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Broomrape
	Naked broomrape (Orobanche uniflora)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Lamiales
Family:	Orobanchaceae
Tribe:	Orobancheae
Genus:	Orobanche; L.
Synonyms
	List Aphyllon Mitch.; Boulardia F.W.Schultz ; Catodiacrum Dulac; Ceratocalyx Coss.; Chorobanche C.Presl; Gymnocaulis Nutt.; Kopsia Dumort.; Loxanthes Raf.; Myzorrhiza Phil.; Necranthus Gilli; Orobanchella Piwow., M.Nobis & Madeja; Phelipanche Pomel; Platypholis Maxim.; Thalesia Raf. ex Britton;

Orobanche, commonly known as broomrape, is a genus of almost 200 species of small parasitic herbaceous plants, mostly native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere.^[2] It is the type genus of the broomrape family Orobanchaceae. It is a weed on broadleaf crop plants in Australia, where some states enforce mandatory destruction and reporting, as well as prohibition of sale.^[3]^[4]

Description

Broomrapes are generally small, only 10–60 centimetres (4–24 inches) tall depending on species. They are best recognized by the yellow- to straw-coloured stems completely lacking chlorophyll, bearing yellow, white, or blue snapdragon-like flowers. The flower shoots are scaly, with a dense terminal spike of 10-20 flowers in most species, although single in one-flowered broomrape (Orobanche uniflora). The leaves are merely triangular scales. The seeds are minute, tan or brown, blackening with age. These plants generally flower from late winter to late spring. When they are not flowering, no part of the plants is visible above the surface of the soil.

Parasitism

As they have no chlorophyll, the broomrapes are totally dependent on other plants for nutrients. Broomrape seeds remain dormant in the soil, often for many years, until stimulated to germinate by certain compounds produced by living plant roots.^[5] Broomrape seedlings put out a root-like growth, which attaches to the roots of nearby hosts. Once attached to a host, the broomrape robs its host of water and nutrients.

Some species are only able to parasitise a single plant species, and they are often named after the plant they parasitise, such as ivy broomrape (O. hederae) being restricted to parasitising ivy. Others can infect several genera, such as the lesser broomrape O. minor, which lives on clover and other related Fabaceae.

Branched broomrape Orobanche ramosa, native to central and southwestern Europe but widely naturalised elsewhere, is considered a major threat to crops in some areas. Plants that it targets are tomato, eggplant, potato, cabbage, coleus, bell pepper, sunflower, celery, and beans. In heavily infested areas, branched broomrape can cause total crop failure.

The bean broomrape Orobanche crenata, which targets the fava bean, has stems that are gathered and eaten in the Italian region of Apulia.^[6]

Etymology

The generic name Orobanche comes from the Greek ὀροβάγχη (orobánkhē), from ὄροβος (órobos "bitter vetch") + ἄγχω (ánkhō (I) "strangle").^[7]^[8] The common name "broomrape" comes from the English "broom" (a plant) + Latin rapum ('tuber').^[9]

Species

The following species are recognised in the genus Orobanche:^[1]

Orobanche aconiti-lycoctoni Moreno Mor., G.Gómez, Ó.Sánchez, Carlón & M.Laínz
Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers. — Egyptian broomrape; Fenzhi broomrape
Orobanche alba Stephan ex Willd. — Thyme broomrape; baihua broomrape
Orobanche alsatica Kirschl. — Alsace broomrape; Duose broomrape
Orobanche amethystea Thuill. — Eryngium broomrape
Orobanche amoena C.A.Mey.
Orobanche anatolica Boiss. & Reut.
Orobanche androssovii Novopokr.
Orobanche angustelaciniata Gilli
Orobanche apuana Domina & Soldano
Orobanche arenaria Borkh. — Wormwood broomrape
Orobanche arizonica L.T.Collins
Orobanche armena Tzvelev
Orobanche arpica Piwow., Ó.Sánchez & Moreno Mor.
Orobanche artemisiae-campestris Vaucher ex Gaudin
Orobanche astragali Mouterde
Orobanche auranitica Mouterde
Orobanche australiana F.Muell.
Orobanche australis Moris ex Bertol.
Orobanche ballii (Maire) Domina
Orobanche ballotae A.Pujadas
Orobanche balsensis (J.A.Guim.) Carlón, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor. & Ó.Sánchez
Orobanche bartlingii Griseb.
Orobanche baumanniorum Greuter
Orobanche beauverdii Uhlich & Rätzel
Orobanche benkertii Rätzel & Uhlich
Orobanche boninsimae (Maxim.) Tuyama
Orobanche borissovae Novopokr.
Orobanche brachypoda Novopokr.
Orobanche brassicae (Novopokr.) Novopokr.
Orobanche bulbosa Beck
Orobanche bungeana Beck
Orobanche caesia Rchb.
Orobanche calendulae Pomel
Orobanche californica Cham. & Schltdl.
Orobanche campanulae Rätzel, Ristow & Uhlich
Orobanche camphorosmae (Carlón, G.Gómez, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor., Ó.Sánchez & Schneew.) A.Pujadas & Triano
Orobanche camptolepis Boiss. & Reut.
Orobanche canescens C.Presl
Orobanche caryophyllacea Sm. — Bedstraw broomrape; Simao broomstraw
Orobanche castellana Reut.
Orobanche cathae Deflers
Orobanche caucasica Beck
Orobanche centaurina Bertol.
Orobanche cernua Loefl. — Nodding broomrape; Wanguan broomrape
Orobanche chilensis (Phil.) Beck
Orobanche chironii Lojac.
Orobanche chrysacanthi Maire
Orobanche cilicica Beck
Orobanche cistanchoides Beck
Orobanche clarkei Hook.f. — Xizang broomrape
Orobanche clausonis Pomel
Orobanche coelestis (Reut.) Boiss. & Reut. ex Beck — Changchi broomrape
Orobanche coerulescens Stephan
Orobanche cohenii Domina & Danin
Orobanche connata K.Koch
Orobanche cooperi (A.Gray) A.Heller — Cooper's broomrape
Orobanche corymbosa (Rydb.) Ferris — Flat-top broomrape
Orobanche crenata Forssk. — Bean broomrape
Orobanche cumana Wallr.
Orobanche cypria Reut. ex Kotschy
Orobanche cyrenaica Beck ex E.A.Durand & Barratte
Orobanche cyrnea Jeanm., Habashi & Manen
Orobanche dalmatica (Beck) Tzvelev
Orobanche daninii Domina & Raimondo
Orobanche densiflora Salzm. ex Bertol.
Orobanche denudata Moris
Orobanche dhofarensis M.J.Y.Foley
Orobanche ducellieri Maire
Orobanche dugesii (S.Watson) Munz
Orobanche ebuli Huter & Rigo
Orobanche elatior Sutton — Knapweed broomrape; Duanchun broomrape
Orobanche eriophora Bornm. & Gauba
Orobanche esulae Pančić
Orobanche fasciculata Nutt. — Cluster broomrape; fascicled broomrape
Orobanche flava Mart. ex F.W.Schultz — Butterbur broomrape
Orobanche foetida Poir.
Orobanche fuscovinosa Maire
Orobanche gamosepala Reut.
Orobanche georgii-reuteri (Carlón, et al.) A.Pujadas
Orobanche gigantea (Beck) Gontsch.
Orobanche glabricaulis Tzvelev
Orobanche gracilis Sm. — Slender broomrape
Orobanche gratiosa (Webb & Berthel.) Linding.
Orobanche grenieri F.W.Schultz
Orobanche grisebachii Reut.
Orobanche grossheimii Novopokr.
Orobanche gussoneana (Lojac.) ined.
Orobanche hadroantha Beck
Orobanche haenseleri Reut.
Orobanche hansii A.Kern.
Orobanche hederae Duby – Ivy broomrape
Orobanche hedypnoidis (Rätzel, Ristow & Uhlich) Hand
Orobanche heldreichii (Reut.) Beck
Orobanche hirtiflora (Reut.) Burkill
Orobanche humbertii Maire
Orobanche hymenocalyx Reut.
Orobanche hypertomentosa M.J.Y.Foley
Orobanche iammonensis A.Pujadas & P.Fraga
Orobanche iberica (Beck) Tzvelev
Orobanche inexspectata (Carlón, et al.) Domina, Greuter, P.Marino & P.Schäf.
Orobanche ingens (Beck) Tzvelev
Orobanche inulae Novopokr. & Abramov
Orobanche javakhetica Piwow., Ó.Sánchez & Moreno Mor.
Orobanche kashmirica C.B.Clarke ex Hook.f.
Orobanche kelleri Novopokr. — Duanchi broomrape
Orobanche kotschyi Reut. — Yitong broomrape
Orobanche krylowii Beck — Siduomao broomrape
Orobanche kurdica Boiss. & Hausskn.
Orobanche lainzii (Gómez Nav., Roselló, Peris, A.Valdés & Sanchis) Triano & A.Pujadas
Orobanche laserpitii-sileris Reut. ex Jord.
Orobanche latisquama (F.W.Schultz) Batt.
Orobanche lavandulacea Rchb.
Orobanche laxissima Uhlich & Rätzel
Orobanche leptantha Pomel
Orobanche libanotica (Schweinf. ex Boiss.) Dinsm.
Orobanche litorea Guss.
Orobanche longibracteata Schiman-Czeika
Orobanche loscosii Carlón, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor. & Ó.Sánchez
Orobanche lucorum A.Braun ex F.W.Schultz — Barberry Broomrape
Orobanche ludoviciana Nutt. — Prairie broomrape; desert broomrape
Orobanche lutea Baumg. — Medick broomrape
Orobanche lycoctoni Rhiner
Orobanche megalantha Harry Sm. — Dahua broomrape
Orobanche minor Sm. — Common broomrape; clover broomrape; lesser broomrape; small broomrape
Orobanche mlokosiewiczii Piwow., Ó.Sánchez & Moreno Mor.
Orobanche mongolica Beck — Zhonghua broomrape
Orobanche montserratii A.Pujadas & D.Gómez
Orobanche multiflora Nutt.
Orobanche mupinensis Hu — Baoxing broomrape
Orobanche muteliformis M.J.Y.Foley
Orobanche mutelii F.W.Schultz
Orobanche nana Noë ex Rchb.
Orobanche nowackiana Markgr.
Orobanche olbiensis (Coss.) Nyman
Orobanche ombrochares Hance — Maoyao broomrape
Orobanche orientalis Beck
Orobanche owerinii (Beck) Beck
Orobanche oxyloba (Reut.) Beck
Orobanche palaestina Reut.
Orobanche pancicii Beck
Orobanche parishii (Jeps.) Heckard
Orobanche penduliflora Gilli
Orobanche perangustata M.J.Y.Foley
Orobanche persica (Beck) Novopokr.
Orobanche picridis-hieracioidis Holandre — Oxtongue broomrape
Orobanche pinorum Geyer ex Hook.
Orobanche portoilicitana A.Pujadas & M.B.Crespo
Orobanche psila C.B.Clarke
Orobanche pubescens d'Urv. — Hairy broomrape
Orobanche pulchella (C.A.Mey.) Novopokr.
Orobanche purpurea Jacq. — Yarrow broomrape
Orobanche pycnostachya Hance — Huanghua broomrape
Orobanche ramosa L. — Branched broomrape; hemp broomrape
Orobanche rapum-genistae Thuill. — Greater broomrape
Orobanche rechingeri Gilli
Orobanche resedarum (Carlón, et al.) A.Pujadas & Triano
Orobanche reticulata Wallr. — Thistle broomrape
Orobanche reuteriana (Rchb.f.) M.B.Crespo & A.Pujadas
Orobanche rigens Loisel.
Orobanche riparia L.T.Collins
Orobanche robbinsii Heckard ex Colwell & Yatsk.
Orobanche rosmarina Welw. ex Beck
Orobanche salviae F.W.Schultz ex W.D.J.Koch
Orobanche sanguinea C.Presl
Orobanche santolinae Loscos & J.Pardo
Orobanche schelkovnikovii Tzvelev
Orobanche schultzii Mutel
Orobanche schweinfurthii Beck
Orobanche septemloba (Beck) Tzvelev
Orobanche serbica Beck & Petrovič
Orobanche serratocalyx Beck
Orobanche sinensis Harry Sm. — Sichuan broomrape
Orobanche singarensis Beck
Orobanche sintenisii Beck
Orobanche solenanthi Novopokr. & Pissjauk.
Orobanche sordida C.A.Mey. — Danhuang broomrape
Orobanche spectabilis Reut.
Orobanche staehelinae D.Pav., Michaud, Véla & J.-M.Tison
Orobanche stocksii Boiss.
Orobanche subbaetica Triano & A.Pujadas
Orobanche sulphurea Gontsch.
Orobanche tacnaensis Mattf.
Orobanche tarapacana Phil.
Orobanche tetuanensis Ball
Orobanche teucrii Holandre — Germander broomrape
Orobanche transcaucasica Tzvelev
Orobanche trichocalyx (Webb & Berthel.) Beck
Orobanche tricholoba (Reut.) Domina
Orobanche turcica G.Zare & Dönmez
Orobanche uniflora L. — Naked broomrape; one-flower cancer-root
Orobanche uralensis Beck — Duochi broomrape
Orobanche valida Jeps.
Orobanche vallicola (Jeps.) Heckard
Orobanche variegata Wallr.
Orobanche weberbaueri Mattf.
Orobanche yuennanensis (Beck) Hand.-Mazz. — Dianlie Broomrape
Orobanche zajaciorum Piwow.
Orobanche zosimii (M.J.Y.Foley) Domina

References

^ ^a ^b "Orobanche L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
^ Beck-Mannagetta, G. (1930) Orobanchaceae. In Engler, A. (ed.) Das Pflanzenreich 4: 1-348. (Engelmann:Leipzig).
^ "Broomrape, Branched Broomrape, Hemp Broomrape, Clover Broomrape, Common Broomrape". weeds.org.au. Retrieved 2024-07-07.
^ Department of Primary Industries and Regions, South Australia (2022-05-14). "Broomrapes". pir.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 2024-07-07.
^ Yoder, J.I. (2001) Host-plant recognition by parasitic Scrophulariaceae. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 4:359-365.
^ Luard, E. European peasant cookery, Grub Street, 2004, p.380
^ Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature and Art (1868). Report & transactions. p. 256.
^ ὄροβος, ἄγχω. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
^ rapum. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.