Centaurs are thought of in many Greek myths as being as wild as untamed horses, and were said to have inhabited the region of Magnesia and Mount Pelion in Thessaly, the Foloi oak forest in Elis, and the Malean peninsula in southern Laconia. Centaurs are subsequently featured in Roman mythology, and were familiar figures in the medieval bestiary. They remain a staple of modern fantastic literature.
Etymology
The Greek word kentauros is generally regarded as being of obscure origin.[3] The etymology from ken + tauros, 'piercing bull', was a euhemerist suggestion in Palaephatus' rationalizing text on Greek mythology, On Incredible Tales (Περὶ ἀπίστων), which included mounted archers from a village called Nephele eliminating a herd of bulls that were the scourge of Ixion's kingdom.[4] Another possible related etymology can be "bull-slayer".[5]
The centaurs were usually said to have been born of Ixion and Nephele.[6] As the story goes, Nephele was a cloud made into the likeness of Hera in a plot to trick Ixion into revealing his lust for Hera to Zeus. Ixion seduced Nephele and from that relationship centaurs were created.[7] Another version, however, makes them children of Centaurus, a man who mated with the Magnesian mares. Centaurus was either himself the son of Ixion and Nephele (inserting an additional generation) or of Apollo and the nymph Stilbe. In the latter version of the story, Centaurus's twin brother was Lapithes, ancestor of the Lapiths.
Another tribe of centaurs was said to have lived on Cyprus. According to Nonnus, the Cyprian Centaurs were fathered by Zeus, who, in frustration after Aphrodite had eluded him, spilled his seed on the ground of that land. Unlike those of mainland Greece, the Cyprian centaurs were ox-horned.[8][9]
There were also the Lamian Pheres, twelve rustic daimones (spirits) of the Lamos river. They were set by Zeus to guard the infant Dionysos, protecting him from the machinations of Hera, but the enraged goddess transformed them into ox-horned Centaurs unrelated to the Cyprian Centaurs. The Lamian Pheres later accompanied Dionysos in his campaign against the Indians.[10]
The centaur's half-human, half-horse composition has led many writers to treat them as liminal beings, caught between the two natures they embody in contrasting myths; they are both the embodiment of untamed nature, as in their battle with the Lapiths (their kin), and conversely, teachers like Chiron.[11]
Centauromachy
The Centaurs are best known for their fight with the Lapiths who, according to one origin myth, would have been cousins to the centaurs. The battle, called the Centauromachy, was caused by the centaurs' attempt to carry off Hippodamia and the rest of the Lapith women on the day of Hippodamia's marriage to Pirithous, who was the king of the Lapithae and a son of Ixion. Theseus, a hero and founder of cities, who happened to be present, threw the balance in favour of the Lapiths by assisting Pirithous in the battle. The Centaurs were driven off or destroyed.[12][13][14] Another Lapith hero, Caeneus, who was invulnerable to weapons, was beaten into the earth by Centaurs wielding rocks and the branches of trees. In her article "The Centaur: Its History and Meaning in Human Culture", Elizabeth Lawrence claims that the contests between the centaurs and the Lapiths typify the struggle between civilization and barbarism.[15]
"Battle of Centaurs and Wild Beasts" is estimated to have been made between 120 and 130 A.D. for the dining-room of Hadrian's Villa . The mosaic now resides in the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin in Germany.
Abas, attended Pirithous' wedding, fought against the Lapiths and fled.[16]
Chromis, attended Pirithous' wedding, fought in the battle against the Lapiths and was killed by Pirithous.[28]
Chthonius, attended Pirithous' wedding, fought in the battle against the Lapiths and was killed by Nestor.[29]
Clanis, attended Pirithous' wedding, fought in the battle against the Lapiths and was killed by Peleus.[30]
Crenaeus, attended Pirithous' wedding, fought in the battle against the Lapiths and was killed by Dryas.[24]
Cyllarus, attended Pirithous' wedding, fought in the battle against the Lapiths. Killed by a javelin thrown from an unknown hand. He was married to Hylonome.[31]
Daphnis, tried to plunder Pholus of his wine and was killed by Heracles.[18]
Demoleon, attended Pirithous' wedding, fought in the battle against the Lapiths and was killed by Peleus.[32]
Dictys, attended Pirithous' wedding, fought in the battle against the Lapiths and was killed by Pirithous.[33]
Dorylas, attended Pirithous' wedding, fought in the battle against the Lapiths and was killed by Peleus.[34]
Doupon, tried to plunder Pholus of his wine and was killed by Heracles.[18]
Dryalus, son of Peuceus who attended Pirithous' wedding and fought against the Lapiths.[19]
Echeclus, attended Pirithous' wedding, fought in the battle against the Lapiths and was killed by Ampyx.[35]
Elatus, tried to plunder Pholus of his wine. Heracles shot an arrow at him, which, passing through his arm, stuck in the knee of Chiron.[17]
Elymus, attended Pirithous' wedding, fought in the battle against the Lapiths and was killed by Caeneus.[27]
Eurytion, acted in an insulting manner towards Hippolyte when she was being joined in marriage to Azan in the house of Pirithous. He was killed by Heracles.[36]
Eurytus, the wildest of the wild Centaurs. He started the fight at Pirithous' wedding and was killed by Theseus.[37]
Gryneus, fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding and was killed by Exadius.[38]
Helops, attended Pirithous' wedding and fought in the battle against the Lapiths. While fleeing from Pirithous, he fell from a precipice into the top of a tree and impaled his body.[33]
Hippasus, fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding. Killed by Theseus.[39]
Hippotion, another Centaur, killed by Heracles when he tried to steal the wine of Pholus.[18]
Hodites, fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding. Killed by Mopsus.[40]
Homadus, tried to plunder Pholus of his wine. Some time after he attempted to rape Alcyone, a granddaughter of Perseus. He got killed in Arcadia.[18]
Hylaeus, tried to rape Atalanta but was shot by her (same thing happened to Rhoecus).[41][42]
Hylaeus, killed by Heracles under unknown circumstances.[43]
Hylaeus, followed Dionysus in his Indian campaign and was killed by Orontes, an Indian General.[44]
Hyles, attended Pirithous' wedding, fought in the battle against the Lapiths and was killed by Peleus.[34]
Hylonome, attended Pirithous' wedding together with her lover Cyllarus. Having seen the latter dead, she threw herself upon the spear which had killed him.[45]
Imbreus, fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding and was killed by Dryas.[24]
Iphinous, fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding and was killed by Peleus.[34]
Isoples, killed by Heracles when he tried to steal the wine of Pholus.[18]
Latreus, fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding and was killed by Caeneus.[46]
Lycabas, attended Pirithous' wedding, fought against the Lapiths and fled.[47]
Lycidas, fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding and was killed by Dryas.[24]
Lycopes, fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding and was killed by Theseus.[48]
Lycus, fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding was killed by Pirithous.[49]
Medon, attended Pirithous' wedding, fought against the Lapiths and fled.[47]
Melanchaetes, killed by Heracles when he tried to steal the wine of Pholus.[18]
Melaneus, attended Pirithous' wedding, fought against the Lapiths and fled.[16]
Mermerus, wounded by the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding and fled.[50]
Mimas, attended Pirithous' wedding and fought against the Lapiths.[19]
Monychus, attended Pirithous' wedding and fought in the battle against the Lapiths. He was conquered by Nestor, mounted on his unwilling back.[51]
Nedymnus, fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding. Killed by Theseus.[48]
Nessus, fled during the fight with the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding. Later he attempted to rape Deianira and before dying gave her a charm which resulted in the death of Heracles. He was killed by the latter.[52]
Phrixus, killed by Heracles when he tried to steal the wine of Pholus.[18]
Pisenor, attended Pirithous' wedding, fought against the Lapiths and fled.[57]
Pylenor, having been wounded by Heracles washed himself in the river Anigrus, thus providing the river with a peculiar odor.[58]
Pyracmus, fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding and was killed by Caeneus.[27]
Pyraethus, fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding and was killed by Periphas.[35]
Rhoecus, He also tried to rape Atalanta and was killed by her.[41]
Rhoetus, fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding and was killed by Dryas.[59]
Ripheus, fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding and was killed by Theseus.[60]
Styphelus, fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding and was killed by Caeneus.[27]
Teleboas, fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding and was killed by Nestor.[29]
Thaumas, attended Pirithous' wedding, fought against the Lapiths and fled.[57]
Thereus, this Centaur used to catch bears and carry them home alive and struggling. Attended Pirithous' wedding and fought in the battle against the Lapiths. Killed by Theseus.[61]
Thereus, killed by Heracles when he tried to steal the wine of Pholus.[62]
Ureus, attended Pirithous' wedding and fought against the Lapiths.[63]
Origin of the myth
The most common theory holds that the idea of centaurs came from the first reaction of a non-riding culture, as in the MinoanAegean world, to nomads who were mounted on horses. The theory suggests that such riders would appear as half-man, half-animal. Bernal Díaz del Castillo reported that the Aztecs also had this misapprehension about Spanish cavalrymen.[64] The Lapith tribe of Thessaly, who were the kinsmen of the Centaurs in myth, were described as the inventors of horse-riding by Greek writers. The Thessalian tribes also claimed their horse breeds were descended from the centaurs.
Female centaurs flanking Venus (Mosaic from Roman Tunisia, 2nd century AD)
Though female centaurs, called centaurides or centauresses, are not mentioned in early Greek literature and art, they do appear occasionally in later antiquity. A Macedonian mosaic of the 4th century BC is one of the earliest examples of the centauress in art.[67]Ovid also mentions a centauress named Hylonome[i] who committed suicide when her husband Cyllarus was killed in the war with the Lapiths.[68]
The Kalibangan cylinder seal, dated to be around 2600–1900 BC,[69] found at the site of Indus-Valley civilization shows a battle between men in the presence of centaur-like creatures.[70][69] Other sources claim the creatures represented are actually half human and half tigers, later evolving into the HinduGoddess of War.[71][72] These seals are also evidence of Indus-Mesopotamia relations in the 3rd millennium BC.
In a popular legend associated with Pazhaya Sreekanteswaram Temple in Thiruvananthapuram, the curse of a saintly Brahmin transformed a handsome Yadava prince into a creature having a horse's body and the prince's head, arms, and torso in place of the head and neck of the horse.
Kinnaras, another half-man, half-horse mythical creature from Indian mythology, appeared in various ancient texts, arts, and sculptures from all around India. It is shown as a horse with the torso of a man where the horse's head would be, and is similar to a Greek centaur.[73][74]
Russia
A centaur-like half-human, half-equine creature called Polkan appeared in Russian folk art and lubok prints of the 17th–19th centuries. Polkan is originally based on Pulicane, a half-dog from Andrea da Barberino's poem I Reali di Francia, which was once popular in the Slavonic world in prosaic translations.
The extensive Mycenaean pottery found at Ugarit included two fragmentary Mycenaean terracotta figures which have been tentatively identified as centaurs. This finding suggests a Bronze Age origin for these creatures of myth.[75] A painted terracotta centaur was found in the "Hero's tomb" at Lefkandi, and by the Geometric period, centaurs figure among the first representational figures painted on Greek pottery. An often-published Geometric period bronze of a warrior face-to-face with a centaur is at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[76]
Some centaurs are depicted with a human torso attached to the body of a horse at the withers, where the horse's neck would be; this form, designated "Class A" by Professor Paul Baur, later became standard.
"Class B" centaurs are depicted with a human body and legs joined at the waist to the hindquarters of a horse; in some cases centaurs of both Class A and Class B appear together.
A third type, designated "Class C", depicts centaurs with human forelegs terminating in hooves. Baur describes this as an apparent development of Aeolic art, which never became particularly widespread.[77]
There are also paintings and motifs on amphorae[78] and Dipylon cups[79] which depict winged centaurs.
Centaurs were also frequently depicted in Roman art. One example is the pair of centaurs drawing the chariot of Constantine the Great and his family in the Great Cameo of Constantine (circa AD 314–16), which embodies wholly pagan imagery, and contrasts sharply with the popular image of Constantine as the patron of early Christianity.[80][81]
Medieval art
Centaurs harvest grapes on a 12th-century capital from the Mozac Abbey in the Auvergne"The Zodiac Man", a 15th-c. diagram of a human body and astrological symbols with instructions in Welsh explaining the importance of astrology from a medical perspective; a centaur is depicted around the thighs as Sagittarius below Scorpio [genitalia] and above Capricorn [knees].
Centaurs preserved a Dionysian connection in the 12th-century Romanesque carved capitals of Mozac Abbey in the Auvergne. Other similar capitals depict harvesters, boys riding goats (a further Dionysiac theme), and griffins guarding the chalice that held the wine. Centaurs are also shown on a number of Pictish carved stones from north-east Scotland erected in the 8th–9th centuries AD (e.g., at Meigle, Perthshire). Though outside the limits of the Roman Empire, these depictions appear to be derived from Classical prototypes.
Modern art
The John C. Hodges library at The University of Tennessee hosts a permanent exhibit of a "Centaur from Volos" in its library. The exhibit, made by sculptor Bill Willers by combining a study human skeleton with the skeleton of a Shetland pony, is entitled "Do you believe in Centaurs?". According to the exhibitors, it was meant to mislead students in order to make them more critically aware.[82]
Cartography
Depictions of centaurs in a mythical land located south beyond the world's known continents appear on a map by Urbano Monti from 1587, sometimes called Monti's Planisphere.[83]
In heraldry
Centaurs are common in European heraldry, although more frequent in continental than in British arms. A centaur holding a bow is referred to as a sagittarius.[84]
Jerome's version of the Life of St Anthony the Great, written by Athanasius of Alexandria about the hermit monk of Egypt, was widely disseminated in the Middle Ages; it relates Anthony's encounter with a centaur who challenged the saint, but was forced to admit that the old gods had been overthrown. The episode was often depicted in The Meeting of St Anthony Abbot and St Paul the Hermit by the painter Stefano di Giovanni, who was known as "Sassetta".[85] Of the two episodic depictions of the hermit Anthony's travel to greet the hermit Paul, one is his encounter with the demonic figure of a centaur along the pathway in a wood.
Lucretius, in his first-century BC philosophical poem On the Nature of Things, denied the existence of centaurs, based on the differing rates of growth of human and equine anatomies. Specifically, he states that at the age of three years, horses are in the prime of their life while humans at the same age are still little more than babies, making hybrid animals impossible.[86]
Medieval literature
Centaurs are among the creatures which 14th-century Italian poet Dante placed as guardians in his Inferno. In Canto XII, Dante and his guide Virgil meet a band led by Chiron and Pholus, guarding the bank of Phlegethon in the seventh circle of Hell, a river of boiling blood in which the violent against their neighbours are immersed, shooting arrows into any who move to a shallower spot than their allotted station. The two poets are treated with courtesy, and Nessus guides them to a ford.[87] In Canto XXIV, in the eighth circle, in Bolgia 7, a ditch where thieves are confined, they meet but do not converse with Cacus (who is a giant in the ancient sources), wreathed in serpents and with a fire-breathing dragon on his shoulders, arriving to punish a sinner who has just cursed God.[88] In his Purgatorio, an unseen spirit on the sixth terrace cites the centaurs ("the drunken double-breasted ones who fought Theseus") as examples of the sin of gluttony.[89]
C.S. Lewis' The Chronicles of Narnia series depicts centaurs as the wisest and noblest of creatures. Narnian Centaurs are gifted at stargazing, prophecy, healing, and warfare; a fierce and valiant race always faithful to the High King Aslan the Lion.
In J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series, centaurs live in the Forbidden Forest close to Hogwarts, preferring to avoid contact with humans. They live in societies called herds and are skilled at archery, healing, and astrology, but like in the original myths, they are known to have some wild and barbarous tendencies.
With the exception of Chiron, the centaurs in Rick Riordan's Percy Jackson & the Olympians are seen as wild party-goers who use a lot of American slang. Chiron retains his mythological role as a trainer of heroes and is skilled in archery. In Riordan's subsequent series, Heroes of Olympus, another group of centaurs are depicted with more animalistic features (such as horns) and appear as villains, serving the Gigantes.
Philip Jose Farmer's World of Tiers series (1965) includes centaurs, called Half-Horses or Hoi Kentauroi. His creations address several of the metabolic problems of such creatures—how could the human mouth and nose intake sufficient air to sustain both itself and the horse body and, similarly, how could the human ingest sufficient food to sustain both parts.
Brandon Mull's Fablehaven series features centaurs that live in an area called Grunhold. The centaurs are portrayed as a proud, elitist group of beings that consider themselves superior to all other creatures. The fourth book also has a variation on the species called an Alcetaur, which is part man, part moose.
The myth of the centaur appears in John Updike's novel The Centaur. The author depicts a rural Pennsylvanian town as seen through the optics of the myth of the centaur. An unknown and marginalized local school teacher, just like the mythological Chiron did for Prometheus, gave up his life for the future of his son who had chosen to be an independent artist in New York.
Other hybrid creatures appear in Greek mythology, always with some liminal connection that links Hellenic culture with archaic or non-Hellenic cultures:
Additionally, Bucentaur, the name of several historically important Venetian vessels, was linked to a posited ox-centaur or βουκένταυρος(boukentauros) by fanciful and likely spurious folk-etymology.
Footnotes
^The name Hylonome is Greek, so Ovid may have drawn her story from an earlier Greek writer.
References
^For Collins English Dictionary:
"sagittary." Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014. 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014. HarperCollins Publishers September 1, 2019, https://www.thefreedictionary.com/sagittaryArchived September 2, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
^Scobie, Alex (1978). "The Origins of 'Centaurs'". Folklore. 89 (2): 142–147. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1978.9716101. Scobie quotes Nilsson, Martin P. (1955). Geschichte der griechischen Religion. Die Etymologie und die Deutung der Ursprungs sind unsicher und mögen auf sich beruhen
^Alexander Hislop, in his polemic The Two Babylons: Papal Worship Revealed to be the Worship of Nimrod and His Wife (1853, revised 1858), theorized that the word is derived from the SemiticKohen and "tor" (to go round) via phonetic shift the less prominent consonants being lost over time, with it developing into KhenTor or Ken-Tor, and being transliterated phonetically into Ionian as Kentaur, but this is not accepted by any modern philologist.
^Nash, Harvey (June 1984). "The Centaur's Origin: A Psychological Perspective". The Classical World. 77 (5): 273–291. doi:10.2307/4349592. JSTOR4349592.
^Alexander, Jonathann. "Tzetzes, Chiliades 9". Theoi.com. Theoi Project. Archived from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
^Lawrence, Elizabeth Atwood (1994). "The Centaur: Its History and Meaning in Human Culture". Journal of Popular Culture. 27 (4): 58. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3840.1994.2704_57.x.
^Chase, Stuart. "Chapter IV: The Six Hundred". Mexico: A Study of Two Americas. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved April 24, 2006 – via University of Virginia Hypertexts.
^Dumézil, Le Problème des Centaures (Paris 1929) and Mitra-Varuna: An essay on two Indo-European representations of sovereignty (1948. tr. 1988).
^Devdutt Pattanaik, "Indian mythology : tales, symbols, and rituals from the heart of the Subcontinent" (Rochester, USA 2003) P.74: ISBN0-89281-870-0.
^K. Krishna Murthy, Mythical Animals in Indian Art (New Delhi, India 1985).
^Ione Mylonas Shear, "Mycenaean Centaurs at Ugarit" The Journal of Hellenic Studies (2002:147–153); but see the interpretation relating them to "abbreviated group" figures at the Bronze-Age sanctuary of Aphaia and elsewhere, presented by Korinna Pilafidis-Williams, "No Mycenaean Centaurs Yet", The Journal of Hellenic Studies124 (2004), p. 165, which concludes "we had perhaps do best not to raise hopes of a continuity of images across the divide between the Bronze Age and the historical period."
^"Bronze man and centaur". The MET. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on November 14, 2020. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
^Paul V. C. Baur, Centaurs in Ancient Art: The Archaic Period, Karl Curtius, Berlin (1912), pp. 5–7.
^Maria Cristina Biella and Enrico Giovanelli, Il bestiario fantastico di età orientalizzante nella penisola italiana (Belfast, ME: Tangram, 2012), 172-78. ISBN9788864580692; and J. Michael Padgett and William A. P. Childs, The Centaur's Smile: The Human Animal in Early Greek Art (Princeton University Press, 2003). ISBN9780300101638
^The Great Cameo of Constantine, formerly in the collection of Peter Paul Rubens and now in the Geld en Bankmuseum, Utrecht, is illustrated, for instance, in Paul Stephenson, Constantine, Roman Emperor, Christian Victor, 2010:fig. 53.
^Iain Ferris, The Arch of Constantine: Inspired by the Divine, Amberley Publishing (2009).
Gaius Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica translated by Mozley, J H. Loeb Classical Library Volume 286. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1928. Online version at theio.com.
M. Grant and J. Hazel. Who's Who in Greek Mythology. David McKay & Co Inc, 1979.
Rose, Carol (2001). Giants, Monsters, and Dragons: An Encyclopedia of Folklore, Legend, and Myth. New York City: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. p. 72. ISBN0-393-32211-4.
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Clean ComediansTypePrivately held companyIndustryEntertainment and speakers bureauFoundedLos Angeles, California 1990 (1990)[1]FounderAdam Christing[2]HeadquartersLa Mirada, California, United States[3]Websitecleancomedians.com Clean Comedians is a comedy booking agency,[4] entertainment bureau,[5] speakers bureau, and event-planning company[3] that represents comedians, speakers, magicians, jugglers, emcees and entertainers who avoid using...
SMA Negeri 1 KesambenInformasiNama latinSMANSA, VPJDidirikan18 Juli 1994JenisNegeriAkreditasiA [1]Nomor Pokok Sekolah Nasional20514349Kepala SekolahCacuk Harsoyo, M.PdJumlah kelas30 kelas (X: 10, XI: 10, XII: 10)Jurusan atau peminatanIPA dan IPSRentang kelasX A-J, XI Teknik, XI Bioteknik, XI Biokimia, XI Humaniora, XII IPA, XII IPSKurikulumKurikulum 2013 Revisi dan Kurikulum MerdekaJumlah siswa1080 siswa (36 siswa per kelas)StatusNegeri, Terakreditasi AAlamatLokasi...
Волинський обласний комітет Комуністичної партії України — орган управління Волинською обласною партійною організацією КП України (1939–1991 роки). Волинська область утворена 27 листопада 1939 року. Зміст 1 Перші секретарі обласного комітету (обкому) 2 Другі секретарі обла...
Gunboat adapted for river operations This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The USS Panay, a United States Navy river gunboat which served on the Yangtze Patrol. A river gunboat is a type of gunboat adapted for river operations. River gunboats re...
Swiss-American psychiatrist (1926–2004) Elisabeth Kübler-RossBornElisabeth Kübler(1926-07-08)July 8, 1926Zürich, SwitzerlandDiedAugust 24, 2004(2004-08-24) (aged 78)Scottsdale, Arizona, U.S.CitizenshipSwitzerlandUnited StatesAlma materUniversity of Zürich (MD)Known forKübler-Ross modelSpouse Emanuel Ross (m. 1958; div. 1979)ChildrenKen RossBarbara RossAwardsNational Women's Hall of Fame, Time Top Thinkers of the 20th Ce...
Brachymeles muntingkamay Status konservasiRisiko rendahIUCN199786 TaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumChordataKelasReptiliaOrdoSquamataFamiliScincidaeGenusBrachymelesSpesiesBrachymeles muntingkamay Siler, Edmund Leo B. Rico, Mariano R. Duya dan Brown, 2009 lbs Caraballo Mountains loam-swimming skink (Brachymeles muntingkamay) adalah sebuah spesies skink yang menjadi endemik di Filipina. Spesies tersebut pertama kali dideskripsikan oleh Cameron D. Siler, Edmund Leo B. Rico, Mariano Roy Duya dan Rafe...
Para otros usos de este término, véase Río Colorado (desambiguación). Río Colorado Río Colorado Curva de la HerraduraUbicación geográficaCuenca Río ColoradoNacimiento Montañas Rocosas (Colorado, EUA)Desembocadura Golfo de California (MEX)Coordenadas 40°28′20″N 105°49′34″O / 40.4722, -105.8261Ubicación administrativaPaís Estados UnidosMéxico MéxicoDivisión Colorado Utah Arizona Nevada California Baja California SonoraCu...
Santo Stefano Osnovni podaci Država Italija Regija Lazio Provincija Rieti Stanovništvo Stanovništvo (2011) 353 Geografija Koordinate 42°12′16″N 13°15′11″E / 42.20449°N 13.25312°E / 42.20449; 13.25312 Nadmorska visina 921 m Santo StefanoSanto Stefano (Italije) Santo Stefano je naselje u Italiji u provinciji Rieti, u regiji Lazio. Prema proceni iz 2011. u naselju je živelo 353 stanovnika.[1][2] Naselje se nalazi na nadmorskoj visini...
Dieser Artikel behandelt die Punkband The Offspring. Für ihr gleichnamiges Album siehe The Offspring (Album), für den gleichnamigen Film siehe Jack Ketchums Beutegier, zur Episode von Raumschiff Enterprise – Das nächste Jahrhundert siehe Datas Nachkomme. The Offspring The Offspring, 2024 Allgemeine Informationen Herkunft Orange County, Kalifornien, USA Genre(s) Punkrock, Pop-Punk, Skatepunk, Alternative Rock Gründung 1984 als Manic Subsidal1986 als The Offspring Website offspring.com G...
