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Opisthocomids; Temporal range: Late Eocene - Recent, 36–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Possible an early origin based on molecular clock
	Hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
(unranked):	Passerea
Order:	Opisthocomiformes; L'Herminier, 1837
Family:	Opisthocomidae; Swainson, 1837
Genera
	?†Foro; ?†Onychopteryx; †Hoazinoides; †Namibiavis; †Protoazin; †Hoazinavis; Opisthocomus;
Synonyms
	Foratidae Olson 1992; Hoazinoididae Rasmussen 1997; Onychopterygidae Cracraft 1971;

Opisthocomidae is a family of birds, the only named family within the order Opisthocomiformes. The only living representative is the hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin) which lives in the Amazon and the Orinoco delta in South America. Several fossil species have been identified, including one from Africa^[3] and one from Europe.^[1]

Phylogeny

The phylogeny below is based on the work of Hughes & Baker 1999^[4] and Mayr & De Pietri 2014.^[1] Traditionally classified among the fowl-like birds (Galliformes), recent studies have favored Opisthocomidae's placement within the Neoaves.^[4]

†Namibiavis

†Protoazin

	†Hoazinavis

	Opisthocomus

Taxonomy

Family Opisthocomidae Swainson 1837^[5]
- Genus ?†Foro Olson 1992 (mid-Eocene, USA) - cuculiform?
  - Species †Foro panarium Olson 1992
- Genus ?†Onychopteryx Cracraft 1971 (Early Eocene of Argentina) – falconid? A nomen dubium
  - Species †Onychopteryx simpsoni Cracraft 1971
- Genus †Protoazin Mayr & De Pietri 2014 (late Eocene of France)
  - Species †Protoazin parisiensis Mayr & De Pietri 2014
- Genus †Namibiavis Mourer-Chauviré 2003 (Middle Miocene of Namibia)
  - Species †Namibiavis senutae Mourer-Chauviré 2003
- Genus †Hoazinavis Alvarenga, Mayr & Mourer-Chauviré 2011 (Late Oligocene and Early Miocene of Brazil)
  - Species †Hoazinavis lacustris Alvarenga, Mayr & Mourer-Chauviré 2011
- Genus †Hoazinoides Miller 1953 (middle Miocene of Colombia)
  - Species †Hoazinoides magdalenae Miller 1953
- Genus Opisthocomus Illiger 1811
  - Species Opisthocomus hoazin (Müller 1776) Illiger 1811 [Phasianus hoazin Müller 1776]

Description

The only living representative is the hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin), which lives in the Amazon and the Orinoco delta in South America.^[1] Several fossil species have been identified, including one from Africa^[3] and one from Europe.^[1]

The hoatzin is a stunning, colourful bird from South America.^[6] The hoatzin is found in the rainforest of the Amazon.^[7] It has a long, permanently erected crest which gives the species a stunning silhouette. This gregarious species is often found in groups of more than 40 birds, and up to 100 birds during breeding season which occurs during rainfalls.^[6] The nest is a flat platform in bush or tree above water. The chicks are semi-precocial and leave the nest at about two to three weeks of age.^[6] The adults feed them with semi-digested slimy mass from their crops, and the young are fed during the first four or five months of their life.^[6] The young nestlings can jump out into the water, and swim with wings and feet, in order to escape predators at nest.^[6] Hoatzin embryos are known to develop very quickly compared to other birds.

The hoatzin lives in tropical forested wetlands of 200 to 500 meters elevation.^[3] The hoatzin is an arboreal species and is folivorous, feeding on leaves, flowers and fruits of a small number of plant species.^[1]^[7] It has a large crop that uses bacteria to break down the leaves that it eats.^[7] The hoatzin is unique because it has bacteria in its crop that breaks down its food while it is still in the crop.^[8]^[9]^[10] This is a process called foregut fermentation.^[7]^[11] It rarely drinks because its diet includes water.^[7] The hoatzin is sedentary and widespread in suitable habitat. They are noisy birds, calling in unison, uttering large numbers of varied sounds.^[6]

In addition to foregut fermentation, the hoatzin has a highly modified skeleton to accommodate its large crop, and in the young of this species, wing claws at the wrist joint which are used to climb among the branches of the nest tree.^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Gerald Mayr and Vanesa L. De Pietri (2014). "Earliest and first Northern Hemispheric hoatzin fossils substantiate Old World origin of a "Neotropic endemic"". Naturwissenschaften. 101 (2): 143–148. doi:10.1007/s00114-014-1144-8. PMID 24441712. S2CID 253639154.
^ Kuhl., H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S. T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B.; Gahr, M. (2020). "An unbiased molecular approach using 3'UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 38: 108–127. doi:10.1093/molbev/msaa191. PMC 7783168. PMID 32781465.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mayr G., Alvarenga H., Mourer-Chauviré C. (2011). "Out of Africa: Fossils shed light on the origin of the hoatzin, an iconic Neotropic bird". Naturwissenschaften. 98 (11): 961–6. doi:10.1007/s00114-011-0849-1. PMID 21964974. S2CID 24210185.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c Baker, A. J.; Hughes, J. M. (1999-09-01). "Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin) resolved using mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 16 (9): 1300–1307. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026220. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 10486983.
^ Mikko's Phylogeny Archive [1] Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "Primitive Land-bird Assemblage". Retrieved 30 December 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "DESCRIPTION FAMILY OPISTHOCOMIDAE".
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Opisthocomidae - hoatzin | Wildlife Journal Junior". nhpbs.org. Retrieved 2019-02-15.
^ Domínguez-Bello, Maria G.; Gordon, Jeffrey I.; Blaser, Martin J.; Michelangeli, Fabian; Garcia-Amado, Maria A.; Pericchi, Luis R.; Ortiz-Zuazaga, Humberto; Pei, Zhiheng; Gao, Zhan (2008-10-01). "Bacterial Community in the Crop of the Hoatzin, a Neotropical Folivorous Flying Bird". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74 (19): 5905–5912. doi:10.1128/AEM.00574-08. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 2565963. PMID 18689523.
^ Ruiz, M. -C.; Domínguez-Bello, M. G.; Michelangeli, F. (1994-05-01). "Gastric lysozyme as a digestive enzyme in the hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin), a ruminant-like folivorous bird". Experientia. 50 (5): 499–501. doi:10.1007/BF01920757. ISSN 1420-9071. S2CID 24874172.
^ Wilson, A. C.; Schilling, J. W.; Kornegay, J. R. (1994-11-01). "Molecular adaptation of a leaf-eating bird: stomach lysozyme of the hoatzin". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 11 (6): 921–928. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040173. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 7815930.
^ M. G. Dominguez-Bello; M. C. Ruiz; F. Michelangeli (1993). "Evolutionary significance of foregut fermentation in the hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin; Aves: Opisthocomidae)". Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 163 (7): 594–601. doi:10.1007/BF00302119. S2CID 21933528.