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Namibian Black German
Namibian Black German
Namibian Kiche Duits
Kiche Duits
Native to	Namibia
Ethnicity	Black Namibians, generally Herero and Nama
Native speakers	None (only learned as a second language), possibly with some minor transmission to youth
Language family	German-based creole
Language codes
ISO 639-3	None (mis)
Glottolog	None

Namibian Black German, also NBG, (German: Küchendeutsch, "kitchen German") is a pidgin language of Namibia that derives from standard German.^[1] It is nearly extinct.^[2] It was spoken mostly by Namibians who did not learn standard German during the period of German rule. It was never a first language. It is currently spoken as a second language by people generally over 50 years old, who today usually also speak Standard or Namibian German, Afrikaans, or English.^[3] Along with general learning in the metropolitan environments of Southern Namibia where Namibian German is spoken, NBG may be preserved nominally through parent-to-child or in-house transmission.

History

Colonial acquisition of German in Namibia often took place outside of formal education and was primarily self-taught. Like many pidgin languages, Namibian Black German developed through limited access to the standard language and was restricted to the work environment.

Currently several hundred thousand Namibians speak German as a second language – many, but not most of them Black, and while Namibian German often does not adhere to standard German, it is not pidgin.^[4]

Prepositions

English and Afrikaans have left an influence on the development of NBG, leading to three primary prepositional patterns:^[5]

adding a preposition where Standard German would use the accusative
dropping prepositions which are usually present in Standard German
changing the preposition that is required by the verb

Examples

Examples of phrases with Standard German equivalents:

Lange nicht sehen - long no see ("Lange nicht gesehen")
Was Banane kosten? - How much does the banana cost? ("Was kostet die/eine Banane?")
spät Uhr - 'late hour', meaning 'it's late' ("es ist spät")
Herr fahren Jagd, nicht Haus - "Master went hunting and he's not at home" ("Der Herr ist zur Jagd gefahren und ist nicht zu Hause")

References

^ Deumert, Ama (2003). Markedness and salience in language contact and second-language acquisition: evidence from a non-canonical contact language. Language Sciences. Vol. 25. Elsevier Ltd. pp. 561–613. doi:10.1016/S0388-0001(03)00033-0.
^ Maitz, Péter; Volker, Craig Alan (2017-12-04). "Documenting Unserdeutsch". Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages. 32 (2): 365–397. doi:10.1075/jpcl.32.2.06mai. ISSN 0920-9034.
^ Deumert, Ana (2018-11-09). "Settler colonialism speaks". Language Ecology. 2 (1–2): 91–111. doi:10.1075/le.18006.deu. ISSN 2452-1949. S2CID 135407958.
^ Maitz, Péter; Németh, Attila (March 2014). "Language Contact and Morphosyntactic Complexity: Evidence from German". Journal of Germanic Linguistics. 26 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1017/S1470542713000184. ISSN 1470-5427. S2CID 44022622.
^ Shah, Sheena (2007). "German in a contact situation: The case of Namibian German". EDUSA. 2 (2): 20–44.

Deumert, A (2003). "Markedness and salience in language contact and second-language acquisition: evidence from a non-canonical contact language". Language Sciences. 25 (6): 561–613. doi:10.1016/S0388-0001(03)00033-0.
Deumert, A. (2010). Historical Sociolinguistics in a Colonial World, Methodological Considerations [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://hison.sbg.ac.at/content/conferences/handoutsslides2010/Deumert3.pdf
Deumert, A (2009). "Namibian Kiche Duits: The Making (and Decline) of Neo-African Language". Journal of Germanic Linguistics. 21 (4): 349–417. doi:10.1017/s1470542709990122.
Langer, N., McLelland, N. (2011). German Studies: Language and Linguistics. The Year's Work in Modern Language Studies, 71, 564–594. JSTOR 10.5699/yearworkmodlang.71.2009.0564
Shah, Sheena (2007). "German in a contact situation: The case of Namibian German" (PDF). EDUSA. 2 (2): 20–44. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-13.
Stolberg, D. (2012). When a standard language goes colonial: Language attitudes, language planning, and destandardization during German colonialism. 25th Scandinavian Conference of Linguistics, Workshop 2: Foundations of Language Standardization. Retrieved from http://conference.hi.is/scl25/files/2012/06/Stolberg.pdf