(especially in the past) to refer to mutualistic interactions, and it is sometimes used to refer to mutualistic interactions that are not obligate. Symbiosis...

Look up mutualism or mutualistic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Mutualism may refer to: Mutualism (biology), positive interactions between species...

organisms". The term is sometimes more exclusively used in a restricted, mutualistic sense, where both symbionts contribute to each other's subsistence. This...

larger organism that harbours a smaller organism; whether a parasitic, a mutualistic, or a commensalist guest (symbiont). The guest is typically provided...

other species have similar adaptations and are also unaffected (see Mutualistic relationships). Most sea anemones are harmless to humans, but a few highly...

Central America. The ant and the acacia exemplify a coevolution of a mutualistic system, as described by evolutionary ecologist Daniel Janzen. P. ferruginea...

Tetraponera penzigi are obligate and mutualistic symbionts, whereas C. sjostedti is facultative and the least mutualistic, and it even facilitates attack on...

are also many cases of mutualistic xenohormesis for the dispersal of a seeds and pollen. Though not all xenohormesis is mutualistic. Hormesis Howitz, Konrad;...

known to engage in mutualistic relationships with various organisms, especially fungi and plants. One of the notable mutualistic interactions involves...

this these ants have been known to form mutualistic interaction with different species like the mutualistic interaction between ants and hemipterans...

wrasses, it eats parasites and dead tissue off larger fishes' skin in a mutualistic relationship that provides food and protection for the wrasse and considerable...

extracellularly as in ectomycorrhizal fungi. The association is normally mutualistic. In particular species, or in particular circumstances, mycorrhizae may...

family Prodoxidae, one of three genera known as yucca moths; they are mutualistic pollinators of various Yucca species. Parategeticula ecdysiastica Parategeticula...

groups and social structures. The alloparent–young relationship can be mutualistic or parasitic, and between or within species. Cooperative breeding, joint...

species in this genus are plant pathogens, but some species may have a mutualistic relationship with hosts. The history of the Colletotrichum genus is a...

the gamma subdivision of the purple bacteria. Moraxella osloensis is a mutualistic symbiont of the slug-parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita...

An aphid produces honeydew for an ant in an example of mutualistic symbiosis....

Together with Pedro Jordano and Jens Olesen, Bascompte showed that mutualistic networks display repeated structural patterns. This finding helped dismissing...

North America, where it grows on the ground near ash trees due to a mutualistic relationship with a species of aphid. The species was first described...

family Prodoxidae, one of three genera known as yucca moths; they are mutualistic pollinators of various Yucca and Hesperoyucca species. Tegeticula altiplanella...

shoaling fish towards the surface. Some species of hornbills have a mutualistic relationship with dwarf mongooses, in which they forage together and...

be harder to accurately describe than was once thought. The primary mutualistic interaction between transposon and host organism is in the formation...

benefit to the host, rather than parasites where the host is harmed, or mutualistic organisms where the host benefits. During a severe infestation, though...

injury, the Ina depend on humans to survive. Their relationships are mutualistic: the Ina's venom provides a significant boost to their humans' immune...

such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. Bacteria also live in mutualistic, commensal and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. Most...

various substrates. It has been found to promote plant growth during its mutualistic symbiotic relationship with a wide variety of plants. Experiments have...

mutualistic relationships while affecting antagonistic relationships, such as predation and herbivory, to a less degree. For example, the mutualistic...

offspring.  Many metazoan species carry symbiotic bacteria which play a mutualistic, commensal, or parasitic role.  A symbiont is acquired by a host via...

was speculated that the copepod may be bioluminescent and thus form a mutualistic relationship with the shark by attracting prey, but this hypothesis has...

Michael Lachmann in 2003 , contrasts with the Red Queen hypothesis, where mutualistic and cooperative interactions favor the fitness of a set of individuals...

species, along with bacteria embedded in the cortex, or "skin", in a mutualistic relationship. Lichens are the lifeform that first brought the term symbiosis...

their nests in various trees, bushes, and other plant-life. They have a mutualistic relationship with Acacia ligulata, and therefore prefer to build their...

hosts in its body are paramount to the jellyfish's prosperity. These mutualistic microorganisms are also known as zooxanthellae, originating from the...

vinicolor is a species complex of ectomycorrhizal fungus which forms a mutualistic relationship with the Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga spp.). The species was...

intracellular components of Neoparamoeba and their relationship is considered mutualistic. "Perkinsiella amoebae-like endosymbionts of Neoparamoeba spp., relatives...

of 12.5 cm in length. Longfin damselfish have been reported to have a mutualistic relationship with mysid shrimp of the species Mysidium integrum. The...

association with burrowing tarantulas, which is thought to represent a mutualistic relationship. Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata is a small frog of a snout–vent...

most common between prey and predator or between animals engaged in mutualistic symbiotic relationships. A blue whale song Blue whale sound recorded...

conditions and maintain ample populations. Lactobacillus exhibits a mutualistic relationship with the human body, as it protects the host against potential...

produce sounds by grinding their pharyngeal teeth. Some species engage in mutualistic relationships with cleaner gobies of the genus Elacatinus, allowing them...

Aethina tumida, commonly known as the small hive beetle (SHB), is a beekeeping pest. It is native to sub-Saharan Africa, but has spread to many other regions...

(/mərˈmɛkəfaɪts/; literally "ant-plants") are plants that live in a mutualistic association with a colony of ants. There are over 100 different genera...

Mycorrhizal fungi usually function in a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with plants....

when environmental resources are low, they tend to be cooperative and mutualistic. Ecological studies have hypothesised that competitive forces between...

evolutionary theory is that they were the result of a metabolically mutualistic symbiogenesis between an anaerobic Promethearchaeota archaeon and an...

wherein each individual involved benefits in some way. An example of a mutualistic relationship would be that shared by yucca moths (Tegeculidae) and their...

relationship between humans and some types of gut flora is commensal or mutualistic is still unanswered. Some biologists argue that any close interaction...

and with members of other species with whom they have (symbiotic or mutualistic) relationships. Humans cooperate for the same reasons as other animals:...

their survival and offer benefits to the ants in return, creating a mutualistic relationship between their species. The agricultural practices of ants...

tidal flat in the Wadden Sea. Lenisia limosa had been noted for its mutualistic interactions with Arcobacter sp., a finding seen in a multitude of breviates...

extract nutrients from plants. A large percentage of herbivores also have mutualistic gut flora made up of bacteria and protozoans that help to degrade the...

predation, frugivory and herbivory, parasitism, and mutualism. Without mutualistic relationships, some plants may not be able to complete their life cycles...

length width reaching 19–22 cm. It frequently displays a commensal or mutualistic relationship with the microhylid frog Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata. The...

honeydew on which sooty mold tends to grow. The insects often have a mutualistic relationship with ants, which feed on the honeydew and protect them from...

dance" (khoreíā). This type of symbiotic relationship appears to be mutualistic, more specifically dispersive mutualism according to Ricklefs, R.E. (2001)...

selection, is shaped by the architecture of food webs, plant-animal mutualistic networks, and host-parasite communities. The concept of diffuse coevolution...

obtaining nutrients, including parasitism, saprobism, and the development of mutualistic relationships such as mycorrhiza and lichenization. Studies suggest that...

immediately. Some endoparasitic wasps of the superfamily Ichneumonoidea have a mutualistic relationship with polydnaviruses, the viruses suppressing the host's...

their root nodules, which fix nitrogen in the soil—this is called a mutualistic relationship—and are therefore a useful companion plant, especially useful...

variegatus) is a species of bird in the family Indicatoridae. They have a mutualistic relationship with humans in which they attract beekeepers towards bees'...

symbionts. This refers to the ability of several Trichoderma species to form mutualistic endophytic relationships with several plant species. Trichoderma species...

Blattabacterium is a genus of obligate mutualistic endosymbiont bacteria that are believed to inhabit all species of cockroach studied to date, with the...

angiosperms, from tropical rainforests to arid deserts, forming complex mutualistic relationships with nocturnal animals. Plants bloom at night, driven mainly...

been found to be ectomycorrhizal fungi, which means that they form a mutualistic relationship with the roots system of certain kinds of plants. More recently...

The ericoid mycorrhiza is a mutualistic relationship formed between members of the plant family Ericaceae and several lineages of mycorrhizal fungi. This...

For example, some plant species can only reproduce with a continued mutualistic interaction with a certain animal pollinator, and the pollinating animal...

entirely successful. Many plants and fungi exchange carbon and nutrients in mutualistic mycorrhizal relationships. Some 400 species of myco-heterotrophic plants...

fossil species. They are essentially arboreal and many species have mutualistic associations with particular plant species, where the genus Cecropia...

inflicting more damage while fighting, which would make the relationship mutualistic where both parties benefit; alternatively, some species may just increase...

in which case one organism benefits at the expense of the other, or mutualistic, in which both organisms obtain some explicit benefit from their coexistence...

mycotrophy, though this term is also used for plants that engage in mutualistic mycorrhizal relationships. Full (or obligate) myco-heterotrophy exists...

a benefit at the cost of other organisms. Cheating is common in many mutualistic and altruistic relationships. A cheater is an individual who does not...

Raghallaigh, S; Powell, FC (2011). "Demodex mites – commensals, parasites or mutualistic organisms?". Dermatology. 222 (2): 128–30. doi:10.1159/000323009. PMID 21228556...

flour beetle displays mutualistic behaviors with the Wolbachia bacteria. The Wolbachia bacteria can display either mutualistic or parasitic behaviors...

; Tryjanowski, P. (2018). "Large-scale assessment of commensalistic–mutualistic associations between African birds and herbivorous mammals using internet...

Microbiota are the range of microorganisms that may be commensal, mutualistic, or pathogenic found in and on all multicellular organisms, including plants...

relationships with many other organisms. These can be commensal, parasitic or mutualistic relationships. Many of the commensal relationships are found within the...

host animal such as a whale, turtle, shark or ray. It is probably a mutualistic arrangement as the remora can move around on the host, removing ectoparasites...

symbiont, though the terms are often attributed arbitrarily. Obligate mutualistic relationships, where species are entirely dependent on each other for...

tree commonly grows with the mycorrhizal fungus Amanita muscaria in a mutualistic relationship. This applies particularly to acidic or nutrient-poor soils...

in close contact with the nucleus and are considered obligatory and mutualistic. "The Amoebae". Retrieved June 25, 2009. Dyková, Iva; Fiala, Ivan; Lom...

Xenorhabdus-nematode-insect interaction represents a model system in which both mutualistic and pathogenic processes can be studied in a single bacterial species...

Leafcutter ants belonging to the genus Acromyrmex are known for their mutualistic relationship with Basidiomycete fungi. Ant colonies are closely associated...

00182. ISSN 2296-701X. Soares, Marta C. (2017). "The Neurobiology of Mutualistic Behavior: The Cleanerfish Swims into the Spotlight". Frontiers in Behavioral...

so named because it attaches itself exclusively to cetaceans, in a mutualistic interaction. It is found worldwide in tropical and warm waters; in the...

either of two distinct symbioses with fungi: Many mycotrophs have a mutualistic association with fungi in any of several forms of mycorrhiza. The majority...

of plant species have fungi associated with their root systems in a mutualistic symbiosis known as mycorrhiza. The fungi help the plants gain water and...

easy meal for the siphonophore, making the relationship potentially mutualistic. Cnidarians go through periods of large bursts in population growth called...

buffalo so they could eat the flies attracted to it, hinting at a possible mutualistic relationship. As tadpoles, they eat a wide range of organic matter including...

bittersweet's ability to outcompete native plant species is its ability to form mutualistic associations with mycorrhizal fungi, specifically arbuscular mycorrhizal...

host and parasite – can also form mutualistic ectosymbiotic interactions. Bark beetles can work in a dynamic mutualistic fashion with fungi and mites attached...

wheat. Finally, in the case of secondary crops, it can be considered mutualistic, as both the rye, and the farmer who grows and eats it, benefit from...

causes the predator to lose equilibrium and tip over. It takes part in a mutualistic relationship with a species of coral, Acropora nasuta. When the coral...

Beltian bodies, a solid plant material produced by acacias as part of a mutualistic relationship with a species of ant. Juveniles of some spiders in the...

important environmental reservoir. Houseflies (Musca domestica) have a mutualistic relationship with the bacterium K. oxytoca. This bacterium can live on...

Betaproteobacteria in the oral cavity. Pseudomonadota bacteria have a symbiotic or mutualistic association with plant roots, an example being in the rhizomes of potato...

called acarinaria that serve as lodgings for mites, demonstrating a mutualistic relationship. Mites residing in these acarinaria can benefit their bee...

vine up to 40 m (130 ft) length. It is a myrmecophyte noted for its mutualistic association with a species of ant, Camponotus schmitzi. As an ant-fed...

that belongs to the fern genus Lecanopteris. This epiphytic plant has a mutualistic relationship with stingless shelter ants, which makes it a myrmecophyte...

kleptoparasitic spider (Argyrodes fissifrons) was found to live in a mutualistic relationships with Cyrtophora species. Some of the species are considered...

criterion of high co-operation and low conflict, would include some mutualistic (e.g. lichens) and sexual partnerships (e.g. anglerfish) as organisms...

nests of Lasius niger, the ant with which they form a mutualistic relationship. This mutualistic relationship benefits the adult butterfly by reducing...

several relationships with its ecosystem. One such relationship is a mutualistic relationship with fleshy-fruit bearing plants. After the grizzly consumes...

Agricultural Heritage Systems to be recognized by the FAO. Rice and fish form a mutualistic relationship: they both benefit from growing together. The rice provides...

for consumption. Not all examples of ant trophobiotic interactions are mutualistic, with instances such as ants attracted to Cacopsylla pyricola feeding...

gold bearing minerals, glacial geology, and for his description of the mutualistic relationship between certain bullthorn Acacia species and their Pseudomyrmex...

(/mɜːrməˈkɒfəli/ mur-mə-KOF-ə-lee, lit. 'love of ants') consists of positive, mutualistic, interspecies associations between ants and a variety of other organisms...

freshly cut plant material and keeping it free from pests and molds. This mutualistic relationship is further augmented by another symbiotic partner, a bacterium...

non-pathogenic, and either commensal (are not harmful to their host) or mutualistic (offer a benefit). The benefits bacteria can offer include preventing...

help capture crawling insects such as ants. Some pitcher plants contain mutualistic insect larvae, which feed on trapped prey, and whose excreta the plant...

dynamic differs between competitive systems and mutualistic systems. In competitive (non-mutualistic) inter-species coevolutionary system the species...

medicinalis, these supplementary factors are produced by an obligatory mutualistic relationship with the bacterial species, Aeromonas veronii. Non-bloodsucking...

the family Melittidae. It is native to Europe. Macropis europaea has a mutualistic relationship with the yellow loosestrife. It uses its floral oil to line...

its energy needs from the symbiotic algae it contains. It also forms a mutualistic relationship with small Lybia crabs. Triactis producta is a small, cryptic...

where two mutualistic partners are completely interdependent for survival and reproduction. Secondly, facultative mutualism, where two mutualistic partners...

the threatened species are: dependent on a few specific food sources, mutualistic (dependent on the key species in some way), or forced to coexist with...

PMID 30812575. M J Carlile, S C Watkinson, G W Gooday, 2001, Parasites and Mutualistic Symbionts in 'The Fungi (Second Edition)' Eds: same as authors, Academic...

with the presence of mycorrhizae in the soil. Mycorrhiza is a type of mutualistic symbiotic association between plants and fungi, which are well-equipped...

growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in the rhizosphere of plant roots. These mutualistic microbes function to increase plant health by fighting against harmful...

aside from the Commander Islands. Steller's sea cows may have also had a mutualistic (or possibly even parasitic) relationship with local seabird species;...

which could be considered as a mutualistic behavior. But species choose to have mutualistic behaviors, because the mutualistic behaviors could provide them...

mutualisms with wasps, such as Parachartergus apicalis. Even geckos form mutualistic relations with treehoppers, with whom they communicate by small vibrations...

Fautin DG; Allen GR. (2007). "Finding NEMO: nestedness engendered by mutualistic organization in anemonefish and their hosts". Proc R Soc B Biol Sci....

pollinating wasps (Agaoninae, Kradibiinae, and Tetrapusiinae) are the mutualistic partners of the fig trees. Extinct forms from the Eocene and Miocene...

Peru. This frog often shares burrows with tarantulas in what may be a mutualistic or commensalistic symbiosis. This frog lives in lowland forests on flood...

adaptation of plants to their environment, and their competitive or mutualistic interactions with other species. Some ecologists even rely on empirical...

injuries. Though coyotes often prey on badgers, the species can form mutualistic relationships when hunting ground squirrels, in which badgers dig into...

Entomopathogenic nematodes and their bacterial symbionts: The inside out of a mutualistic association. Symbiosis, 46(2), 65–75. Retrieved from https://www.scopus...

between these ants and blue common larvae is described to be facultatively mutualistic. There are five instars of larvae. During the first instar, larva emerge...

plants, such as Roridula species, exploit the prey organisms mainly in a mutualistic relationship with other creatures, such as resident organisms that contribute...

the pitcher. Once within the pitcher structure, digestive enzymes or mutualistic species break down the prey into an absorbable form for the plant. Water...

attraction of defending ants. As long as the plants are inhabited by mutualistic ants, the extrafloral nectar will get secreted with a sharp diurnal peak...

more species which reciprocally affect each other, sometimes creating a mutualistic relationship between the species. Such relationships can be of many different...

depths ranging from shallow to extreme depths (over 100m). They have a mutualistic relationship with microalgae called Symbiodinium that gives them the...

ants, spiders, slugs and worms. Studies have shown that they have a mutualistic relationship with Chlorogonium algae, which makes tadpoles develop faster...

or cells of another organism. Typically, the two organisms are in a mutualistic relationship. Examples are nitrogen-fixing bacteria (called rhizobia)...

butterfly lays eggs near nests of L. niger, forming a mutualistic relationship. This mutualistic relationship benefits the adult butterfly by reducing...

the family Formicidae. It is a generalist that has been known to have mutualistic relationships with 42 different species of aphids. "Formica neoclara...

heteropsammicola (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Diogenidae), replaces a mutualistic sipunculan in a walking coral symbiosis". PLOS ONE. 12 (9) e0184311....

bacteria can be introduced into a closed ecosystem as well, and have mutualistic benefits for both the microbe and the host. A prominent example of this...

the soil microflora that exists in the rhizosphere. This informs other mutualistic relationships formed by plants around nitrogen uptake. Competition over...

populations, and release nutrients to other trophic levels. Some form mutualistic relationships with other protists or animals such as corals and termites...

synonymized into E. permagnificus). The mycorrhizal associations are mutualistic, because the fungus absorbs mineral nutrients from the soil and channels...

monotropoid mycorrhiza. (Although mycorrhizas are generally considered to be mutualistic relationships, it is generally recognized that mutualism and parasitism...

done on mutualistic interactions in other agouti species, which are believed to exhibit similar behaviours to D. mexicana. The major mutualistic relationship...

An ant garden is a mutualistic interaction between certain species of arboreal ants and various epiphytic plants. It is a structure made in the tree canopy...

the parent plant, myrmecochores also benefit from this predominantly mutualistic interaction through dispersal to favourable locations for germination...

mutually beneficial relationships between E. coli and humans are a type of mutualistic biological relationship—where both the humans and the E. coli are benefitting...

overt actions." Ecological pressures would have put prior cooperative or mutualistic behaviors at such an advantage against competition as to create a new...

selective pressure to flower and produce fruit year round due to its mutualistic relationship with its pollinating agaonid wasp. Agaonid wasps have a...

parasitoid wasps. Hamiltonella has also been found as a nutritional mutualistic endosymbiont in Whiteflies. [1]"Oliver K.M., Campos J., Moran N.A., and...

warfare. Some snapping shrimp species share burrows with goby fish in a mutualistic symbiotic relationship: the burrow is built and tended by the pistol...

is limited.[citation needed] The spider is noted to have a possibly mutualistic relationship with frogs such as Ramanella nagaoi, sharing tree holes...

species, and the bulk of the fungus lives underground, associating in a mutualistic relationship with the roots of various tree species. The fruit bodies...

is not related to this genus. At least 21 species of fungus have a mutualistic relationship with hazel. Lactarius pyrogalus grows almost exclusively...

Pollination-related interactions between plants and insects are considered mutualistic, and the relationships between plants and their pollinators have likely...

and Pseudotropheus crabro. At other times Pseudotropheus crabro has a mutualistic relationship with the kampango, as it will clean it by feeding on parasites...

subfamily Formicinae. It lives underground in tropical regions and forms a mutualistic association with the mealybug, Xenococcus annandalei. This ant has the...

relationship between egging human and nesting gulls may be considered to be mutualistic, in that humans nourish the gull population with a steady supply of fish...

This is in contrast to many species of Ambrosia beetles that live mutualistically in wooded areas with a fungal source. Larvae mature over the span of...

Mutualistic Formica fusca ants tending a herd of mealybugs...

flies. Most of them reside in insects as bacterial flora and some form mutualistic symbiotic relationships with their hosts. For example, in aphids, strains...

viruses, once classified as one, are now categorised as two separate, mutualistic viruses: Pea enation mosaic virus 1 is an Enamovirus Pea enation mosaic...

co-evolved with Thermoplasmatales, due to Micrarchaeota often being in mutualistic relationships with Thermoplasmatales. Whilst many species of the Nanobdellati...

meaning that they do not harm the host plant and are probably in a mutualistic relationship with it. Mycoleptodiscus affinis Mycoleptodiscus atromaculans...

as well as an annoyance for gardeners. So-called dairying ants have a mutualistic relationship with aphids, tending them for their honeydew and protecting...

the shell that is occupied by Clibanarius vittatus. This seems to be a mutualistic arrangement in which the crab benefits from the fact that potential predators...

Pleuroptya silicalis. This provides a benefit for both plant and ant in a mutualistic relationship. NRCS. "Urera baccifera". PLANTS Database. United States...

Stichodactylidae. They are host anemones, which maintain a relationship mutualistic with other animals, in their case with crabs of the genus Mithraculus...

late summer or early spring. Furthermore, T. onustus have developed a mutualistic relationship with host plants where spiders feed on and/or deter harmful...

Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) which means it is an obligate symbiont that creates mutualistic relationships with many different plant species. Being an AMF, G. margarita...

adults facilitate pollination. This creates a specialized and stable mutualistic interaction. Some species of the genus Trollius are popular ornamental...

heteropsammicola (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Diogenidae), replaces a mutualistic sipunculan in a walking coral symbiosis". PLOS ONE. 12 (9) e0184311....

physically cutting out sections of leaf from a variety of plants. This mutualistic relationship is further augmented by another symbiotic partner, a bacterium...

meaning they co-exist without harming or benefiting humans; others have a mutualistic relationship with their human hosts, where both parties benefit. Conversely...

and the interactions between microbes. These interactions are often a mutualistic relationships between the host and autochthonous flora. Microflora responsible...

(example humans) that allows for both sides to benefit. Microorganisms form mutualistic relationships with other microorganism, plants or animals. One example...

(for example, a predator storing the body of its prey in the burrow) or mutualistic relationships whereby the original occupant gains protection from predators...

is a species of ciliate found in marine and brackish waters. It has a mutualistic endosymbiotic relationship with green algae called Zoochlorella. About...

fischeri is the first organism in which QS was observed. It lives as a mutualistic symbiont in the photophore (or light-producing organ) of the Hawaiian...

to communicate between species; lycaenid caterpillars, which form a mutualistic association with ants communicate with ants in this way. The Madagascar...

Traps of carnivorous pitcher plants as a habitat: composition of the fluid, biodiversity and mutualistic activities. Annals Of Botany, 107(2), 181–194....

gazella), and Asiatic wild ass (Equus hemionus). Nubian ibex have a mutualistic relationship with Tristram's starling (Onycognathus tristrumil), a small...

spherical-shaped epibiotic bacteria that may share a commensalistic or mutualistic relationship with Bihospites host cells. Bihospites cells are highly...

zooplankton, and debris in the bladders that indicates U. purpurea favors a mutualistic interaction in place of a predator–prey relationship. U. purpurea has...

disease symptoms for at least part of their life cycle. Some of them are mutualistic symbionts with beneficial effects on their host, such as improved growth...

contrast to predator satiation, a different pattern is seen in response to mutualistic consumers, which benefit an organism by feeding from it (such as frugivores...

Sepsis Day. Some authors suggest that initiating sepsis by the normally mutualistic (or neutral) members of the microbiome may not always be an accidental...

pitcher plants as a habitat: composition of the fluid, biodiversity and mutualistic activities". Annals of Botany. 107 (2): 181–194. doi:10.1093/aob/mcq238...

(2017), "Ranking of critical species to preserve the functionality of mutualistic networks using the k-core decomposition", PeerJ, 5 e3321, Bibcode:2017PeerJ...

Melián CJ, Olesen JM (August 2003). "The nested assembly of plant-animal mutualistic networks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United...

specialists (species with few links, all shared with the generalists). In mutualistic networks, nestedness is often asymmetrical, with specialists of one guild...

Fautin DG; Allen GR (2007). "Finding NEMO: nestedness engendered by mutualistic organization in anemonefish and their hosts". Proc R Soc B Biol Sci....

the survival of each member). This process leads to commensalistic or mutualistic interactions between members of a microbial community. Compared to the...

A pollination network is a bipartite mutualistic network in which plants and pollinators are the nodes, and the pollination interactions form the links...

each independently colonized the syconium. These wasps work around the mutualistic relationship, exploiting fig fruits as parasitoids. Most figs (more than...

extrinsic organisms, and the vast majority of these exist in either a mutualistic or commensal relationship with the host. An example of the former is...

Helminths' relationship to humans as hosts should be classified as mutualistic or symbiotic. In some ways, the relationship is symbiotic because the...

to live as inquilines in ant and termite colonies, and some live in mutualistic relationships with mammals whereby they eat fleas and other parasites...

agro-ecological benefits. Pairings such as rice and fish or rice and ducks form a mutualistic relationship: they both benefit from growing together. The rice provides...

eating the honeydew that these hemipterans secrete. The relationship is mutualistic, as both ant and aphid benefit. Ants such as the yellow anthill ant,...

communistic society, collective settlement, communal society, commune, mutualistic community, communitarian experiment, experimental community, utopian...

lays eggs near nests of the ant L. alienus, forming a mutualistic relationship. This mutualistic relationship benefits the adult butterfly by reducing...

antagonistic interactions, such as competition and predation, as well as mutualistic ones such as pollination and resource mutualisms. Examples of secondary...

native to the Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia. It forms a mutualistic relationship with ants on tree branches in the tropics. It is distinctive...

dormancy in the winter and flowers in the spring. V. rafinesquii holds a mutualistic relationship with ants, potentially aiding in reproduction. It held medicinal...

Ocean at depths down to about 276 m (900 ft). It usually lives in a mutualistic symbiosis with a sponge, or sometimes a hydroid. Pagurus dalli has a...

to predation, manipulation of microenvironments, and facilitation of mutualistic relationships in mixed microbial communities. In general, the mechanisms...

Several species colonize plants, animals, or other fungi as parasites or mutualistic symbionts and derive all their metabolic energy in form of nutrients...

waters which are typically poor in nitrogen. Corals must therefore form a mutualistic relationship with nitrogen fixing organism, in this case the subject...

the mantle into the surrounding soil. The Hartig net is the site of mutualistic resource exchange between the fungus and the host plant. Essential nutrients...

nitrogen from the droppings of the insects, resulting in an obligate mutualistic relationship. This relationship is effectively indirect carnivory, which...

in temperate waters around the world. In South Africa it is part of a mutualistic relationship with a limpet. Ralfsia verrucosa forms roughly circular...

heteropsammicola (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Diogenidae), replaces a mutualistic sipunculan in a walking coral symbiosis Stolarski, J., Zibrowius, H....

Degenerate cysts are present in clusters, though rare, and lose much of their mutualistic benefit to the host they reside in due to a decrease in photosynthetic...

predator-prey dynamics, competition among similar plant species, or mutualistic interactions between crabs and corals. These ecosystems, as we may call...

including Nemestrinid, Tabanid and Acrocerid flies. Living cycads have mutualistic relationships with specific insect species (typically beetles) which...

Tryjanowski P. (March 19, 2018). "Large-Scale Assessment of Commensalistic–Mutualistic Associations Between African Birds and Herbivorous Mammals Using Internet...

Myrmephytum, and Squamellaria are succulent epiphytes that have evolved a mutualistic relationship with ants. Their hypocotyl grows out into an ant-inhabited...

acid in their peptidoglycan layer. Bacteroides species are normally mutualistic, making up the most substantial portion of the mammalian gastrointestinal...

plants. For example, the lychnis moth (Hadena bicruris) has a strange mutualistic relationship with pink plants or carnation plants (Caryophyllaceae),...

Bascompte, Jordi; Scheffer, Marten (2020). "Foreseeing the future of mutualistic communities beyond collapse". Ecology Letters. 23 (1): 2–15. Bibcode:2020EcolL...

is a Gram-negative soil bacterium in the genus Rhizobium that forms mutualistic, nitrogen-fixing symbioses with legumes. Compatible strains colonise...

literature over whether the symbiosis in Osedax roots is commensal or mutualistic. The symbiotic relationship between Osedax and its accompanying bacteria...

gelatinous outer coating and then dried before use. The tomato has a mutualistic relationship with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi such as Rhizophagus irregularis...

Yeasts also form an important part of the Drosophila microbiome, with a mutualistic relationships to yeast being described in other Drosophila species. The...

evolution of RNA viruses and plants, particularly her work demonstrating mutualistic relationships between viruses and their hosts. Roossinck grew up in rural...

fibrous mass in the frog's larynx. The túngara frog may also have a mutualistic relationship with tarantulas, where tarantulas participate in predator...

which did not result in intracellular digestion but instead achieved mutualistic symbiosis within the endomembrane system. In contrast, other photosynthetic...

southern Africa. This species of tree is a myrmecophyte and it has a mutualistic relationship with ants, including Pseudomyrmex triplarinus. This kind...

as a pollination vector, and both species have evolved to suit their mutualistic interactions. Study of the amount of nectar and pollen has concluded...

seems to be wrong in at least two essential respects: The concept of mutualistic organismic ecological community might firstly have been introduced by...

coevolutionary association, generally called a plant–bird syndrome or mutualistic network. By collecting pollen on their beaks while foraging from flowers...

Raad, J.; et al. (2022). "Speciation and population divergence in a mutualistic seed dispersing bird". Communications Biology. 5 (429): 1–10. doi:10...

leperii (Signoret 1869)) and Septobasidium marianii Bres. which created a mutualistic symbiosis formed by the fungus and the scale insects on fruit trees in...

RNA Bacteriophage Infecting Microvirgula aerodenitrificans Reveals a Mutualistic Parasitic Lifestyle". Journal of Virology. 95 (17) e0039921. doi:10.1128/JVI...

in an endophytic relationship or as a pathogen. Most plants also form mutualistic relationships with fungi that accelerate nutrient uptake among their...

Thus, syntrophy can be considered an obligatory interdependency and a mutualistic metabolism between different microbial species, wherein the growth of...

on their fig trees for survival, the coevolved relationship is fully mutualistic. Most solitary wasps are parasitoids. As adults, those that do feed typically...

that function in absorption within the host cells. The arbuscules of mutualistic mycorrhizal fungi serve a similar function in nutrient exchange, so are...

recorded as a partner in a complex relationship between ants, their mutualistic fungus, a fungal parasite of the fungus and a bacterium that kills the...

be inactive at the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor. Tryptamine produced by mutualistic bacteria in the human gut activates serotonin GPCRs ubiquitously expressed...

coextinction across the trophic levels. Such effects are most severe in mutualistic and parasitic relationships. An example of coextinction is the Haast's...

and form dense aggregations. Some species are myrmecophiles, forming mutualistic associations with ants and gaining their protection. Behavioural defences...

Diptera) as pollinators, so can be classed as an attractant. In this true mutualistic inter-relationship, both organisms gain benefits in their respective...

other carnivorous mammals such as jackals and Egyptian mongooses. A mutualistic relationship has evolved between the dwarf mongoose and hornbills, in...

period. The Hemihalictus lustrans, for example, is a bee that works mutualistically with the dandelion Pyrrhopappus carolinianus during matutinal hours...

northern Borneo at around 300-400 thousand years ago. The summit rat has a mutualistic relationship with a species of giant pitcher plant, Nepenthes rajah....

aphids inside the galls, so they are likely stored to overwinter due to a mutualistic relationship and/or serve as food storage. This species has a typically...

If humans and hookworm co-evolved together over millions of years in mutualistic ways, as some scientists theorize,[who?] this would make some sense....

food). Phoresis is a commensal relationship, and deviations result in mutualistic or parasitic relationships. Phoretic relationships can become parasitic...

branching out and selling not only bumblebees but other insects who may have mutualistic relationships with plants. The total profit of this industry has been...

botanists widened the original definition to include species that use mutualistic interactions for digestion. Both the strict and broad definitions require...

Albrecht T., Tryjanowski P. (2018) Large-scale assessment of commensalistic–mutualistic associations between African birds and herbivorous mammals using internet...

species, and 'pessimism' about conservation. Views such as this, create a mutualistic connection between virtuous human flourishing and environmental flourishing...

family Agariciidae, Pavona duerdeni is a reef-building stony coral, with mutualistic symbiotic zooxanthellae, helping achieve nutritional requirements in...

support local biodiversity through "highly interactive, though not truly mutualistic relationships...providing food resources to temporary and permanent resident...

Melián CJ, Olesen JM (August 2003). "The nested assembly of plant-animal mutualistic networks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United...

beneficial habitat feature for this species. The beetle is known to engage in mutualistic phoresis with mites of the genus Poecilochirus. Upon arrival at a carcass...

be employed. in order to move away from parasitic dynamics to a more mutualistic relationship, humans have to start with taking care of one another and...

trace nutrients in their claws, that are then ingested; and 5) favor a mutualistic relationship with populations of fur moths. More recently, a new hypothesis...

more on vision and smell as stimuli than hearing. Tortoises share a mutualistic relationship with some subspecies of Galápagos finch and mockingbirds...

Berytus, the relationship between Romans and the people of Berytus was mutualistically beneficial. Romans were able to rely on Phoenicians' cities for goods...

studies have argued that stromatoporoids were mixotrophs (engaged in a mutualistic relationship with photosynthetic algae), similar to modern scleractinian...

biomass measures fail to detect them. Some 83% of plants appear to exhibit mutualistic association with mycelium as an extension of their root systems, with...

anti-microbial peptides cathelicidin and lactoferrin. In birds and mammals, mutualistic bacteria such as Lactobacillus have been detected in fluid transferral...

about their relationships. All species studied so far carry the obligate mutualistic endosymbiont bacterium Blattabacterium, with the exception of Nocticola...

Cecidomyiidae. Their galls and larvae thrive in association with the mutualistic relationship between Formica neoclara and Chaitophorus aphids found on...

benefit the emitter. An example of the first relationship would be a mutualistic relationship, and the latter would be a repellent secretion." Antibiotics...

Fautin DG; Allen GR (2007). "Finding NEMO: nestedness engendered by mutualistic organization in anemonefish and their hosts". Proc R Soc B Biol Sci....

colour. The relationship between C. parasitica and the hermit crab is mutualistic: the sea anemone protects the hermit crab with its stings, and benefits...

chemical signals between both the plant and fungi. This results in a mutualistic symbiosis between the two. However, these signals can be eavesdropped...

endogenously by the organism itself (non-symbiotic) or generated through a mutualistic relationship with bioluminescent bacteria (symbiotic), resulting in light...

Rat ZG16 Protein. Cells in our colon obtain bacteria that reside in a mutualistic relationship with our host cells to prevent harmful bacteria from causing...

G.; Allen, Gerald R. (2007). "Finding NEMO: nestedness engendered by mutualistic organization in anemonefish and their hosts". Proceedings of the Royal...

show much if any relation with those they sleep with. In addition to mutualistic sleeping behavior, these lemurs share another positive social interaction...

A species of manefish in the genus Caristius associates apparently mutualistically with B. conifera, using it for shelter, stealing meals, and perhaps...

co-evolution with other species has led to mimetic, commensal, parasitic, and mutualistic relationships. Ant societies have division of labour, communication between...

though the 100% prevalence in the females of the host tick suggests a mutualistic association. Although there is no evidence that even up to 20 bacteria...

as Meganeuropsis permiana. Negri & Toledo (2026) review evidence of mutualistic relationships between insects and gymnosperms before the emergence of...

turtles, though it can be hypothesized that the relationship is either mutualistic or commensalistic. P. squamosa consumes mostly plant material and some...

Müllerian mimicry, named in his honour, has since been used for this mutualistic form of mimicry. Müller wrote that The resemblance of the genera named...

Domestication is a multi-generational mutualistic relationship in which an animal species, such as humans or leafcutter ants, takes over control and care...

Chromis atrilobata by acting as a cleaner fish. They benefit from these mutualistic cleaning interactions since it allows them to forage on the organic matter...

PMID 25706310. Obeng N, Pratama AA, Elsas JD (June 2016). "The Significance of Mutualistic Phages for Bacterial Ecology and Evolution" (PDF). Trends in Microbiology...

plant roots, particularly in the rhizosphere, and have a positive or mutualistic effect on plant health and development. PGPF, like their bacterial counterparts...

The relationship between clownfish and anemones is one example of a mutualistic symbiosis. Mutualisms are particularly common between ectotherms, making...

"Evaluating multiple determinants of the structure of plant–animal mutualistic networks". Ecology. 90 (8): 2039–2046. Bibcode:2009Ecol...90.2039V. doi:10...

heteropsammicola (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Diogenidae), replaces a mutualistic sipunculan in a walking coral symbiosis". PLOS ONE. 12 (9) e0184311....

carbohydrates for growth and return usable nitrogen to the plant. This mutualistic interaction improves soil nitrogen fertility as plant matter is accumulated...

—N/a Octillery (#224) Remoraid is based on a remora fish, and has a mutualistic relationship with the manta ray Pokémon Mantine, with Remoraid clinging...

loss. The soils generally are of low fertility, and many plants have mutualistic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.[citation needed] Aquatic...

individual plants together. Mycorrhizal relationships are most commonly mutualistic, with both partners benefiting, but can be commensal or parasitic, and...

ant followers and the army ants, particularly Eciton burchellii, was mutualistic, with the ants benefiting by having the birds chase prey back down towards...

teams up with Carlos, and Arnold teams up with Phoebe. They learn about mutualistic, symbiotic relationships in coral reefs. They are forced to work together...

Fautin DG; Allen GR (2007). "Finding NEMO: nestedness engendered by mutualistic organization in anemonefish and their hosts". Proc R Soc B Biol Sci....

overall plant and root growth. M. extorquens has been found to have a mutualistic relationship with strawberries. Ultimately, M. extorquens is used to...

stems from the customs and beliefs of the Gedeo people, leading to a mutualistic human-environmental relationship. The area contains several sacred forests...

authors nonetheless theorise that some plants on small islands may have mutualistically evolved to accommodate lizard pollination. The lizards known to carry...

family Pseudonocardiaceae. Members of this genus have been found living mutualistically on the cuticle of the leafcutter ants because the bacteria has antibiotic...

microhabitat to be used by the colony.[citation needed] Populations of mutualistic myrmecophyte-inhabiting ants may be space limited, and therefore P. spinicola...

species is widespread in Mexico, Central and South America. This ant has a mutualistic relationship with a Cecropia tree. The specific name alfari honours a...

Alireza; West, Rick C.; Lamar, William W. (2024). "An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae)...

that connects the uterus to other tissues of the pelvis. Commensal and mutualistic organisms are present in the uterus and form the uterine microbiome....

in hunting, presumably to avoid humans. Coyotes may occasionally form mutualistic hunting relationships with American badgers, assisting each other in...

density at 1077 trees/ha. Humboldtia laurifolia is vulnerable and has a mutualistic relationship with ants, providing abundant food for lorises. Reports...

"Frugivores at higher risk of extinction are the key elements of a mutualistic network". Ecology. 95 (12): 3444–3445. Bibcode:2014Ecol...95.3440V. doi:10...

and bioluminescence, which are crucial for the mutualistic relationship with the squid. This mutualistic symbiosis provides A. fischeri with nutrients...

heavy metals or pollutants is a process by which mycorrhizal fungi in a mutualistic relationship with plants can sequester toxic compounds from the environment...

in reserves. The beetles Pharaxonotha esperanzae is in an obligatory mutualistic relationship with Microcycas calocoma, living and breeding in male cones...

disappear during autumn. Like many other lycaenid butterflies, it has a mutualistic relationship with ants, who protect Acmon blue larvae in exchange for...

The remainder of the structure is a complex community of symbiotic or mutualistic microbes including bacteria Halomonas titanicae and fungi that use the...

ectomycorrhizal species, meaning that the hyphae of the fungus grow in a mutualistic association with the roots of plants, but the fungal hyphae generally...

species. The DNA base composition is 40–48% GC. Bacteroides are normally mutualistic, a substantial portion of the mammalian gastrointestinal flora, and they...

its waste contents outside the cell. Some species of Paramecium form mutualistic relationships with other organisms. Paramecium bursaria and Paramecium...

rautan (from raut, 'to trim' or 'to pare'). Many rattan species also form mutualistic relationships with ant species. They provide ant shelters (myrmecodomatia)...

the upper pitchers of N. hemsleyana. This relationship appears to be mutualistic, with the plant providing shelter for the bats and in return receiving...

Gao, Qiang; Gilmartin, Philip M. (July 2021). "Molecular mechanisms of mutualistic and antagonistic interactions in a plant–pollinator association". Nature...

noted that the interactions were not necessarily simply parasitic or mutualistic. This relationship was not observed for any other host species, or for...

secondary metabolism are essential for communicating with other organisms in mutualistic (e.g. attraction of beneficial organisms such as pollinators) or antagonistic...

Phocaeicola vulgatus, (formerly Bacteroides vulgatus), is a mutualistic anaerobic Gram negative rod bacteria commonly found in the human gut microbiome...

"Müllerian" mimicry may be "quasi-Batesian", or parasitic, rather than mutualistic. In "quasi-Batesian" mimicry, a weakly unpalatable species is proposed...

shrimp (prawns). Aliivibrio fischeri (or V. fischeri) is known for its mutualistic symbiosis with the Hawaiian bobtail squid, which is dependent on microbial...

protuberata is a species of fungus in the family Pleosporaceae. It forms a mutualistic relationship with Dichanthelium lanuginosum (panic grass) and Curvularia...

examples of increased access to resources through facilitation are the mutualistic transfers of nutrients between symbiotic organisms. A symbiosis is a...

of crab and organisms such as sea anemones used as decoration may be mutualistic, offering protection to the crab and food to the anemone. Decorator crabs...

L.; Nilsson, M.A. (2022). "Speciation and population divergence in a mutualistic seed dispersing bird". Communications Biology. 5 (1): 429. doi:10...

(2013-06-18). "Metaproteomics reveals abundant transposase expression in mutualistic endosymbionts". mBio. 4 (3): e00223–00213. doi:10.1128/mBio.00223-13...

trace nutrients in their claws, that are then ingested, and To favor a mutualistic relationship with populations of fur moths. More recently, a new hypothesis...

inhibit the growth of fungal pathogens. It is also implicated in the mutualistic relationship between Acacia and related trees and their ant partners...

similar filter-feeding diet to its host, and the relationship is likely mutualistic. Right and left valve of the same specimen: Right valve Left valve This...

through unique and complex ecological relationships. Fungi can have mutualistic, symbiotic, or parasitic relationships. 90% of all plant species have...

and are spherical in shape and pale in color. The species follows a mutualistic relationship with the ant species Lepisiota capensis, as the female only...

carolinensis. Their primary diet is ants. Western narrow-mouthed toads have a mutualistic relationship with tarantulas. They will live together, and in exchange...

relationship between Wolbachia and its host might not have always been mutualistic, as Drosophila populations once experienced decreased fecundity in infected...

unsure whether the relationship between S. globosa and N. diomedea is mutualistic or commensal. Scotoplanes globosa is typically 2 to 15 cm in length and...

in a mycorrhizal association with various species of Pinus. This is a mutualistic relationship in which the subterranean fungal mycelia creates a protective...

importance in mitigating damage done by coral bleaching events as a mutualistic symbiont, previous research looked more into its activity as a parasitic...

Ecosystems Dixson, D. L.; Hay, M. E. (2012). "Corals Chemically Cue Mutualistic Fishes to Remove Competing Seaweeds". Science. 338 (6108): 804–807. doi:10...

little as 15 to 30 minutes. The bladders of Utricularia often culture a mutualistic community of microbes, which may be a very important factor in digestion...

heteropsammicola (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Diogenidae), replaces a mutualistic sipunculan in a walking coral symbiosis". PLOS ONE. 12 (9) e0184311....

cellular activity and diversity, to conduct investigations into the mutualistic relationships between microorganisms that live in close proximity, and...

ants, a relationship called myrmecophily. These associations can be mutualistic, parasitic, or predatory depending on the species. In some species, larvae...

Myrmephytum, and Squamellaria. Myrmecophytes, or ant plants, live in a mutualistic association with a colony of ants. These plants possess structural adaptations...

addition, whistling thorn acacias are myrmecophytes that have formed a mutualistic relationship with some species of acacia ants. In exchange for shelter...

heavy clay soils, some of the thorns are swollen as domatia, housing mutualistic ants such as Crematogaster. In Africa, it is native to many countries...

nutrient absorption. Resident microorganisms of Movile Cave have both mutualistic and competitive interactions that balance the ecosystem equilibrium....

urban locations, and other disturbed areas. Cecropia schreberiana has a mutualistic relationship with ants from the genus Azteca. The biting ants inhabit...

established hypotheses for the evolution of such apparently altruistic or mutualistic communications as alarm calls and courtship signals to emerge under individual...

species found in devil's gardens are Duroia hirsuta (Rubiaceae). The mutualistic symbiosis between the ant Myrmelachista schumanni and the tree Duroia...

Kansas. Mebs, Dietrich (15 December 2009). "Chemical biology of the mutualistic relationships of sea anemones with fish and crustaceans". Toxicon. Cnidarian...

Šobotník J, Engel MS, Bourguignon T (March 2021). "Termite evolution: mutualistic associations, key innovations, and the rise of Termitidae". Cell Mol...

"Frugivores at Higher Risk of Extinction Are the Key Elements of a Mutualistic Network." Ecology 95.12 (2014): 3440-447. Web. 28 Feb. 2017. Bonaparte...

basidiomycetes). Most mycoplankton species are higher fungi. Lichens are mutualistic associations between a fungus, usually an ascomycete, and an alga or...

may display bioluminescence, thus attracting prey for the shark in a mutualistic relationship, but this hypothesis has not been verified. These parasites...

plant growth promoting bacterium, in enhancing algal biomass through mutualistic interaction. Biomass and Bioenergy, 69, 95–105. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe...

(biological) controls for nematodes like R. similis. There is evidence that mutualistic relationships with mycorrhizal fungi may reduce the susceptibility of...

phytoplankton (microscopic plants) such as dinoflagellates. Others harbour mutualistic algae (Zooxanthellae) in their tissues; the spotted jellyfish (Mastigias...

Chemically mediated by a bacterially produced polyunsaturated peroxide, this mutualistic relationship between the beetle and the fungus is coevolved. About 90%...

length compared to a regular lattice. "Ecological networks, especially mutualistic networks, are generally very heterogeneous, consisting of areas with...

where species of Eriogonum are found. Blue copper larvae sometimes form mutualistic associations with Formica francoeuri, an ant species. The blue copper...

brown or dark green hue. The coral obtains its nutrients through its mutualistic relationship with the algae zooxanthellae, which acts as the cornerstone...

the larvae are fed a mixture of pollen and nectar. The females have a mutualistic association with phoretic mites that are transported from nest to nest...

beings, are seen in science fiction as distasteful, in contrast to (mutualistic) symbiosis, and sometimes horrible. Practical uses can be made of them...

replaced by Shorea parvifolia and Pentace laxiflora. This plant has a mutualistic relationship with predatory ants of the Crematogaster genus. The tree...

have increased fitness and evolutionary advantages. Because of this mutualistic relationship between traplining hummingbirds and plants, traplining hummingbirds...

association of various organisms with ants myrmecophyte plant that lives in a mutualistic association with ants nanitic a worker of the first generation, usually...

regeneration through digestion and excretion of the plant matter. This mutualistic relationship between the goats, gorse and the Mahoenui giant wētā has...

can be reestablished even through low initial plantings. They have a mutualistic relationship with ants, as their seeds are primarily dispersed by the...

when environmental resources are low, they tend to be cooperative and mutualistic. Ecological studies have hypothesised that competitive forces between...

diet with tree shrew droppings, which provide essential nitrogen in a mutualistic relationship. The plants facilitate this behavior by producing excess...

L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Award in 2020. Martínez-Romero studies the mutualistic symbioses of bacteria with Mexico's plants and animals using metagenomics...

species are pathogenic or parasitic, and yet others are symbiotic (i.e., mutualistic), these including the important ectomycorrhizal symbionts of forest trees...

pitcher plants as a habitat: Composition of the fluid, biodiversity and mutualistic activities. Annals of Botany, (107), 181-194. Jabiol, J., Corbara, B...

Jenneria pustulata and Quoyula sp. Pocillopora inflata has several mutualistic symbionts including the crab, Trapezia sp., and certain snapping shrimps...

of this deriving from ants of the genus Crematogaster, which have a mutualistic relationship with the whistling thorn. The whistling thorn is primarily...

mycorrhizal symbioses between L. verrucosa and Ericaceae plants may be mutualistic. For example, Vaccinium myrtilloides and Ledum groenlandicum individuals...

endomycorrhizae than those that do. This symbiosis is a highly evolved mutualistic relationship found between fungi and plants, the most prevalent plant...

mechanism for most tree species. Endozoochory is generally a coevolved mutualistic relationship in which a plant surrounds seeds with an edible, nutritious...

Bidartondo, Martin I.; Leake, Jonathan R.; Beerling, David J. (2010-11-02). "Mutualistic mycorrhiza-like symbiosis in the most ancient group of land plants"....

from washed cultivated dinoflagellates, they have been reported to have mutualistic as well as pathogenic symbioses with dinoflagellates. D. shibae cells...

Fautin DG; Allen GR (2007). "Finding NEMO: nestedness engendered by mutualistic organization in anemonefish and their hosts". Proc R Soc B Biol Sci....

Ihalainen, E; Lindström, L; Mappes, J; Speed, MP (2007). "Co-mimics have a mutualistic relationship despite unequal defences". Nature. 448 (6593): 64–67. doi:10...

Ducke, 1905 Parachartergus apicalis (Fabricius, 1804) - known to form mutualistic relationships with treehoppers. The male genitalia are noted for their...

days of extremely low temperatures. Fire ants have been known to form mutualistic relationships with several species of Lycaenidae and Riodinidae butterflies...

relations between Amhara nationalist and Eritrea in the Tigray War is mutualistic cooperation in present-day; both Amharan regional armies and local militias...

mosquito, and is in turn a host to symbiotic bacteria. It maintains strict mutualistic relationship with the bacteria as a sort of cell organelle (endosymbiont)...

effects on the other species in the mutualistic relationship. As non-native species are depending more rarely on mutualistic relationships they will be less...

Tryjanowski, Piotr (2018). "Large-scale assessment of commensalistic–mutualistic associations between African birds and herbivorous mammals using internet...

resource. Like other species of ambrosia beetles, X. saxesenii has a mutualistic relationship with ambrosia fungus species, in particular the Raffaela...

species are generally trailing epiphytes with pale flowers. Most have a mutualistic relationship with tree-living ants: the plants provide the ants with...

pictus". FishBase. June 2018 version. McKaye, K.R. (1985). Cichlid–catfish mutualistic defence of young in Lake Malawi, Africa. Oceologia 66: 358–363. v t e...

Juárez, Oaxaca. The beetle Pharaxonotha occidentalis is in an obligatory mutualistic relationship with Dioon merolae, living and breeding in male cones and...

further from the anemone than the smaller subordinates. Clownfish have a mutualistic and symbiotic relationship with sea anemones. They acclimate themselves...

Fungal-bacterial endosymbiosis encompasses the mutualistic relationship between a fungus and intracellular bacteria species residing within the fungus...

produce flowers for a full growing season, and they have co-evolved a mutualistic relationship with a species of scarab beetle of the genus Cyclocephala...

suggested that this preference may be part of the reward system driving the mutualistic feeding behavior. About 70% of domestic cats are attracted to, and affected...

explains that there are two races of symbiotic aliens: his own, which is mutualistic; and Gork's, which is parasitic. Aiding Jim and Roy are Jim's girlfriend...

are found only in the Mojave Desert. Yuccas have a very specialized mutualistic system of pollination. Yucca moths in genus Tegeticula or Parategeticula...

hypothesis of relationships. All species studied so far carry the obligate mutualistic endosymbiont bacterium Blattabacterium, with the exception of Nocticola...

including pollination, seed dispersal, and co-evolved commensalism and mutualistic relationships, such as between cnidarian hosts and Symbiodinium in corals...

Polyxenus fasciculatus, detach and entangle ants. Some millipedes form mutualistic relationships with organisms of other species, in which both species...

engage in various ecological interactions with other organisms. Some form mutualistic relationships with certain riparian plants as endophytes. These fungi...

it in return. Nectarivores and ornithophilous flowers often exist in mutualistic guild relationships facilitated by the bird's bill shape, food source...

Batchelder (1875). "Communism vs. Mutualism". Socialistic, Communistic, Mutualistic and Financial Fragments. Boston: Lee & Shepard. OCLC 2567184. Kuehn,...

animal matter. Mycorrhizal relationships between plant and fungi are mutualistic: the fungus gains a carbon source, while the plant receives nutrient...

500 individuals. The beetle Pharaxonotha bicolor is in an obligatory mutualistic relationship with Dioon caputoi, living and breeding in male cones and...

described as symbiosis; symbioses that are mutually beneficial are called mutualistic. The term symbiosis was subject to a century-long debate about whether...

ISBN 3-8001-4573-1. Holland, J. Nathaniel; Fleming, Theodore H. (1999-09-01). "Mutualistic Interactions Between Upiga Virescens (pyralidae), a Pollinating Seed-Consumer...

herbivores. Specific AMF-plant relationships can fall on various points of a mutualistic-pathogenic spectrum, depending on the associated species in the partnership...

from as early as late early Miocene (Burdigalian) suggesting a possible mutualistic association since then. The species of Amblyeleotris vary considerably...

heteropsammicola (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Diogenidae), replaces a mutualistic sipunculan in a walking coral symbiosis". PLOS ONE. 12 (9) e0184311....

also converted to carbon dioxide respired by the grubs and symbiotic/mutualistic microorganisms. The use of BSFL in a compost system typically reduces...

cavity of a single Bohadschia argus. Carapus mourlani, which have a mutualistic relationship with Bohadschia argus, will aggressively defend their sea...

of the limestone forest. Most Phyllanthus species are known to have a mutualistic relationship with moths of the genus Epicephala. However, no Epicephala...

to the progressive loss of non-essential genes. Both pathogenetic and mutualistic symbiotic bacteria have undergone genome reduction, but they retain different...

been suggested to possibly lower the incidence of colon cancer. This mutualistic relationship is unusual in propionibacteria, which are largely commensal...

employed, it may be the first indication of their presence. Ants have a mutualistic relationship with aphids and are attracted to the honeydew they produce;...

74–90. ISSN 0370-047X. Wikidata Q106588754. Reid, Nick (June 1990). "Mutualistic interdependence between mistletoes (Amyema quandang), and spiny-cheeked...

in order to defeat pathogens, and if this role is symbiotic or more mutualistic in nature. Frey-Klett, P.; Garbaye, J.; Tarkka, M. (2007-10-01). "The...

News. Feldhaar, Heike; Gross, Roy (January 2009). "Insects as hosts for mutualistic bacteria". International Journal of Medical Microbiology. 299 (1): 1–8...

as parasites, but when the hosts live near other threats, they have a mutualistic relationship with their hosts. Social Insects Specialist Group (1996)...

Furthermore, in terrestrial ecosystems higher biodiversity can promote mutualistic interactions (like pollination or mycorrhizal networks), which can enhance...

an orange red sarcotesta which attracts fauna consumption, allowing a mutualistic seed dispersal for the cycad. These seeds are also edible for human consumption...

this genus. Like many aphids, Chaitophorus are known to have generally mutualistic relationships with ants. This relationship is described to have independently...

Huautla de Jiménez. The beetle Pharaxonotha bicolor is in an obligatory mutualistic relationship with Dioon califanoi, living and breeding in male cones...

Domestication has been defined as "a sustained multi-generational, mutualistic relationship in which one organism assumes a significant degree of influence...

to represent the universe at large. This metaphor values inclusive, mutualistic and interdependent relations amongst all things. Carolyn Merchant – Historian...

the hyphae of fungi. Many of these are known as mycorrhiza and form a mutualistic relationship with the tree roots. Some are specific to a single tree...

species, including beech, birch, hazel, hornbeam, oak, pine, and poplar. Mutualistic ectomycorrhizal fungi such as truffles provide valuable nutrients to...

Emphasis on Zamia From South America". Tropical Conservation Science. 12. Mutualistic Interaction: Plant-Pollinators. doi:10.1177/1940082919877479. O'Brien...

mycorrhiza, as can other legumes. Surveys have shown that I. edulis forms a mutualistic relationship with Bradyrhizobium bacteria. Flowers Mature and young pods...

it means that N2 has a positive effect on N1, through some kind of mutualistic interaction between the two. When both α12 and α21 are negative, the...

Pinus sylvestris after challenge with a saprotrophic, pathogenic or mutualistic fungus". Tree Physiol. 28 (6): 885–897. doi:10.1093/treephys/28.6.885...

plant growth and increase water use efficiency. Plants establish these mutualistic relationships with bacteria and fungi by modulating the composition of...

as a subset of sexual selection (which was traditionally regarded as mutualistic[citation needed]), while others suggest it is a separate evolutionary...

bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and yeast. Mycorrhizae are "fungus roots", a mutualistic association between a fungus (Myco) such as Aspergillus oryzae and plant...

bacterium Escherichia coli. Seeing such an evolving community with its mutualistic interactions has inspired some to speculate that "... life emerges and...

accordingly described as antagonistic (based on negative interactions) or mutualistic (based on positive interactions). As of 2020, the emergence in publications...

W.; Roger, Andrew J. (2016-06-09). "Environmental Breviatea harbour mutualistic Arcobacter epibionts". Nature. 534 (7606): 254–258. Bibcode:2016Natur...

excretion of bacterial cellulose after about 2 days. The mixed, presumably mutualistic culture has been further described as being lichenous, in accord with...

D (2023). "Ancestry testing of "Old Tom," a killer whale central to mutualistic interactions with human whalers". Journal of Heredity. 114 (6): 598–611...

humans is not merely commensal (a non-harmful coexistence), but rather a mutualistic relationship. Some human gut microorganisms benefit the host by fermenting...

that clones can collectively acquire the hallmarks of cancer through mutualistic relationships. Ecological frameworks treat tumors as ecosystems in which...

from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-10. Shingo Onishi. "Mutualistic Fishing Between Fishermen and Irrawaddy Dolphins in Myanmar" (PDF). TIGERPAPER...

does not necessarily make their relationship to necrophagous insects mutualistic. Insects lay eggs on the carrion flowers, meaning they mistake the flowers...

around the rootlets of certain trees, exchanging nutrients with them in a mutualistic relationship. The fungus associates with alder, poplar and other hardwoods...

symbiotic relationships with most terrestrial plants. The relationship is mutualistic, meaning that both the plant and fungi have benefits in forming these...

Kemp, B. M.; Malhi, R.; Witt, K. E. (2024). "Late Pleistocene onset of mutualistic human/canid (Canis spp.) relationships in subarctic Alaska". Science...

the purpose of studying the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Intestinal mutualistic bacteria play an important role in affecting gene expression of the GI...

to obtaining adequate amounts of nitrogen, cicer milkvetch employs a mutualistic relationship with rhizobia bacteria. Cicer milkvetch exhibits rhizomes...

(where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected) or possibly mutualistic (where both organisms benefit), as the fungus's pale brown filaments...

family Zamiaceae. The beetle Pharaxonotha perezi is in an obligatory mutualistic relationship with Ceratozamia santillani, living and breeding in male...

epidermal cells. The Hartig net is part of the structure of ectomycorrizae, mutualistic symbioses between fungi and plant roots. He died in Braunschweig. 1836...

permanently underground in the Chiricahua Mountains in Arizona and forms a mutualistic association with the mealybug Rhizoecus colombiensis. Acropyga epedana...

humans is not merely commensal (a non-harmful coexistence), but rather a mutualistic relationship. Human gut microorganisms benefit the host by collecting...

study performed in the temperate forests of southern Argentina showed a mutualistic seed dispersal relationship between D. gliroides and Tristerix corymbosus...

C.; Florens, F.B.V. (2019). "Non-intrusive systematic study reveals mutualistic interactions between threatened island endemic species and points to...

Šobotník J, Engel MS, Bourguignon T (March 2021). "Termite evolution: mutualistic associations, key innovations, and the rise of Termitidae". Cell Mol...

based on 16s rRNA gene sequences. This bacterium is often involved in mutualistic relationships with legumes. It performs atmospheric nitrogen fixation...

be identified as a threat. Wicklerian-Eisnerian mimics may resemble a mutualistic ally, or a species of little significance to the prey such as a commensal...

Kleiner, Manuel; et al. (2016-06-09). "Environmental Breviatea harbor mutualistic Arcobacter epibionts". Nature. 534 (7606): 254–258. Bibcode:2016Natur...

competition should be low in stressful environments and that positive, mutualistic interactions should be favored (e.g.) In fact, lichens, which are mutualisms...

Fautin DG; Allen GR (2007). "Finding NEMO: nestedness engendered by mutualistic organization in anemonefish and their hosts". Proc R Soc B Biol Sci....

transformed the parasitic relationship between the bacteria and plants into a mutualistic relationship. The shifting dynamics of this relationship are demonstrated...

reproductive process. The interaction between both of the organism can be mutualistic relationship or commensalism relationship. Plants have evolved unique...

biomass. T. lanuginosus is a secondary sugar fungus and can participate in mutualistic relationships with some true cellulose decomposers of composts. Thermomyces...

and by phagocytes, as in Salmonella. Bacteroides species are normally mutualistic bacteria, making up a substantial portion of the mammalian gastrointestinal...

heteropsammicola (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Diogenidae), replaces a mutualistic sipunculan in a walking coral symbiosis". PLOS ONE. 12 (9) e0184311....

along the Long Island Sound and in Rhode Island. Minuca pugnax has a mutualistic relationship with Spartina alterniflora, a perennial deciduous grass...

granular crust where the fungus produces its fruiting bodies. Despite their mutualistic relationship, both the algae and the fungus maintain their individual...

life strategies decoded by genome and transcriptome analyses of the mutualistic root symbiont Piriformospora indica". PLOS Pathogens. 7 (10) e1002290...

species. The growth of extramatrical mycelium has a direct effect on the mutualistic nutrient trading between ectomycorrhizal fungi and their hosts. Increased...

and the epibiont bacteria within the holobiont colonies may perform mutualistic interactions where limiting nutrients such as iron can be mobilized from...

on the ecological conditions, the interspecific interactions may be mutualistic or antagonistic. In mutualisms, both partners benefit from the interaction...

rate, through tissue damage and anaemia, to death. Many host fish have mutualistic arrangements with certain shrimps such as Ancylomenes pedersoni, whereby...

sucked up. They can be opportunistic blood feeders. Houseflies have a mutualistic relationship with the bacterium Klebsiella oxytoca, which can live on...

fruits, but enclosed inflorescences (syconia) that rely on an obligate mutualistic symbiosis with pollinating fig wasps. To pollinate the internal flowers...

14. It has been extinct in Laos since 2022. Irrawaddy dolphins have a mutualistic relationship of co-operative fishing with traditional fishers. Fishers...

Francesca; Bavestrello, Giorgio (2011). "First description of algal mutualistic endosymbiosis in a black coral (Anthozoa: Antipatharia)". Marine Ecology...

aquarium. Like all sea anemones in captivity that have a symbiotic, mutualistic relationship with anemonefish, S. gigantea requires intense aquarium...

& Allen, Gerald R. (2007). "Finding NEMO: nestedness engendered by mutualistic organization in anemonefish and their hosts". Proceedings of the Royal...

mentioned are similar in shape to the tūī's beak—a vivid example of mutualistic coevolution. The large untidy shallow cup-shaped nest is built by both...

T; Tryjanowski, P (2018). "Large-scale assessment of commensalistic–mutualistic associations between African birds and herbivorous mammals using internet...

female visit flowers to feed on nectar. Besides this, the male has a mutualistic relationship with one or more species of orchid. To persuade the male...

bug, and is in turn a host to symbiotic bacteria. It maintains strict mutualistic relationship with the bacteria as a sort of cell organelle (endosymbiont)...

sleep using the Ten Covenants centuries ago and as a result, the once mutualistic relationship between Dhampirs and Sirens has caused all but one male...

specialised to visit particular species of neotropical orchid. This is a mutualistic arrangement in which the male bee benefits from gathering the fragrance...

This symbiotic relationship between ravens and wolves is shown to be mutualistic; ravens help wolves find prey and when the wolves kill them the ravens...

this type are not at all closely related to one another. Limpets have a mutualistic relationship with several other beings. Clathromorphum, a type of algae...

Ecol Lett 13, 154–161 Bastolla, U., et al. (2009) The architecture of mutualistic networks minimizes competition and increases biodiversity. Nature 458...

is not known whether this fungal genus is parasitic, saprotrophic, or mutualistic. All species of Neolecta are said to be edible. Redhead SA (1977). "The...

and September. It is a mycorrhizal fungus, and as such, establishes a mutualistic relationship with the roots of certain trees ("hosts"), in which the...

Albrecht T, Tryjanowski P. (2018) Large-scale assessment of commensalistic–mutualistic associations between African birds and herbivorous mammals using internet...

pick up trace nutrients in their claws, that are then ingested favor a mutualistic relationship with populations of fur moths. More recently, a new hypothesis...

Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-521-61714-7. Mackie, R. I. (1 April 2002). "Mutualistic Fermentative Digestion in the Gastrointestinal Tract: Diversity and Evolution"...

genes coding for cell wall degrading enzymes because the species is mutualistic and not pathogenic. Effector molecules secreted by the fungus affect...

created knowingly to both parties in order to achieve their goals, and is mutualistic in nature. Adoption and foster care have always been grouped into the...

energy source in the form of magnesium ATP. This last is provided by a mutualistic symbiosis between the bacteria and a host plant, often a legume. The...

cones do break down. The beetle Pharaxonotha confusa is in an obligatory mutualistic relationship with Zamia fairchildiana, living and breeding in male cones...