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Puss in Boots before the ogre (illustrated by Walter Crane).

An ogre (feminine: ogress) is a legendary monster depicted as a large, hideous, man-like being that eats ordinary human beings, especially infants and children.^[1] Ogres frequently feature in mythology, folklore, and fiction throughout the world. They appear in many classic works of literature, and are most often associated in fairy tales and legend.

In mythology, ogres are often depicted as inhumanly large, tall, and having a disproportionately large head, abundant hair, unusually colored skin, a voracious appetite, and a strong body. Ogres are closely linked with giants and with human cannibals in mythology. In both folklore and fiction, giants are often given ogrish traits (such as the giants in "Jack and the Beanstalk" and "Jack the Giant Killer", the Giant Despair in The Pilgrim's Progress, and the Jötunn of Norse mythology); while ogres may be given giant-like traits.

Famous examples of ogres in folklore include the ogre in "Puss in Boots" and the ogre in "Hop-o'-My-Thumb". Other characters sometimes described as ogres include the title character from "Bluebeard", the Beast from Beauty and the Beast, Humbaba from the Epic of Gilgamesh, Grendel from Beowulf, Polyphemus the Cyclops from Homer's Odyssey, the man-eating giant in "Sinbad the Sailor", the oni of Japanese folklore and the ghouls of pre-Islamic Arabian religion.

Etymology

Puss in Boots before the ogre. One of the platters on the table serves human babies (illustrated by Gustave Doré).

The word ogre is of French origin, originally derived from the Etruscan god Orcus, who fed on human flesh. Its earliest attestation is in Chrétien de Troyes' late 12th-century verse romance Perceval, li contes del graal, which contains the lines:

Et s'est escrit que il ert ancore
que toz li reaumes de Logres,
qui jadis fu la terre as ogres,
ert destruite par cele lance.

"And it is written that he will come again,
to all the realms of Logres,
which was formerly land of ogres,
and destroy them with that lance."

The ogres in this rhyme may refer to the ogres who were, in the pseudohistorical work History of the Kings of Britain by Geoffrey of Monmouth, the inhabitants of Britain prior to human settlement.

The word orco was widely used in Italy at least since 13th century, as attested by Jacomo Tolomei who, in the sonnet "Le favole, compar, ch'om dice tante" ("The many fables, my friend, people tell" – before 1290), compares popular characters of fairy tales, like ogres (whose specific characteristic was to eat people), giants, witches and talking animals, to real people he could see in his city of Siena.^[2] The Italian author Giambattista Basile (1575–1632) used the related Neapolitan word uerco, or in standard Italian, orco in some of his tales, and first talks of female orcs (IE in Petrosinella). This word is also documented^[3] in earlier Italian works (Fazio degli Uberti, 14th century; Luigi Pulci, 15th century; Ludovico Ariosto, 15th–16th centuries) and has even older cognates with the Latin orcus and the Old English orcnēas found in Beowulf lines 112–113, which inspired J.R.R. Tolkien's Orc.^[4]

All these words may derive from a shared Indo-European mythological concept (as Tolkien himself speculated, as cited by Tom Shippey, The Road to Middle-earth, 45). The Dictionary of the Academy of France alternatively states that the name is derived from the word Hongrois, which means Hungarian, as of western cultures referred to Hungarians as a kind of monstrosity.^[5] Ogre could possibly also derive^{[citation needed]} from the biblical Og, last of the giants (or from the Greek river god Oiagros, father of Orpheus).

The word ogre came into wider usage in the works of Charles Perrault (1628–1703) or Marie-Catherine Jumelle de Berneville, Comtesse d' Aulnoy (1650–1705), both of whom were French authors. The first appearance of the word ogre in Perrault's work occurred in his Histoires ou Contes du temps Passé (1696). It later appeared in several of his other fairy tales, many of which were based on the Neapolitan tales of Basile. The first example of a female ogre being referred to as an ogress is found in his version of Sleeping Beauty, where it is spelled ogresse. Madame d'Aulnoy first employed the word ogre in her story L'Orangier et l'Abeille (1698), and was the first to use the word ogree to refer to the creature's offspring.

In modern fiction

In modern times, ogres have appeared in the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game as large, powerful humanoid creatures, with slightly below average intelligence,^[6]^{: 249, 257}^[7] throughout its editions as adversaries^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[6] but also playable characters.^[16]^[17]^[18] The ogre was counted among the ten best low-level monsters by the authors of Dungeons & Dragons for Dummies. They posit that the ogre "teaches players about fighting big, powerful, stupid monsters, which is an iconic D&D experience".^[19]

The green-skinned ogre Shrek is a fictional character created by the American author William Steig that since 1990 has appeared in a book, several movies by DreamWorks Animation, a TV series, and a musical.

The Ogre Mulgarath is the main antagonist in The Spiderwick Chronicles books series (also adapted into a film and a TV series).

Ogres make up the army of Duke Igthorn, antagonists in Adventures of the Gummi Bears.^[20] In this children's TV series, they are presented as anthropomorphized creatures, emphasized through neomedieval trappings in clothing and equipment.^[21]

In Smurfs, ogres appear human-like but are stouter than humans.

In Disenchantment, Elfo's maternal family are ogres which makes him a hybrid between an ogre and an elf.

Fairy tales that feature ogres

Hop-o'-My-Thumb steals the ogre's seven-league boots (illustrated by Gustave Doré, 1862).

Gallery

In illustration

Giovanni Lanfranco: Norandino and Lucina Discovered by the Ogre, oil on canvas, c. 1624
Gustave Doré (1832–1883): Bluebeard, woodcut from an 1862 edition of Histoires ou contes du temps passé
Gustave Doré: Illustration for Le Petit Poucet, 1862
Gustave Doré: Illustration for Le Petit Poucet, 1862
Alexander Zick (1845–1907): Illustration for Der kleine Däumling
The ogre and his wife, illustration for Hop-o'-My-Thumb from a late-19th-century German fairy tale book
An oni in pilgrim's clothing
Kawanabe Kyōsai (1831–1889): An oni in wandering Buddhist priest's robes, 1864
Katsushika Hokusai (1760–1849): An oni being chased away by scattered beans, detail of a print
Political cartoon from 1900 depicting Australia as an ogre and referencing its origins as a penal colony

In sculpture

The ogre from Hop-o'-My-Thumb at Efteling, Netherlands
An ogre king represented at Mandalay Hill, Myanmar
The ogress Sanda Muhki represented at Mandalay Hill
A Japanese oni
An oni in Beppu, Kyushu
Ogre Fountain (lit. "Child Eater Fountain") at Corn House Square, Bern, Switzerland .

References

^ Warner, Marina. Why do Ogres Eat Babies?. SpringerLink. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-13816-6_18.
^ Ruggiero, Federico (2019). "Tolomei, Iacomo". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Vol. 96.
^ Vocabolario Degli Accademici Della Crusca Archived 2007-10-13 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Beowulf". Humanities.mcmaster.ca. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
^ Dictionnaire de l'Académie française (1932–35)
^ ^a ^b Ammann, Keith (2019). The Monsters Know What They're Doing. Saga Press. ISBN 978-1982122669.
^ Croitoriu, Michaël (May–June 1998). "Aide Au Jouer: Talents & Pouvoirs". Backstab (in French). Vol. 9. p. 54.
^ Gygax, Gary, and Dave Arneson. Dungeons & Dragons (3-Volume Set) (TSR, 1974)
^ Gygax, Gary. Monster Manual (TSR, 1977)
^ Gygax, Gary, and Dave Arneson [1974], edited by J. Eric Holmes. Dungeons & Dragons Basic Set (TSR, 1977)
^ Gygax, Gary, and Dave Arneson [1974], edited by Frank Mentzer. Dungeons & Dragons Set 1: Basic Rules (TSR, 1983)
^ Witwer, Michael; Newman, Kyle; Peterson, Jonathan; Witwer, Sam; Manganiello, Joe (October 2018). Dungeons & Dragons Art & Arcana: a visual history. Ten Speed Press. p. 236. ISBN 9780399580949. OCLC 1033548473.
^ Slavicsek, Bill. Dungeons & Dragons Adventure Game (TSR, 1999)
^ Cook, Monte, Jonathan Tweet, and Skip Williams. Monster Manual (Wizards of the Coast, 2000)
^ Mearls, Mike, Stephen Schubert, and James Wyatt. Monster Manual (Wizards of the Coast, 2008)
^ Slavicsek, Bill. The Complete Book of Humanoids (TSR, 1993)
^ Croitoriu, Michaël (November 2000). "Dungeon Master's Guide". Backstab (in French). No. 24. pp. 74–75.
^ Eckelberry, David, Rich Redman, and Jennifer Clarke Wilkes. Savage Species (Wizards of the Coast, 2003)
^ Slavicsek, Bill; Baker, Rich; Grubb, Jeff (2005). Dungeons & Dragons for Dummies. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley Publishing. p. 356. ISBN 978-0-7645-8459-6. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
^ Burak, Alexander (2011). "Some Like It Hot – Goblin-Style: 'Ozhivliazh' in Russian Film Translations". Russian Language Journal. 61 (1): 5–31.
^ Mussies, Martine (2021). "'Dashing and daring, courageous and caring': Neomedievalism as a Marker of Anthropomorphism in the Parent Fan Fiction Inspired by Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears". Dzieciństwo. Literatura i Kultura. 3 (2): 60–83.