキ S.p.A.元の種類 有限会社業種 航空宇宙前身 アレーニア・アエロナウティカ アエルマッキ後継 レオナルド S.p.A設立 2012年1月解散 2015年12月31日（レオナルド・フィンメッカニカに統合）本社 ヴェネゴーノ・スペリオーレ, ヴァレーゼ、 イタリア拠点数 ポミリアーノ・ダルコ, トリノ, ヴェネツィア, ヴァレーゼ, グロッターリエ, ノーラ, フォッジ...

 

Zwaanendael Colony

Dutch colonial settlement in Delaware, today's US New Netherland series Exploration Fortifications: Fort Amsterdam Fort Nassau (North) Fort Orange Fort Nassau (South) Fort Goede Hoop De Wal Fort Casimir Fort Altena Fort Wilhelmus Fort Beversreede Fort Nya Korsholm De Rondout Settlements: Noten Eylandt Nieuw Amsterdam Rensselaerswijck Nieuw Haarlem Beverwijck Wiltwijk Bergen Pavonia Vriessendael Achter Col Vlissingen Oude Dorpe Colen Donck Greenwich Heemstede Rustdorp Gravesende Breuckelen Nie...

 

Nadar

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Nadar (homonymie). NadarNadar, Autoportrait (vers 1900)BiographieNaissance 6 avril 1820Rue Saint-Honoré (ancien 4e arrondissement de Paris)Décès 20 mars 1910 (à 89 ans)Avenue Franklin-D.-Roosevelt (8e arrondissement de Paris)Sépulture Cimetière du Père-Lachaise, Grave of Nadar (d)Nom de naissance Gaspard-Félix TournachonPseudonyme NadarNationalité françaiseFormation Lycée CondorcetActivité Caricaturiste, aéronaute, photographePère Victor To...

 

Christmas market

Street market associated with the celebration of Christmas The Christkindlesmarkt in Nuremberg, Germany, is one of the most famous Christmas markets in the world. The Striezelmarkt in Dresden, Germany, one of the first Christmas markets in the world A Christmas market, also known as Christkindlmarkt (literally: Christ Child Market, but the term Christkind usually refers to an angel-like spirit of Christmas rather than literally the Christ Child), Christkindlesmarkt, Christkindlimarkt, and Wei...

 

Christine Nelson

Fictional character from Degrassi For other characters named Spike, see Spike (character). Christine NelsonDegrassi characterPublicity photograph of Spike from the third season of Degrassi Junior High.First appearanceDegrassi Junior High: March 8, 1987 (episode 1.08: Nothing To Fear)''Degrassi Junior High: January 18, 1987 (episode 1.01: Kiss Me Steph)Last appearanceDegrassi Takes Manhattan: July 16, 2010Created byLinda Schuyler and Yan MoorePortrayed byAmanda SteptoNumber of appearances37 (J...

 

Reckange

For the commune and town in Esch-sur-Alzette canton, see Reckange-sur-Mess. Building on Reckange Main Street Reckange (Luxembourgish: Recken, German: Reckingen) is a small town in the commune of Mersch, in central Luxembourg. As of 2005[update], the town has a population of 587. The nearby Menhir of Beisenerbierg is a Neolithic age standing-stone.[1] References ^ Le Brun-Ricalens, Foni (2005). Préhistoire et protohistoire au Luxembourg. Musée National d'Histoire et d'Art (Lu...

 

Hubungan Liga Arab dengan Uni Eropa

Peta yang menunjukkan negara-negara anggota Liga Arab (hijau) dan Uni Eropa (jingga). Hubungan Liga Arab dengan Uni Eropa adalah hubungan bilateral antara dua organisasi regional antara Liga Arab (organisasi yang menaungi negara-negara Arab) dengan Uni Eropa (organisasi regional yang menaungi negara-negara Eropa). Kedua organisasi melakukan hubungan kerjasama untuk berbagai kepentingan kawasan masing-masing, baik dalam bidang pertahanan, keamanan, ekonomi, politik, dan budaya.[1] Seja...

 

Holger Braunschweig

German chemist (born 1961) Holger BraunschweigBorn1961GermanyNationalityGermanAlma materRWTH Aachen UniversityKnown forOrganoboron chemistry, Borylene Chemistry, Diborynes, DiborenesAwards2009 DFG Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize, 2014 RSC Main Group Award,[1] 2016 GDCh Alfred Stock Memorial Prize.[2]Scientific careerFieldsChemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Organometallic Chemistry, Main-Group Chemistry, Organoboron chemistryInstitutionsUniversity of Würzburg Websitehttps://www.braunsc...

 

Upin & Ipin (musim keenam)

Artikel ini perlu diterjemahkan dari bahasa Melayu ke bahasa Indonesia. Artikel ini ditulis atau diterjemahkan secara buruk dari Wikipedia bahasa Melayu. Jika halaman ini ditujukan untuk komunitas bahasa Melayu, halaman itu harus dikontribusikan ke Wikipedia bahasa Melayu. Lihat daftar bahasa Wikipedia. Artikel yang tidak diterjemahkan dapat dihapus secara cepat sesuai kriteria A2. Jika Anda ingin memeriksa artikel ini, Anda boleh menggunakan mesin penerjemah. Namun ingat, mohon tidak menyali...

 

Dischidia ovata

Dischidia ovata Dischidia ovata at the Berlin Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Gentianales Family: Apocynaceae Genus: Dischidia Species: D. ovata Binomial name Dischidia ovataBenth. Dischidia ovata (sometimes commonly called watermelon dischidia) is a plant in the genus Dischidia native to New Guinea and North Queensland.[1] Named scientifically for its o...