Plastic bottle

A water bottle. Worldwide, 480 billions of plastic drinking bottles were sold in 2017 (and fewer than half were recycled).^[1]

A plastic bottle of antifreeze

Large plastic bottles of water

A plastic bottle is a bottle constructed from high-density or low density plastic. Plastic bottles are typically used to store liquids such as water, soft drinks, motor oil, cooking oil, medicine, shampoo or milk. They range in sizes, from very small bottles to large carboys. Consumer blow molded containers often have integral handles or are shaped to facilitate grasping.^[2][3]

Plastic was invented in the nineteenth century and was originally used to replace common materials such as ivory, rubber, and shellac.^[4] Plastic bottles were first used commercially in 1947, but remained relatively expensive until the early 1950s when high-density polyethylene was introduced.^[5] They quickly became popular with both manufacturers and customers because compared to glass bottles, plastic bottles are lighter, cheaper and easier to transport.^[6][7][8] However, the biggest advantage plastic bottles have over their glass counterparts is their superior resistance to breakage, in both production and transportation. Except for wine and beer, the food industry has largely replaced glass bottles with plastic bottles.

Production

Main article: Blow molding

A polypropylene bottle cap

Plastic bottle of milk: HDPE Recycling Code 2

PET bottle preform before blow molding, filling and labeling

The materials used in the manufacture of plastic bottles vary by application.

Petrochemical resins

High-density polyethylene (HDPE)

HDPE is the most widely used resin for plastic bottles. This material is economical, impact resistant, and provides a good moisture barrier. HDPE is compatible with a wide range of products including acids and caustics but is not compatible with solvents. It is supplied in FDA-approved food grade. HDPE is naturally translucent and flexible. The addition of color will make HDPE opaque, but not glossy. HDPE lends itself to silk screen decoration. While HDPE provides good protection at below freezing temperatures, it cannot be used with products filled above 190 °F (88 °C) or products requiring a hermetic (vacuum) seal.

Fluorine-treated HDPE

These bottles are exposed to fluorine gas in a secondary operation, are similar in appearance to HDPE, and serve as a barrier to hydrocarbons and aromatic solvents. Fluorine-treated bottles may contain insecticides, pesticides, herbicides, photographic chemicals, agricultural chemicals, household and industrial cleaners, electronic chemicals, medical cleaners and solvents, citrus products, d-limonene, flavors, fragrances, essential oils, surfactants, polishes, additives, graffiti cleaning products, pre-emergents, stone and tile care products, waxes, paint thinner, gasoline, biodiesel, xylene, acetone, kerosene and more.

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)

LDPE is similar in composition to HDPE. It is less rigid and generally less chemically resistant than HDPE, but is more translucent. LDPE is used primarily for squeeze applications. LDPE is significantly more expensive than HDPE.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE) / Polyester

This resin is commonly used for carbonated beverages, water bottles, and food packaging. PET provides very good alcohol and essential oil barrier properties, generally good chemical resistance (although acetones and ketones will attack PET), and a high degree of impact resistance and tensile strength. The orienting process serves to improve gas and moisture barrier properties and impact strength. This material is not resistant at high temperature. Its maximum temperature is 200 °F (93 °C).

Polycarbonate (PC)

PC is a clear plastic used to make bottles for milk and water. Five-gallon water bottles are a common application of PC.

Polypropylene (PP)

PP is used primarily for jars and closures. It is rigid and is a barrier to moisture. Polypropylene is stable at temperatures up to 220 °F (104 °C). It is autoclavable and offers the potential for steam sterilization. The compatibility of PP with high filling temperatures is responsible for its use with hot fill products. PP has excellent chemical resistance, but provides poor impact resistance in cold temperatures.

Polystyrene (PS)

PS is transparent and rigid. It is commonly used with dry products, including vitamins, petroleum jellies, and spices. Polystyrene does not provide good barrier properties, and exhibits poor impact resistance.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

PVC is naturally clear. It has high resistance to oils and transmits very little oxygen. It provides a strong barrier to most gases, and its drop-impact resistance is also very good. This material is chemically resistant, but it is vulnerable to some solvents. PVC has poor resistance to high temperatures and will distort at 160 °F (71 °C), making it incompatible with hot-filled products. It has attained notoriety in recent years due to potential health risks.

Post-consumer resin (PCR)

PCR is a blend of reclaimed natural HDPE (primarily from milk and water containers) and virgin resin. The recycled material is cleaned, ground and recompounded into uniform pellets along with prime virgin material especially designed to build up environmental stress crack resistance. PCR has no odor but exhibits a slight yellow tint in its natural state. This tint can be hidden by the addition of color. PCR is easily processed and inexpensive. However, it cannot come into direct contact with food or pharmaceutical products. PCR can be produced in a variety of recycled content percentages up to 100%.

K-Resin (SBC)

SBC is a highly transparent, high-gloss, impact-resistance resin. K-Resin, a styrene derivative, is processed on polyethylene equipment. It is specifically incompatible with fats and unsaturated oils or solvents. This material is frequently used for display and point-of-purchase packaging.

Other materials

Bioplastic

A bioplastic is a polymer structure based on processed biological materials rather than petrochemicals. Bioplastics are commonly made from renewable sources like starch, vegetable oil, and less commonly, chicken feathers. The idea behind bioplastic is to create a plastic that has the ability to biodegrade.^[9]

Bisphenol A (BPA)

BPA is a synthetic compound that serves as a raw material in the manufacturing of such plastics as polycarbonates and epoxy resins. It is commonly found in reusable drink containers, food storage containers, canned foods, children's toys and cash register receipts. BPA can seep into food or beverages from containers that are made with BPA.^[10]

Acrylonitrile

Acrylonitrile is an organic compound and one of the components of ABS plastic. Acrylonitrile bottles were introduced in 1974 by Coca-Cola to replace glass but was banned by the Food and Drug Administration after showing adverse health effects in animal studies.^[11][12]

Concerns

See also: Plastic pollution, Plastics toxicity, Plastic environmental issues, and Bottled water ban

There is ongoing concern as to the use of plastics in consumer food packaging solutions, environmental impact of the disposal of these products, as well as concerns regarding consumer safety. Karin Michaels, Associate Professor at Harvard Medical School, suggests that toxins leaching from plastics might be related to disorders in humans such as endocrine disruption.^[13] Aluminum and cyanide were found as trace elements in the examined samples but they are considered to be toxic elements according to the United States food and drug administration FDA. In the United States, plastic water bottles are regulated by the FDA which also inspects and samples bottled water plants periodically. Plastic water bottle plants hold a low priority for inspection due to a continuously good safety record.^[14] In the past, the FDA maintained that there was a lack of human data showing plastics pose health problems. However, in January 2010, the FDA reversed its opinion saying they now have concerns about health risks.^[13]

It is a common misconception that drinking from plastic water bottles increases cancer risk; there is no such risk.^[15]

Microplastics

An article published on 6 November 2017 in Water Research reported on the content of microplastics in mineral waters packed in plastic or glass bottles, or beverage cartons.^[16] In 2018, research conducted by Sherri Mason from the State University of New York in Fredonia revealed the presence of polypropylene, polystyrene, nylon and polyethylene terephthalate microparticles in plastic bottles. Polypropylene was hereby found to be the most common polymeric material (54%) and nylon the second most abundant (16%) polymeric material. The study also mentioned that polypropylene and polyethylene are polymers that are often used to make plastic bottle caps. Also, 4% of retrieved plastic particles were found to have signatures of industrial lubricants coating the polymer.^[17] The research was reviewed by Andrew Mayes of the University of East Anglia (UEA) School of Chemistry^[18] The European Food Safety Authority suggested most microplastics are excreted by the body, however the UN Food and Agriculture Organization warned that it is possible that the smallest particles (< 1.5 μm) could enter the bloodstream and organs, via the intestinal wall.^[19][20] Microplastics have been observed to cross the blood-brain barrier,^[21] found in semen, testes,^[22] and placenta tissue.^[23][24]

Labelling

The resin identification code for PET plastic products

Plastic bottles are marked at their base with the resin identification code to indicate the material used.^{[25][self-published source?]}

Product labels are attached with adhesive or are shrunk to fit. In-mould labelling is a process of building the label into the bottle during molding.

Speciality types

Collapsible bottle

An accordion bottle or collapsible bottle is a plastic bottle designed to store darkroom chemicals or any other chemical that is highly susceptible to oxidation. They work by being able to squeeze down to remove excess air from the bottle to extend the life of the product.^[26] An alternate benefit is minimizing storage, transportation, or disposal space when the bottle is empty or as the content is being dispersed, for example with water bottles used by hikers. Collapsing can also keep foods fresher.^[27]

Carbonated drinks bottles

Bottles, used for storing carbonated water and soft drinks, has an uneven bottom for stability reasons.^[28] The technology was developed and patented by Lithuanian Domas Adomaitis in 1971.^[28][29]

Although carbonated soda bottles were designed for holding beverages, they have been used for other purposes. For example, in poor countries, empty two-liter soda bottles have been reused as an improvised personal flotation device to prevent drowning.^[30]

See also

• Bottle wall
• Boil-in-bag
• Drink can
• Glass bottle
• In-mould labelling
• List of bottle types, brands and companies
• Packaging
• Plastic pollution
• PET bottle recycling
• Society of the Plastics Industry
• Squeeze bottle
• Tetra Brik
• Wash bottle
• Windowfarm
• History of bottle recycling in the United States

References

1. Sandra Laville and Matthew Taylor, "A million bottles a minute: world's plastic binge 'a climate change'", TheGuardian.com, 28 June 2017 (page visited on 20 July 2017).
2. Birkby, David (May 2014). "PET bottle handle—N.A. success story". Canadian Packaging. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
3. Widiyati, Khusnun (2013). "The Ease of Grasping to Evaluate Aesthetically Pleasing PET Bottle Design". Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems, and Manufacturing. 7 (5): 849–861. Bibcode:2013JAMDS...7..849W. doi:10.1299/jamdsm.7.849. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
4. "The History of Plastic Bottles". 17 March 2011.
5. "The History of soft drink Timeline". Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2008.
6. "Plastic vs. Glass – Why Plastic Containers Are Better". Packaging of the World. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
7. "The Advantages of Plastic Bottles". Seattle Pi. 2 February 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
8. "Benefits of Plastic Packaging". Plastic Packaging Facts. Plastic Packaging. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
9. "Bioplastics and biodegradability | plasticisrubbish".
10. "Tips to reduce your exposure to BPA". Mayo Clinic. 11 March 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
11. "Plastic Beverage Bottles Made From Acrylonitrile Are Banned by the F.D.A." The New York Times. 8 March 1977. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
12. "Monsanto Loses Plastic Bottle Fight". Chemical & Engineering News. 55 (39): 6. 26 September 1977. doi:10.1021/cen-v055n039.p006.
13. "Plastic packaging is injurious to health". thehindubusiness.com. 3 May 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
14. "February/March 2002 Ask the Regulators -- Bottled Water Regulation and the FDA". www.fda.gov. Archived from the original on 26 April 2013.
15. "Does using plastic bottles and containers cause cancer?". Cancer Research UK. 23 December 2021.
16. Schymanski, Darena; Goldbeck, Christophe; Humpf, Hans-Ulrich; Fürst, Peter (2018). "Analysis of microplastics in water by micro-Raman spectroscopy: Release of plastic particles from different packaging into mineral water". Water Research. 129: 154–162. Bibcode:2018WatRe.129..154S. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2017.11.011. ISSN 0043-1354. PMID 29145085.
17. "SYNTHETIC POLYMER CONTAMINATION IN BOTTLED WATER" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
18. "Plus Plastic MICROPLASTICS FOUND IN GLOBAL BOTTLED WATER". Archived from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
19. "Full Presence of microplastics and nanoplastics in food, with particular focus on seafood". EFSA Journal. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4501. hdl:2164/6217.
20. Wright, Stephanie L.; Kelly, Frank J. (2017). "Plastic and Human Health: A Micro Issue?". Environmental Science & Technology. 51 (12): 6634–6647. Bibcode:2017EnST...51.6634W. doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b00423. PMID 28531345.
21. Kopatz, Verena; Wen, Kevin; Kovács, Tibor; Keimowitz, Alison S.; Pichler, Verena; Widder, Joachim; Vethaak, A. Dick; Hollóczki, Oldamur; Kenner, Lukas (19 April 2023). "Micro- and Nanoplastics Breach the Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB): Biomolecular Corona's Role Revealed". Nanomaterials. 13 (8): 1404. doi:10.3390/nano13081404. PMC 10141840. PMID 37110989.
22. Zhao, Qiancheng; Zhu, Long; Weng, Jiaming; Jin, Zirun; Cao, Yalei; Jiang, Hui; Zhang, Zhe (2023). "Detection and characterization of microplastics in the human testis and semen". Science of the Total Environment. 877. Bibcode:2023ScTEn.87762713Z. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162713. PMID 36948312.
23. Ragusa, Antonio; Svelato, Alessandro; Santacroce, Criselda; Catalano, Piera; Notarstefano, Valentina; Carnevali, Oliana; Papa, Fabrizio; Rongioletti, Mauro Ciro Antonio; Baiocco, Federico; Draghi, Simonetta; d'Amore, Elisabetta; Rinaldo, Denise; Matta, Maria; Giorgini, Elisabetta (2021). "Plasticenta: First evidence of microplastics in human placenta". Environment International. 146. Bibcode:2021EnInt.14606274R. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.106274. PMID 33395930.
24. Zhu, Long; Zhu, Jingying; Zuo, Rui; Xu, Qiujin; Qian, Yanhua; An, Lihui (2023). "Identification of microplastics in human placenta using laser direct infrared spectroscopy". Science of the Total Environment. 856, part 1. Bibcode:2023ScTEn.85659060Z. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159060. PMID 36174702.
25. Esomba, Steve (6 June 2012). TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY'S FUEL SUFFICIENCY ROADMAP. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781471734311.^{[unreliable source?][self-published source]}
26. "°Cs Collapsible Air Reduction Accordion Storage Bottle, 1000ml". CineStill Film. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
27. Rosato, Marlene G.; Rosato, D. V. (2000). Concise Encyclopedia of Plastics. Springer. p. 195. ISBN 9781461370680.
28. Adomaitis, Domas; Norton, Donald F.; Szekely, George E.; Kerwin, Joseph E.; Dittmann, William A. "United States Patent 3,598,270" (PDF). Patentimages.storage.googleapis.com. United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
29. "Domas Adomaitis (1909 – 2010)". Geni.com. 29 July 1909. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
30. "How to prevent drowning: a ground-breaking report that's startling yet hopeful".

Books

• Soroka, W. (2002). Fundamentals of Packaging Technology. IoPP. ISBN 1-930268-25-4
• Yam, K. L. (2009). Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology. 978-0-470-0870

External links

• A guide to UPC label use on plastic bottles including printing (archived)
• PET Plastic Recycling