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Osama
Osama
	American theatrical release poster
Directed by	Siddiq Barmak
Written by	Siddiq Barmak
Produced by	Julia Fraser; Julie Le Brocquy
Starring	Marina Golbahari ; Malik Akhlaqi ; Arif Herati; Zubaida Sahar; Zabih ullah Frotan
Cinematography	Ebrahim Ghafori
Edited by	Siddiq Barmak
Music by	Mohammad Reza Darvishi
Production; companies	Barmak Film; NHK; Swipe Films
Distributed by	A-Film Distribution (Netherlands); Uplink (Japan); ICA Film Distribution (UK/Ireland)
Release dates	20 May 2003 (Cannes); 27 June 2003 (Afghanistan);
Running time	83 minutes
Countries	Afghanistan; Netherlands; Japan; Ireland; Iran
Language	Dari
Budget	$46,000
Box office	$3,888,902

Osama (Dari: اُسامه, romanized: Osamah) is a 2003 drama film made in Afghanistan by Siddiq Barmak. The film follows a preteen girl living in Afghanistan under the Taliban regime who disguises herself as a boy, Osama, to support her family. It was the first film to be shot entirely in Afghanistan since 1996, when the Taliban regime banned the creation of all films.^[3]^[4] As of 2018^[update], the film was the highest-grossing Afghan film of all time.^[5] The film is an international co-production between companies in Afghanistan, the Netherlands, Japan, Ireland, and Iran.

Etymology

Although the title of the film highlights an allegorical relevance to Osama bin Laden, there is no further similarity. The film takes place during the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, which is especially repressive for women.

Plot

In Taliban-ruled Afghanistan, women must wear all-enveloping burqas to cover themselves and are banned from working outside the home. This causes difficulty for a family consisting of only an unnamed young girl, her mother, and her grandmother, whose male relatives have been killed in battle during the Soviet invasion and subsequent civil wars. The mother loses her hospital job when the Taliban cuts off funding, and cannot find other work.

Desperate, the mother and grandmother decide to have the young girl disguise herself as a boy so that she can get a job. To persuade the girl to accept the plan, the grandmother tells her an Afghan fable about a boy who became a girl when he went under a rainbow. The girl reluctantly agrees, despite being afraid that the Taliban will kill her if they discover her masquerade. They cut her hair, and the girl plants a lock of it in a flowerpot. The only other people who know of the ruse are the milk vendor, who gives her a job because he was a friend of her deceased father, and a local boy named Espandi who sees through her disguise. It is Espandi who renames the girl Osama.

The masquerade becomes more difficult when the Taliban draft all the local boys into their madrasa, a religious and military training school for boys. They are taught how to fight and conduct ghusl, ritual ablutions, including one for when they experience a nocturnal emission or, when they are older, have sex with their wives. Osama attempts to avoid joining the ablution session, and the schoolmaster grows suspicious of her. She realises that she will inevitably be found out. Several of the boys begin to pick on her. Espandi is able to protect her at first, but her secret is discovered when she begins to menstruate.

Osama is arrested and put on trial along with two other people. The others are condemned and put to death, but as Osama is destitute and helpless, her life is spared; she is instead given in marriage to a much older man. He already has three wives, all of whom hate him and say he has destroyed their lives. The wives take pity on Osama, but are powerless to help her. The husband shows her the padlocks he uses on his wives' rooms, reserving the largest for her. The film ends with the new husband leading Osama to a room, then him conducting an ablution in an outdoor bath, which the boys were earlier taught to conduct after ejaculation.

Cast

Marina Golbahari – Osama
Arif Herati – Espandi
Zubaida Sahar – Mom
Malik Akhlaqi – Sun osama
Gol Rahman Ghorbandi – Lady No. 1
Mohamad Haref Harat – Lady No. 2
Mohamad Nader Khadjeh – Lady No. 3
Khwaja Nader – Jadi
Hamida Refah – Rohmi

Production

Siddiq Barmak's inspiration was found in a news story he read while in Peshawar, Pakistan. The paper told the story of a girl who had dressed as a boy to attend school but was eventually discovered by the Taliban. Barmak would go on to add elements of other stories that were shared with him by people who had lived in Afghanistan under Taliban rule culminating with the story of the film.^[4]^[6]

The film was shot on location in Kabul. Work began in June 2002 and was completed in March 2003 with a budget of approximately $46,000. All the actors in the film are amateurs found by the director on the streets of Kabul.^[3]^[7] Much of the dialogue was improvised by the actors.^[8]^[9]

Osama was originally titled Rainbow and ended on a hopeful note, with Osama passing under a rainbow and gaining her freedom. As time went on, Barmak grew dissatisfied with the ending, describing it as unrealistic for post-war Afghanistan. He changed the ending and title to reflect his feeling that Afghan women were still not truly free at the time he made the film.^[4]

Reception

Osama was very well received by the Western cinematic world. It gathered a rating of 96% based on 100 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, a website which tabulates the reviews from professional film critics into a single rating. The site's critical consensus reads: "Osama is bitterly honest, deeply disturbing, and utterly worth watching."^[10] Writing for feminist magazine Off our backs, Priya Verma described the film as "gripping and unflinching."^[3] She worried that the film might seem unduly negative toward Islam, but concluded that Barmak's focus was the authoritarian control tactics employed by the Taliban against women contributed, rather than Islam in general.^[3] In The Hudson Review, Bert Cardullo pointed out the film's intentional omission of any spoken female names, emphasizing the casual, unthinking oppression of females under the Taliban regime.^[11]

Box office

The film was a box office success, grossing $3,888,902 worldwide from a small budget of $46,000.^[2] As of 2018^[update], the film was the highest-grossing Afghan film of all time.^[5]