Moral police is an umbrella category of vigilante groups which act to enforce a code of morality in India.[1][2] Some of India's laws, and some actions of police forces in India are also considered to be instances of moral policing.[3] The target of moral policing is any activity that vigilante groups, the government or police deem to be "immoral" and/or "against Indian culture".[4][5]
Overview
India has several vigilante groups that claim to protect the Indian culture. They resist and oppose cultural concepts that they deem to have been imported from the Western culture.[6] They have been known to attack bars and pubs.[7] Some of these groups have attacked or have forced art exhibitions to shut down, where they claim obscene paintings were being displayed.[8][9] Right-wing groups have canvassed door-to-door and put up posters against western-style clothing.[10] Some have also condemned beauty parlours.[11] Some members of the media have also colluded with such groups.[7][failed verification] Some politicians have supported such viewpoints and occasionally such activities.[6]
Laws
In India, the Sections 292 to 294 of the Indian Penal Code are used to deal with obscenity. Most of these laws date back to 1860.[12] The Section 292 of the Indian Penal Code deals with sales and distribution of obscene books and other material. It criminalises materials like books and paintings if it is deemed to be "lascivious or appeals to the prurient interest".[13] The Section 292 was amended in 1969 to exclude material that are for public good (like condom ads),[12] scientific material, art and religious figures.[14] Police also use Section 292 of the IPC to file cases against film posters and advertisement hoardings that are deemed to be "obscene".[15]
The Section 293 deals with the sale of obscene material to people under 20.[13] The Section 294 of the Indian Penal Code deals with "obscene acts and songs" and it states that:
Whoever, to the annoyance of others
(a) Does any obscene act in any public place, or (b) Sings, recites or utters any obscene song, ballad or words, in or near any public place,
Shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to three months, or with fine, or with both.[16]
There is no proper definition of an obscene act and it is open to interpretation.[16] It is frequently used by the police to justify acts of moral policing.[17]
Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 (also known as Prevention of Immoral Traffic Act or PITA) was originally passed to prevent human trafficking.[18] It allows police to raid hotels if they suspect a sex racket is being run there.[19] Police have used this law to raid hotels and arrest consenting couples.[20]
India's obscenity laws have also been frequently compared to the Hicklin test.[14][21][22] Despite demands to criminalize moral policing, there are no laws, due to which such incidents continue to happen.[23]
Following increasing incidents of moral policing, with complaints against police officers involved in such acts, the Supreme Court of India passed a ruling in December 2022 stating that police officers cannot indulge in any kind of moral policing.[24] Due to a backlash following a raid in August 2015 on a hotel in Mumbai where consenting couples were arrested for indecent behaviour in public, then commissioner Rakesh Maria ordered cops not to use the Section 110 of the Bombay Police Act, 1951 which is an offense of Public Indecency to harass citizens and moral police them.[25]
Valentine's Day is often opposed by groups like Shiv Sena and the moral police for being a western import.[26] Vigilante groups have been known to attack gift and greeting card shops prior on the occasion.[27] Couples are often beaten up for holding hands or kissing in public.[26]
Shiv Sena leader Uddhav Thackeray has called it an attack of the west on Indian culture and that it is attracting youth for commercial gain. Shiv Sena's former leader Bal Thackeray has said that people not wanting violence on the day should not celebrate it.[28] He has also called the festival shameless and contrary to Indian culture.[29] Occasionally, the police also try to restrict these groups but even though their activities flourish 'til the date.[30]
Incidents of moral policing
By vigilante groups, religious organizations and unaffiliated citizens
In the early 1990s, an Islamic women's separatist organization called Dukhtaran-e-Millat in Jammu and Kashmir began forcing local women to cover their faces and threatening them with acid attacks.[31][32][33] During the period, they also attacked cinemas, video parlours, beauty parlours and wine shops.[31] In 2005, they attacked hotel bars and restaurants, and destroyed liquor bottles.[33]
In 1996, a Hindi magazine Vichar Mimansa published an article titled "M. F. Husain: A Painter or a Butcher?" which contained reprints of paintings M. F. Husain had created in 1975. They depicted various Hindu goddesses in nude or copulating poses. Eight different lawsuits were filed against him.[34] In 2008, the Delhi High Court quashed three cases which had been transferred to it.[35]
The 1996 Miss World pageant was held in Bangalore. It faced criticism from protestors who claimed that event was demeaning women and India's culture. Several self-immolation threats were made. The police arrest 1,500 protestors, including several from the BJP. One man died in a self-immolation attempt.[36][37][38][39] Among other organizations which had protested the event were: Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha and Communist Party of India.[36][40]
In May 2005, Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) workers stormed a pub in Pune, Maharashtra, broke window panes, and damaged furniture. The move came days after Pune Police had forced five pubs to shut before the closing time of 12:30 am.[43]
In September 2005, Tamil actress Khushbu said during an interview with a magazine that it was fine for girls to indulge in pre-marital sex as long as they took precautions against diseases and pregnancies.[44] Various political parties, notably Pattali Makkal Katchi and Dalit Panthers of India, took offence at the statement.[45] They claimed that the comment "denigrates the chastity of Tamil Women" and over 20 lawsuits were filed against the actress in the state of Tamil Nadu. During a hearing in November, protestors hurled eggs, rotten tomatoes and slippers at her car.[46] In April 2010, the Supreme Court of India dropped all 23 defamation cases against her.[47]
In September 2005, a fatwa against tennis player Sania Mirza was issued by a cleric named Haseeb-ul-hasan Siddiqui of the Sunni Ulema Board. The fatwa said that her attire on the tennis court and billboard advertisements were un-Islamic.[48] Mirza later decided to hire bodyguards.[49]
In September 2005, a court in Rajasthan fined an Israeli couple ₹1,000 for kissing during their wedding ceremony. The couple had decided to get married in a Hindu ceremony at Pushkar Lake. However, the priests were offended when the couple started kissing and hugging during the ceremony, and filed a lawsuit.[50][51]
On 14 February 2006, Shiv Sena activists attacked a private celebration of Valentines Day in Mumbai. Shiv Sena leader Bal Thackeray condemned the attack and apologised, making a statement that "It is said that women were beaten up in the Nallasopara incident. If that really happened, then it is a symbol of cowardice. I have always instructed Shiv Sainiks that in any situation women should not be humiliated and harassed."[52]
In December 2006, an obscenity case was filed against Rajasthan Chief Minister Vasundhara Raje and Biocon India Chief Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw for allegedly kissing at a public function.[53][54] The lawsuit came after newspapers published the pictures of a cheek-to-cheek air kiss from a peculiar angle.[55]
2008 Imphal bombing: In October 2008, an explosion occurred at Ragailong, a tribal village near Imphal where people had gathered to play a traditional gambling game. Seventeen people were killed, and many more injured, in the blast. The Kangleipak Communist Party (Military Council) claimed responsibility for the blast, stating they wanted to stop the game because it "affects Manipuri culture adversely".[56]
2009 Mangalore pub attack: On 24 January 2009, members of the Sri Ram Sena barged into the pub "Amnesia – The Lounge" in Mangalore, Karnataka, and beat up a group of young women and men, claiming the women should not be drinking in a public place.[57]
In December 2011, Vinay Rai, the editor of a Delhi-based Urdu daily called Akbari, filed an obscenity case against 21 websites including Facebook, Yahoo and Google, for allegedly distributing obscene material. The companies appealed the Delhi High Court to drop the case, but the Delhi HC on 13 January allowed the case to proceed.[58]
2012 Mangalore homestay attack: On 28 July 2012, activists belonging to the Hindu Jagarana Vedike attacked a birthday party at an unlicensed homestay in Mangalore, Karnataka. The 12 people at the party, including 5 girls, were allegedly beaten, stripped and molested. The faces of some girls were blackened. The activists claimed the youngsters were consuming alcohol and were involved in "some indecent activities".[59]
In February 2013, three girls who were members of a rock band in Jammu and Kashmir began receiving threats and hate messages on the internet. Later, the Grand Mufti of Kashmir, Bashir-ud-din Farooqi, issued a fatwa against them, asking them to stop such immoral activities.[60] Ayaz Akbar, the spokesperson of All Parties Hurriyat Conference said that western culture had no place in the Kashmir valley,[60] and Dukhtaran-e-Millat also supported the fatwa.[61] Later, the girls shut down the band.[62]
On 23 October 2014, a restaurant in Kozhikode was attacked and vandalised. The attackers claimed that eatery was facilitating immoral activities.[63] The attack came after a local Malayalam-language TV channel broadcast a report claiming that some coffee shops and restaurants in Kozhikode had become centres of "immoral activities".[64]
On 14 July 2015, a Madhyamam Daily journalist and her husband were attacked by a group at her office. They did not accept that they were married. The police arrived before the incident escalated. Later, a Communist Party of India (Marxist) leader was arrested for leading the attack.[65][66]
In 2016, a Mumbai-based live-in couple committed suicide after their family opposed their marriage in Andheri east area of the city.[67] This was one of the few instances where couples cohabitating faced moral policing for bringing dishonor to the family.[68]
On March 8, 2017 Moral policing happened in marine drive Kochi against the kiss of love activists. As the ‘moral police’ unleashed attack on a few couples who were reluctant to disperse, about 20 other couples present at the spot fled in scare. ‘‘Some of the couples were seen pleading to let them go. But the group abused some of the females and cane-charged them,’’ said an eyewitness.[69]
On February 19, 2020 a man was attacked in Kochi by three people while he was riding on a motorcycle with his wife. The three people hit the man and he became unconscious. Police later arrested three of the culprits.[70]
By police
In October 1993, Mumbai Police began arresting street-hawkers selling girlie magazines. The publishers of Debonair issued a letter to retailers declaring that their magazine was not banned. They petitioned Bombay High Court against seizures of its issues. Another magazine, Chastity, delayed its November issue until it could acquire legal support against seizures.[71]
In September 2000, Mumbai Police banned kissing in the Marine Drive area. They cited the Section of 110 Mumbai Police Act, 1951 which allows the police to interfere in "disorderly behaviour." The decree was later withdrawn after protests.[72]
In September 2005, the license of a Chennai night club was suspended by the police, after photographs of some couples kissing were published by two newspapers, Tamil Murasu and Dinamalar. The reason for the license suspension was given that the club served alcohol after midnight.[73] Following the incident, several clubs and bars in the city banned cellphones with cameras.[74]
On 19 December 2005, police personnel raided a public park in Meerut, accompanied by cameras crews from TV channels. They attacked couples sitting in the park in front of cameras. The raid was termed "Operation Majnu" (named after the folklore) and it was claimed by the police that the purpose was to check sexual harassment.[3][75]
In November 2006, police raided a trance music festival in Ramgarh near Jaipur after local complained about alcohol, drug and sex. They also said that the laser lights at the venue were disturbing the local wildlife.[50][76]
In September 2008, a policeman in Delhi filed a case of obscenity against a married couple for kissing in the Dwarka court complex. The couple appealed in the Delhi High Court. The Court noted that even though the charge-sheet claimed that the case was filed because the passerby were feeling bad, no one was mentioned by name. The Court said that kissing in public by married couples cannot be termed obscene.[77][78] The Court passed its verdict on 25 May 2009 and asked the police to drop the case against the couple. The police was asked to pay ₹5,000 to both husband and wife.[79]
In January 2008, the police from D.N. Nagar of Mumbai arrested a Belgian fashion photographer named Vandelanotte Gaetan for taking nude pictures of two Indian models, Tushar Narvekar and Nitin Gupta.[80] A court discharged him in March 2009 saying a laptop is akin to a personal diary and photos stored on it cannot be used as evidence of obscenity.[81]
In August 2008, 22 customs officers were arrested from a party at a bungalow near Lonavla. They were allegedly watching porn on a laptop and were undressed. The police also arrested 10 girls and a husband-wife duo.[82] The Mumbai High Court dropped the case in September 2010 stating watching pornography in a private residence is not an offence.[83]
On 29 November 2011, the Ghaziabad police launched its own "Operation Majnu". The police caught couples in parks and made the men do sit-ups in front of TV cameras. The head of the operation an officer called Alka Pandey said it was to prevent "innocent girls being trapped by boys with evil motives".[84]
In 2012, Assistant Police Commissioner Vasant Dhoble carried out a series of raids on bars and clubs in and around Mumbai, claiming to rescue prostitutes.[85] In one instance, he labelled four German women wrongly as sex workers in front of cameras when he arrested them on 30 March 2014 from the Voodoo pub.[86] On 5 June 2012, Dhoble raided Masala Curry restaurant after he felt suspicious of women being allowed free entry.[87] Two cousins who were picked up in the raid later filed a defamation case against Dhoble.[88]
On 10 August 2013, Ghaziabad police raided a hotel on a tip-off and detained 56 adult couples. It was later found out of them, 52 couples were married or consenting friends. The police had carried out the raid after locals noticed usual traffic to the hotel and told the police.[20][89]
Following the gang rape of a photojournalist in Mumbai in August 2013, Mumbai Police Commissioner Satyapal Singh was severely criticized by the public for defending moral policing.[90] The Commissioner was quoted to have said, "On the one hand you want to have a promiscuous culture and on the other hand you want a safe and secure environment for the people."[91]
Hyderabad Police raided a gay party at a club in the city on 3 September 2013. The police defended that raid under the Sector 294 of IPC that it was obscenity in a public place and that bar was serving alcohol after closing time.[92]LGBT activists denounced the raid as "a classic example of moral policing" and discrimination against the LGBT community.[93]
On 14 February 2014, the police in Gokarna attacked a party of about 200 foreigners with sticks. The police claimed that the party was going on after established time limit.[94] The victims alleged that initially the police had demanded bribes to let the party continue, but attacked them after they refused. A petition was sent to various embassies to interfere in the matter.[95]
On 6 August 2015, Malwani police in Mumbai, raided hotels and guest houses near Aksa Beach and Madh Island, and detained about 40 couples. Most of them were consenting couples in private rooms, but they were charged under Section 110 (Indecent behaviour in public) of the Bombay Police Act and fined ₹1,200 (US$14).[96] Only three cases were filed under Prevention of Immoral Traffic Act. Following a backlash and criticism, Mumbai Police Commissioner Rakesh Maria ordered an inquiry into the raids.[97] Subsequently, Maria passed an order department wide not to use the Section 110 of the Bombay Police Act, 1951 which is an offense of Public Indecency to harass citizens and moral police them.[98]
In 2017, Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath started the anti-romeo squads in the department for safety of women and young girls from sexual harassment and eve-teasing. However, the squads were found to be involved in acts of moral policing, harassment of couples, as well as extortion.[99] Due to such incidents, the Police force and the Government came under fire from media for such incidents of moral policing, as well as misuse of authority, eventually demanding that the squads be disbanded.[100]
In 2021, Chennai Police intervened in a case regarding a lesbian couple, who willingly fled their houses fearing interrogation and harassment.[101] The couple approached the Madras High Court; the verdict passed by judge N Anand Venkatesh ruled in their favor, ruling the need to reform and introduce a specific clause while dealing with same sex couples.[102] Furthermore, in the interim ruling, Judge Venkatesh prohibited Conversion Therapy, besides suggesting comprehensive measures to sensitize the society and remove prejudices against the LGBTQIA+ community.[103]
The Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) or the Censor Board, which is tasked with regulating the public exhibition of films under the provisions of the "Cinematograph Act, 1952", has been accused of moral policing by some filmmakers. Director Anurag Kashyap has argued that it is infeasible to have a single body for a large and diverse country like India.[104] Director Prakash Jha has pointed out that even if a film is certified by the Board, it is often not allowed a release in some states due to protests from local political parties or moral police. He has also said that the Board should be scrapped and each film-maker should simply state the type of content in the film because the society is mature enough to understand it.[105]Sudhir Mishra has noted that censor committees have been influenced to giving films lighter ratings.[105]
The former chief of the Censor Board, Sharmila Tagore, has defended the body saying that it does not carried out moral policing.[106] In August 2014, then chief of the Censor Board, Rakesh Kumar, was arrested for allegedly delaying certifications to films and demanding bribes to speed up the process.[107]
Throughout India, restrictions have been place by some state governments on timings for pubs, bars and other establishments that sell liquor.[108]
The 2005 ban on dance bars in Maharashtra was considered to be an act of moral policing. Prior to the ban, the state government had claimed that the bars had a "corrupting influence on youth and compromised the moral standards of local men". As a result of the ban thousands of women employed by the 750 bars in the state lost their jobs and many were forced into prostitution.[108] In June 2011, the state raised the legal age of drinking to 25, from previous 21.[109] Furthermore, an old law called "Bombay Prohibition of Foreign Liquor Act, 1949", mandates anyone seeking to buy, possess or consume alcohol to obtain a special permit.[110]
The state of Karnataka has a law dating back to 1967, called Rule 11(1) of the "Karnataka Excise Licences Rules of 1967", which prohibits dancing in establishments which serve alcohol. In July 2014, the Karnataka High Court asked the government of amend the law, stating that it was unconstitutional as it violated the Freedom of Expression.[111] This law had been used by the local police to ban dancing in bars and clubs, especially in Bangalore.[112]
In February 2007, Gujarat government in a press release stated that it would not be introducing sex education in the state. It stated that the books suggested in the program by the Central government were inappropriate for children.[115] However, in April 2010, it reintroduced sex education in a diluted form.[116]
In March 2007, Maharashtra government banned sex education in schools.[117] The ban came after the ruling and opposition Members of the Legislative Assembly protested in the state assembly claiming that western countries had forced the Central government to implement the program.[118]
In April 2007, the Karnataka Minister for Primary and Secondary Education Basavaraj Horatti said that the program has been put on hold after complaints from teachers. The teachers had complained that the books was oriented towards increasing the sales of condoms, and that the illustrations were against Indian culture and sexually provocative.[119]
In May 2007, Rajasthan Chief Minister Vasundhara Raje wrote a letter to Arjun Singh, then Union Minister of Human Resource Development. In the letter, she stated that children in Class IX and XI, at whom the course was directed, do not require sex education as they are in the early stages of puberty. The state Education Minister Ghansyam Tiwari stated that they already had a life skills course called Jeevan Shaili, and sex education will have a negative impact on young minds.[121]
Others
In 1996, it was announced by a Chandigarh-based company Global Internet Ltd. that an adult entertainment pay channel[122] called Plus 21 would be launched in India. In response to this, the National Commission for Women (NCW) filed a lawsuit in the Delhi High Court.[123] NCW claimed that it was performing its stipulated functions of protecting the interests of women and preventing culture shock to viewers. NCW was represented by notable feminist lawyer Indira Jaising. NCW claimed that channel would be showing pornography which would violate Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act 1986. The argument also cited the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885.[122] The High Court put an injunction against the launch of the channel.[124]
In January 2007, the Information and Broadcasting ministry banned the TV channel AXN for two months. The channel was allegedly adversely affecting public morality by broadcasting a show called 'World's Sexiest Commercials' after 11 pm.[130]
In March 2013, the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology ordered Fashion TV to be taken off air for 10 days, for violating the Cable Television Networks Rules, 1994. The government claimed the channel was showing obscene and vulgar visuals which were unsuitable for the public and children. This was the 3rd time the channel was ordered to go off-air.[134]
In May 2014, the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology suspended the TV channel Comedy Central for 10 days. The ministry claimed that Comedy Central had violated Cable Television Networks Regulation Act, 1995, by showing shows which were obscene and denigrated women.[135] In November 2014, Delhi High Court upheld the government's order. By this time, the channel had gone off air for 4 days. They had appealed in the court claiming that their right to broadcast was protected under Article 19 of the Constitution. The court had also upheld a fine of ₹20,000.[136] However, later in the same month the Supreme Court stayed the order and allowed further hearing.[137]
In March 2015, local authorities in the Malda district of West Bengal cancelled a women's football match, featuring national team players, between a Kolkata side and a North Bengal team in March 2015. The order came after Muslim residents and local maulvis objected to women playing sports. Biplab Roy, the Block Development Officer (BDO) of Harishchandrapur, Malda explained, "When I came to know about the local opposition, I referred the matter to the SP and the DM, and the local police station. The order came from the top that the match should be cancelled, and I acted accordingly in the interest of peace and tranquillity and public order."[138]
In 2016, a man was killed in Mankada, Malappuram, Kerala for visiting his girlfriend in the night. The victim was a 42-year-old man called Nazeer from the same locality. Around three in the morning some of his neighbours spotted him in a house where a woman was living alone. They attacked him and killed as an act of moral policing. Kerala police have arrested three persons in connection with this incident.[139]
Accusations of obscenity against actors and film-makers
In 1993, during Nelson Mandela's visit to India, he kissed actress Shabana Azmi on the cheek. The incident created a controversy and drew criticism from the Muslim community.[140][141]
In 1995, an obscenity case was filed against model-turned actor Milind Soman and Madhu Sapre for posing nude in a shoe advertisement. They were acquitted by a Mumbai court in December 2009.[142] The court said that what may consider obscene for one, may not be so for others.[143]
In February 2000, a Mumbai court heard an obscenity case against actresses, Pooja Bhatt, Madhuri Dixit, Mamta Kulkarni, Karisma Kapoor, Tabassum Hashmi, Raveena Tandon and Juhi Chawla. The main complainant in the case was Archana Chavan, head of the Baroda-based Nari Shakti Sanghatna. She claimed that the actresses were corrupting Indian culture. The court dropped the case stating the allegation of obscenity were vague.[144]
In July 2000, an obscenity case against Mamta Kulkarni was heard in a Mumbai court. She was accused of posing obscenely on the cover of magazine called Stardust in 1993.[145] The court fined her ₹15,000 however the judgement was quashed by the Mumbai High Court as lower court didn't have authority to levy fines over ₹5,000.[146]
In January 2005, a case was filed against Pooja Bhatt, the director of a film called Rog. The complainant was a St Xavier's College lecturer, Pratibha Naithani, who considered the posters of film obscene.[147][148] The case was dropped in 2008 by a Bandra court. But it was reopened in 2011, after the petition of one Vinod Jain. In November 2012, the Bombay High Court dropped the case.[149]
In 2006, a Madurai-based lawyer, Dakshninammorthy, filed a case against actress Shilpa Shetty and Reema Sen, under Section 109 of the Indian Penal Code, Prevention of Publication of Obscene Pictures Act and Section 3 of the Young Persons (Harmful Publications) Act. The lawsuit came in response to some photographs published in a newspaper called Tamil Murasu. The petitioner claimed that the pictures polluted the minds of the youth. The court had issued non-bailable warrants against the actresses.[150] On 23 April 2008, the Madras High Court dropped that case against the two actresses, but added that the case could be continued against the publishers.[151]
In May 2006, a case filed against an item girl, Rakhi Sawant, after a live performance for "indecent behaviour" and "destroying public peace" under Section 110, 112, 117 of the Bombay Police Act, 1951. The organizer was also indicted in the case.[152][153]
In 2006, Shailendra Dwivedi, an Indore-based lawyer, filed an obscenity case against actors Aishwarya Rai and Hrithik Roshan for kissing in the movie Dhoom 2. The lawyer claimed that the scene was vulgar and couldn't be watched by Indian families.[154][155] A separate case had been filed by a Muzaffarpur-based lawyer named Sudhir Kumar Ojha.[156]
In January 2007, Vinod Jain tried to file an obscenity case against actress Mallika Sherawat in the Santacruz police station after watching the telecast of a New Year's performance on television.[157] The police examined the footage and decided not file a case after pointing out that Sherawat was wearing a skin-coloured suit.[158] However, later a Bandra court had accepted the petition.[159] In June 2007, Narendra Tiwari, the President of the Baroda bar association, filed an obscenity case against her for the same performance.[160] In January 2011, Sherawat was acquitted in one of the cases but Vinod Jain said that he will appeal in the Mumbai High Court.[161] In the other case, Sherawat appealed to the Gujarat High Court to drop the case, but the Court rejected the appeal on 2 March 2013. On 16 August 2013, the Supreme Court of India stayed the proceedings on appeal.[162]
Shilpa Shetty and Richard Gere kissing incident: In April 2007, effigies of Hollywood actor Richard Gere and Bollywood actress Shilpa Shetty were burnt after Gere kissed Shetty on the cheek at an AIDS awareness function in Delhi, and a Rajasthan court ordered Gere's arrest on obscenity charges.[26] The lawsuit had been filed by a lawyer named Poonam Chand Bhandari claimed to have been annoyed by the obscene act.[163] Former Attorney GeneralSoli Sorabjee described the court order as reminiscent of the "Taliban moral police".[164][165] In April 2008, the Supreme Court of India dropped the arrest warrant against Gere and said that he is free to enter and leave India anytime.[166] In November 2011, the Supreme Court shifted the case against Shetty to a Mumbai court.[167]
In 2009, an obscenity case was filed against actor Akshay Kumar and his wife Twinkle Khanna by an activist named Anil Nair. During a fashion show in Mumbai, Kumar had allegedly walked down the ramp and asked his wife who was seated in the front to unbutton his jeans.[168]
In 2009, Rajnikant Borile, a social worker, filed an obscenity case against Mallika Sherawat in Yavatmal, claiming she had performed obscene acts in her various films which affected the society and the younger generation.[169]
In December 2011, a Nampally-based lawyer Sai Krishna Azad filed an obscenity case against actress Vidya Balan. According to him, poster and advesitisement of the film The Dirty Picture, starring Balan, were spoiling the minds of people and causing harm to the society. The court accepted petition, it directed police to book Balan and take action against the posters.[170][171]
On 2 February 2015, Akhilesh Tiwari, president of Brahman Ekta Seva Sanstha filed a complaint against film-maker Karan Johar, and actors Arjun Kapoor and Ranveer Singh in Mumbai. They claimed that they had appeared in a YouTube comedy channel's roast event held in December 2014, All India Bakchod Knockout, whose videos were uploaded to the internet. The complaint accused the three of using filthy language. The Maharashtra government also ordered an inquiry. The video removed from on 3 February by the channel. Later, in a separate complaint filed by one Wazir Shaikh in Pune, accusations against 14 people were included. It named Deepika Padukone, who was kissed by Ranveer Singh. Sonakshi Sinha was also named in it. YouTube was accused of distributing the obscene content. The charges filed were Indian Penal Code Section 292 (distribution of obscene content) and Section 294 (obscene act in public place); and Section 67a of IT Act (transmitting of material containing sexually explicit act in electronic form).[172][173][174]
Other
Some colleges and universities enforce a dress code on their students, usually restricting girls from wearing Western clothing. The rationale behind such restriction has been that such clothes attract "eve-teasing".[175]
Protests against moral policing
In 2009, following the 2009 Mangalore pub attack, an organisation called "Consortium of Pubgoing, Loose forward Women" started a movement called the "Pink chaddi campaign". The movement requested people to mail pink underwear to Pramod Muthalik the leader of Sri Ram Sena which was behind the attacks. About 34,000 people participated.[176]
In the state of Kerala, a public hugging and kissing campaign by name 'Kiss of Love' was launched in protest against moral policing on 2 November 2014.[177] Similar events were later organized in Delhi,[178]Kolkata,[179] and various other cities.
^"National Commission for Women". Department of Women and Children. Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. Retrieved 26 December 2014. The Hon'ble High Court of Delhi put an injection on the launching of +21 adult channel by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Govt. of India.
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Tượng Shahrukh Mirza Shahrukh Mirza (20 tháng 8, 1377 - 12 tháng 3, 1447) là hoàng đế ở phía đông của đế quốc được sáng lập ở Trung Á bởi lãnh chúa Timur (Tamerlane) - người sáng lập ra nhà Timourid. Shahrukh trị vì phần lớn Ba Tư và Transoxiana từ 1405 đến 1447. Shāhrukh là người con trai thứ tư, cũng là con út của Timur và một người vợ người người Ba Tư của Timur. Một người vợ của Shahrukh là Go...
Further information: History of Europe and History of Asia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: History of Eurasia – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) By the time of the Roman Empire, the Silk Road was firmly established. ...
Stadium in Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine Metalurh StadiumLocationKryvyi Rih, UkraineCapacity29,734 (football)SurfaceGrassConstructionOpened1970[1]Renovated1999,[1] 2012–2021Closed2021Demolished2021TenantsFC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih Stadion Metalurh is a multi-purpose stadium in Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine. It is located near the city's neighborhood Sotsmisto (Social city). It is currently used mostly for football matches, and was the home of FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih.[1] The stadium holds 29,73...
Agency of the Government of Ontario The Ontario Municipal Board (OMB) was an independent administrative board, operated as an adjudicative tribunal,[1] in the province of Ontario, Canada. It heard applications and appeals on municipal and planning disputes,[2] as well as other matters specified in provincial legislation. The tribunal reported to the Ministry of the Attorney General from 2012 until its shuttering.[3] The Board had been criticized for its broad powers an...
Australian filmmaker This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Elissa Down – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)...
Lutheran Christian center in Washington, US This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Holden Villageclass=notpageimage| Locat...
United States historic placeRobert E. Lee SchoolU.S. National Register of Historic Places Show map of TennesseeShow map of the United StatesLocation402 Lee Street, Paris, Henry County, TennesseeCoordinates36°18′21″N 88°19′48″W / 36.30583°N 88.33000°W / 36.30583; -88.33000Built1893NRHP reference No.88001426[1]Added to NRHPSeptember 7, 1988 The Robert E. Lee School is a historic school building located at 402 Lee Street, Paris, Henry County,...
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Convention Center/South 15th Street station – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2021) Convention CenterA southbound Link car leaving Convention Center/South 15th Street station, with the Greater Tacoma Convention and Trade Center in th...
G.I. Joe character Fictional character ZanzibarG.I. Joe characterIllustration of Zanzibar from G.I. Joe: Order of Battle. Art by Herb Trimpe.First appearanceG.I. Joe: A Real American Hero isssue #60 (June 1987)In-universe informationAffiliationDreadnoksSpecialtyPirateFile nameMorgan TeachBirth placeCayman Islands Zanzibar is a fictional character from the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline and comic book series. He is affiliated with Cobra as the Dreadnoks' pirate and debuted in 1987. Pro...
UK Parliamentary by-election 1920 Dartford by-election ← 1918 27 March 1920 1922 → Candidate Mills Wing Meller Party Labour Liberal Unionist Popular vote 13,610 4,562 4,221 Percentage 50.1 16.8 15.6 Candidate Applin Fehr Party National Ind. Unionist Popular vote 2,952 1,802 Percentage 10.9 6.6 MP before election Rowlands Liberal Subsequent MP Jarrett Constitutionalist The 1920 Dartford by-election was held on 27 March 1920. The by-election was hel...
37th edition of top European men's futsal competition 2022–23 UEFA Futsal Champions LeagueThe Palma Arena in Palma de Mallorca hosted the final.Tournament detailsDatesQualifying rounds:24 August 2022 – 26 November 2022Final tournament:5 – 7 May 2023TeamsFinal tournament: 4Total: 56 (from 52 associations)Final positionsChampions Palma Futsal (1st title)Runners-up Sporting CPThird place BenficaFourth place AnderlechtTournament statisticsMatches played124Goals scored878 (7.0...
Association football club in England This article is about the men's football club. For the women's football club, see Manchester City W.F.C. For the Sierra Leonean football club, see Manchester City F.C. (Sierra Leone).Manchester City and Man City redirect here. For the city itself, see Manchester. For the television show episode, see Man City (Ted Lasso). Football clubManchester CityFull nameManchester City Football ClubNickname(s)The Citizens (Cityzens)[1][2]The BluesThe Sk...
هذه المقالة بحاجة لصندوق معلومات. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة صندوق معلومات مخصص إليها. لقطة من تاريخ روما الألعاب البرزخية مهرجان إغريقي قديم كان يُقام مرةً كل سنتين، في شهر أبريل على الأرجح، تكريماً لإله البحر بوسيدون، وذلك في حرمه الواقع على برزخ كورنث ومن هن...
Liga de Voleibol SuperiorSport Pallavolo TipoClub FederazioneFeDoVoli Paese Rep. Dominicana TitoloCampione della Repubblica Dominicana CadenzaAnnuale Partecipanti4 FormulaGirone all'italiana e play-off StoriaFondazione2021 Detentore Guerreros Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale La Liga de Voleibol Superior è il massimo campionato dominicano, posto sotto l'egida della FeDoVoli. Albo d'oro Anno Podio Campione Seconda Terza 2021Dettagli Guerreros Mauricio Báez ...
Ej att förväxla med Christer Pettersson. För liknande namn, se Christer Petersson (olika betydelser). Krister PeterssonFödd1961Medborgare iSverigeUtbildad vidStockholms universitet SysselsättningJuristRedigera Wikidata Krister Petersson, född 1961, är en svensk jurist. Han har varit chefåklagare vid internationella åklagarkammaren i Stockholm, och tillträdde i februari 2017 som förundersökningsledare i Palmeutredningen. Biografi Petersson avlade juristexamen vid...
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2020) هذه مقالة غير مراجعة. ينبغي أن يزال هذا القالب بعد أن يراجعها محرر؛ إذا لزم الأمر فيجب أن توسم المقالة بق...
2004 studio album by Nina SkyNina SkyStudio album by Nina SkyReleasedJune 22, 2004Recorded2003–2004StudioThe Hit Factory (New York City, New York, US)Genre Hip hop reggaetón R&B Length46:56Label Universal Next Plateau Producer Eddie O'Loughlin (exec.) Nicole Albino[1] Natalie Albino Lionel Bermingham M. Khan Chin The Jettsonz Cipha Sounds Supa Dups Will Divide Disco D Jamal Landlord George Charles E.J. Wells Cordel Burrell Curtis Bedeau Nina Sky chronology Nina Sky(...
Anastasiya VertinskayaVertinskaya, 2011LahirAnastasiya Alexandrovna Vertinskaya19 Desember 1944 (umur 79)Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet UnionPekerjaanAktrisTahun aktif1961–2002Suami/istriNikita Mihalkov (1967–1970)PenghargaanArtis Rakyat di Rusia (1988)Order of Honour (2005)Order of Friendship (2010) Anastasiya Alexandrovna Vertinskaya (Rusia: Анастаси́я Алекса́ндровна Верти́нскаяcode: ru is deprecated ,lahir 19 Desember 1944), adalah seorang ak...
