Muhammad ibn Isma'il al-Maktum (Arabic: مُحَمَّد ٱبْن إسْماعِيل ٱلْمَكتُوم, romanized: Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl al-Maktūm; c. 740–813) was the eldest son of Isma'il al-Mubarak and the seventh imam in Isma'ilism. When Isma'il died, his son Muhammad continued to live in Medina under the care of his grandfather Ja'far al-Sadiq until the latter's death in 148/765. After the death of Abd Allah al-Aftah, Muhammad was the senior most member of the Husaynid branch of the Alids. However, due to the rival group that recognized Musa al-Kazim as their imam, and the Abbasid Caliphate's persecution of all Alid partisans, Muhammad fled Medina with his sons for the east. For this reason, he was known as al-Maktum (lit.'the hidden one'). He had two sons when living in Medina and then four more sons after his emigration, among whom was his successor Ahmad al-Wafi. Muhammad's descendants became the Fatimid dynasty that ruled Ifriqiya and later Egypt and much of the Levant, and founded Cairo.
Life
Muhammad was the eldest son of Isma'il ibn Ja'far, and the eldest grandson of the Shi'aimam, Ja'far al-Sadiq.[1] Muhammad's life is relatively obscure, with most information known today deriving from the account of the 15th-century YemeniIsma'ili scholar and religious leader, Idris Imad al-Din.[2] His mother was a slave-wife (umm al-walad) called Umm Farwa.[a][3] The sources claim that Muhammad was 26 years old in 765, meaning that he was born in c. 738, while one source, the Dastūr al-Munajjimīn, places his birth in Dhu al-Hijja 121/November 739.[2] Muhammad passed his early life with his grandfather for 24 years, and 10 years with his family in Medina.[4]
Most sources agree that Muhammad's father Isma'il had been designated by al-Sadiq as his successor,[2] but Isma'il apparently predeceased al-Sadiq.[5] Upon al-Sadiq's death in 765, the issue of succession was open, and his partisans split up into different groups: most followed Isma'il's only full brother, Abdallah al-Aftah; others followed Musa al-Kazim or Muhammad al-Dibaj, Isma'il's half-brothers; a faction held that the designation had passed to Isma'il's son, Muhammad, while others held that Isma'il was not dead, but in hiding and that he would return as the mahdi.[6] Al-Aftah died a few months after al-Sadiq, leaving Muhammad ibn Isma'il as the eldest member of al-Sadiq's family—Musa al-Kazim was not only younger by about eight years than him, but also the son of a slave concubine, rather than of al-Sadiq's wife Fatima, who could boast of Alid descent, being the granddaughter of al-Hasan ibn Ali.[5] However, at al-Aftah's death most of the latter's followers went over to Musa al-Kazim.[7] Threatened by his uncle's supporters, Muhammad abandoned his native Medina for the east, going into hiding and acquiring the epithet al-Maktum (lit.'the hidden one').[2]
The Sunni historian al-Tabari (d. 923) refers to Muhammad as a rāwī, a title he must have earned before his concealment.[4][8]
He was in Medina when he rose to the protection of the religion of God, despatched his da'is, spread his doctrine, and ordered his missionaries to scarch for the 'land of refuge' (dar hijra) in which to seek safety.[8]
— Idrid Imad al-Din, ʿUyūn al-Akhbār
Juvayni (d. 1283) records that, during the Abbasid persecution carried out against Isma'il ibn Ja'far, Muhammad and his brother Ali were in hiding in Medina.[3] Muhammad left Medina to escape Abbasid espionage and thereafter lived incognito, his whereabouts being known to only a few of his most responsible followers.[8] Different sources mention various localities and regions as his final destination, but it is certain that he first went to southern Iraq and then to Persia.[2][9] According to the later Isma'ilis, this emigration marks the beginning of the period of concealment (dawr al-satr) in early Isma'ilism, the concealment ending with the establishment of the Fatimid caliphate (r. 909–1171).[10]
Muhammad ibn Isma'il seems to have spent the latter part of his life in Khuzestan, in southwestern Persia, where he had a certain number of supporters and from where he despatched his own da'is to adjoining areas.[11]
Death
The exact date of Muhammad's death remains unknown. But it is almost certain that he died during the caliphate of the celebrated Harun al-Rashid (r. 786–809), perhaps soon after 179/795–796, the year in which al-Rashid, continuing the anti-Alid policy of his predecessors, arrested Musa al-Kazim in Medina and banished him to Iraq as a prisoner. The Twelver sources, which are hostile to Muhammad ibn Isma'il, maintain that it was he who betrayed Musa to the Abbasids, though they also relate the story of a reconciliation between these two Fatimids prior to Muhammad's departure for Iraq.[11]
Family
Muhammad had two sons who were apparently born to him before his migration to the East,—Isma'il and Ja'far.[12][11] They seem to be quite historical, left large posterity, are very rarely referred to in Isma'ili works, and apparently played no part in sectarian life.[12] After his emigration, he had four more sons, including Abdullah, who, according to the later Isma'ilis, was his rightful successor.[11][13]
