Million Dollar Band (marching band)

Million Dollar Band
SchoolUniversity of Alabama
LocationTuscaloosa, Alabama
ConferenceSEC
Founded1912 (1912)
DirectorKenneth Ozzello
Members407
Practice fieldButler Field
Fight song"Yea Alabama"
Websitebands.ua.edu/mdb-2/
Million Dollar Band uniform, front and back. There is a gray pants/black shoes variant.

The Million Dollar Band (sometimes shortened to MDB) is the official marching band of the University of Alabama. Founded in 1912, the Million Dollar Band is the largest student organization at the University of Alabama.[1] The band performs during pregame and halftime of every home and neutral-site Alabama football game; it also supplies at least a pep band to every away football game, as well as home men's basketball, women's basketball, women's gymnastics, and volleyball games. In 2003, the band was awarded the Sudler Trophy, recognizing it as one of the top college bands in the United States.

History

The band performing its pregame show prior to a football game in 2010.

The Million Dollar Band, which was first known simply as the "Alabama Band", was formed as a military band in 1912.[2] In its first year, the band consisted of just 14 members under director Dr. Gustav Wittig, who was also an engineering and physics professor at the university.[3][4] He served as director for five years before stepping down; the band was then student-led until 1927, when Captain H. H. Turner took over as director.[5] The story of how the band earned its name is contested, but the account recognized by the university (released in the 1948 football media guide) is as follows: during the 1922 football season, Alabama visited Georgia Tech and got blown out, 33–7. Champ Pickens, a notable Alabama alumnus who was present at the game, was asked by a local sportswriter, "You don't have much of a team, what do you have at Alabama?". In response, Pickens quipped, "A million dollar band." His inspiration for the term came from his observation of the impressive effort the small band had put into soliciting funds from local merchants in order to accompany the football team to off-campus games.[1]

In 1936, Colonel Carleton K. Butler (for whom the band’s practice field is named) took over the band and led it to national prominence among collegiate marching bands. Colonel Butler was known as the "Father of the Million Dollar Band." The 1935 football season was one of rebuilding for the Crimson Tide. The previous season had produced a national title but gone were All-Americans Bill Lee, Dixie Howell, and Don Hudson. There were, however, two men that would become significant forces in the Alabama tradition on campus that year. Paul W. Bryant was entering his senior season as an Alabama player while Carleton K. Butler was beginning his first season as director of the Million Dollar Band. Butler came to the university in 1935 and stayed until his retirement in 1969. Although the band was already an integral part of the Bama tradition, Butler would lead them to a higher level of prominence. Like Bryant, Colonel Butler's trademarks were discipline and sacrifice. The title of Colonel was an honorary distinction awarded by the ROTC in 1938. During Colonel Butler's tenure, the Million Dollar Band performed at 14 bowl games, appeared on numerous television broadcasts, represented the University at three governor's inaugurations and performed at the 1949 inauguration of President Harry S. Truman. His bands became famous for their precise marching formations, including the correct time, temperature, and even the score of the game. Majorettes were not allowed in his bands, but a coed sponsor led each march carrying a bouquet of roses. The Colonel also served as an instructor in the Music Department and helped train many music students who would hold positions as high school and college band directors throughout the nation. During World War II he directed many area high school and military bands in addition to his duties with the University of Alabama's marching band. He also played the oboe in the Birmingham Civic Symphony and authored numerous books and professional articles on music. After Colonel Butler's retirement in 1969, he and his wife moved to Asheville, North Carolina, where he lived until his death in 1993. Under Colonel Butler's guidance, the Million Dollar Band attained national acclaim and many honors, prompting former UA President Roger Sayers to say in an article for the Crimson White,"What Paul W. Bryant was to Alabama football, Colonel Carleton K. Butler was to Alabama's music program and bands."[6]

Butler remained director for 33 years. Earl Dunn took charge in 1969. After Dunn’s two-year stint at the Capstone, Dr. James "Doc" Ferguson was named director, where he remained until 1983. Under Ferguson, the MDB expanded to around 300 musicians, color guard and Crimsonettes (majorettes). Alabama coach Paul "Bear" Bryant often voiced his support for the band during his tenure, sometimes partially crediting it after victories.[7] After the tenure of Dr. Ferguson, assistant director Kathryn Scott was promoted to director. Scott was the first female marching band director at a Division I school. Scott changed the band's marching style to corps style, as opposed to traditional marching. Scott often included pyrotechnics in halftime performances. The United States Army Herald Trumpets were included in her final halftime show, called "Halftime of a Lifetime."[8] Dr. Kenneth Ozzello has been in charge of the band since 2002, as has overseen the MDB's expansion to nearly 400 students. One year after he was named director, the band won the Sudler Trophy, awarded by the John Philip Sousa Foundation.[9] Ozzello continues the corps style and helped cement the pregame show as one of the most iconic in the country. A staple of pregame is "The Big Bama Spell Out" as well as "Tusk" when the band forms an elephant and marches down the field.

Directors

Name Years
Dr. Gustav Wittig 1912–1918
None (Student-led) 1918–1927
Cpt. H. H. Turner 1927–1934
Col. Carleton K. Butler 1935–1968
Earl Dunn 1969–1971
Dr. James Ferguson 1971–1983
Kathryn B. Scott 1984–2002
Dr. Kenneth Ozzello 2003–present

Traditions

The band performing a "Booming Big Bama Spell Out" before a football game
  • Alma Mater - Dr. Ozzello became director in 2003 and started this MDB tradition of singing the Alma Mater after every Friday/gameday rehearsal, as well as after every game, win or lose.
  • Band Dismissal - At the end of every single rehearsal, game, etc. someone shouts "What do we say at Alabama?". The Leadership team responds with "Go Bama!" and then all members shout "Roll Tide!" This is similar to a scene from the 1995 movie Crimson Tide.
  • Elephant Stomp - Prior to every home game the MDB performs the elephant stomp. Each section warms up then meets on the steps of the Gorgas library. The MDB and cheerleaders lead the crowd in several cheers in a short pep rally, usually lasting less than 10 minutes. The MDB then lines up on Colonial Drive and marches to Bryant–Denny Stadium.
  • Big B-A-M-A Spellout - During the Pregame show, the PA announcer directs the crowd to shoutout 'B', 'A', 'M', 'A' while the band forms the block letters on the field.

Songs and Cheers

  • Yea Alabama - The University of Alabama's official fight song.
  • Tusk - This song was recorded by Fleetwood Mac in collaboration with the University of Southern California Trojan Marching Band at Dodger Stadium. From the Fleetwood Mac version, "Tusk" being shorthand for the university's home city of Tuscaloosa, accompanied by the school's dancing elephant mascot, Big Al. The band forms a large elephant on the field, with Big AL being introduced to the crowd of 100,000+ fans.
  • Rammer Jammer Cheer - (informally known as the "Ole Miss Cheer" or “O cheer”) is played at the end-of-the game, after the team has won the game. Dr. Ferguson introduced the cheer to the band in 1981. The lyrics to the cheer were based upon the Ole Miss' Hotty Toddy cheer, the school which Dr. Ferguson was teaching at prior to coming to Bama.
  • Basket Case - Beginning in mid-1996, the Million Dollar Band began playing a Fred Chang arrangement of the Green Day song "Basket Case" in the break between the 3rd and 4th quarters. This continued until midway through the 2006 season, when the Marketing Department decided to play "Sweet Home Alabama" over the PA system instead. The MDB continued to play the song, just at different points of the game.[10] "Sweet Home Alabama" was still played during 2007 up to the Houston game. Since that game the MDB has played "Basketcase" during the 4th quarter break once again. [11]
  • Low Rider - Song played by the Trombone section in the fourth quarter of the football game. It has been in existence since at least 1986, when it was recorded on an LP. Mark Foster wrote the arrangement from a similar version that was played at his high school.
  • Defense Cheer # 1 - Since 2002, the band has used the song "Look Down" from the musical Les Misérables as the main defense cheer. This arrangement was taken from the 1996 "Les Miserables" Halftime Show. The band currently has six defense cheers.
  • The band also plays upon occasion You Can Call Me Al, the theme from the TV show The A-Team (1983-1987) and My Home's in Alabama from the country group, Alabama.

Band Recordings

  • Million Dollar Band LP - [1976] Under the direction of Dr. James S. Ferguson.
  • Million Dollar Band LP - [1986]
  • Million Dollar Band CD - [1993] The band's first professional produced CD.
  • Million Dollar Band CD - [1998]
  • Million Dollar Band CD - [2002] Tribute CD to Kathryn Scott's career as director of the MDB.
  • Million Dollar Band CD - [2003-present] Under the direction of Dr. Ken Ozzello, the band produces a CD every year which includes the three halftime performances of that year, pregame music, stand tunes, and other school songs.
  • Videos
  • 1969[12]
  • 1975[13]
  • 1982[14]
  • 1983[15]
  • 1990 Gospel Show[16]
  • 1991 Rock, Roll Tide, and Remembrance Show[17]
  • 1992 Tour of the World Show[18]
  • 1992 Salute to Hollywood Show[19]
  • 1992 Detective Show[20]
  • 1993 Night Club Show[21]
  • 1993 Gospel Show[22]
  • 1994 Big Band Show[23]
  • 1994 Movie Show[24]
  • 1994 Western Show[25]
  • 1995 Fiddler on the Roof Show[26]
  • 1995 Salute to the 60's Show[27]
  • 1996 Les Misérables Show[28]

Appearances

The MDB performs side-by-side with the Clemson marching band prior to the 2008 Chick-fil-A College Kickoff.

Paul Bryant Years (1958-1982)

Gene Stalling Years 1990-1996

Mike Dubose Years (1997-2000)

Dennis Franchione Years 2001-02

  • 2001 Independence Bowl - Shreveport, LA - December 2001
  • 2001 Knights of Revelry (KOR) Mardi Gras Parade - Mobile, AL - February 2001

Mike Shula Years 2003-06

  • 2003 Bob Riley Governor Inaugural Parade - Montgomery, AL - January 2003
  • 2004 Music City Bowl - Nashville, TN - December 2004
  • 2005 ESPN "Cold Pizza" on the UA Quad - Tuscaloosa, AL - November 2005

Saban years (2007–Present)

References

  1. ^ a b "Million Dollar Band". RollTide.com. The University of Alabama. 2002-06-07. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
  2. ^ Eaton, Kim (2012-09-20). "University of Alabama's Million Dollar Band celebrates 100 years". The Tuscaloosa News. GateHouse Media. Retrieved 2017-12-22.
  3. ^ Pow, Chris (2012-09-20). "UA's Million Dollar Band marks 100 years of tradition this weekend". AL.com. Alabama Media Group. Retrieved 2017-12-22.
  4. ^ Catalogue of the University of Alabama for the College Year 1913–14 and Announcements for 1914–15. Tuscaloosa, AL: The University of Alabama. April 1914. p. 85. OCLC 18144112.
  5. ^ "Yea, Alabama!". College of Arts & Sciences. The University of Alabama. 2013-02-06. Retrieved 2017-12-22.
  6. ^ "Million Dollar Band Camp (2020-08-07)". Archived from the original on 2000-08-20.
  7. ^ Clem Gryska (2007-10-01). Tradition: Million Dollar Band. CBS Sports. Event occurs at 01:14. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. We played well, very fortunate. And our band was just terrific. They helped us win the ball game.
  8. ^ "Million Dollar Band - 2002 Halftime of a Lifetime". YouTube.
  9. ^ "Dr. Kenneth Ozzello". University of Alabama. 2010-12-26.
  10. ^ "Students Miss "Basket Case"". November 17, 2006.[permanent dead link‍]
  11. ^ "Song Returns to Fourth Quarter". November 8, 2007. Archived from the original on December 12, 2007.
  12. ^ 1969 The University of Alabama Million Dollar Band Halftime Preformance [sic]. Retrieved 2024-04-28 – via www.youtube.com.
  13. ^ Million Dollar Band - Show from 1975. Retrieved 2024-04-28 – via www.youtube.com.
  14. ^ Music - 1982 - Cotton Bowl Halftime Show - Alabama Marching Band - During Texas Vs Alabama Game. Retrieved 2024-04-28 – via www.youtube.com.
  15. ^ Million Dollar Band - 1983 "Over the Rainbow". Retrieved 2024-04-28 – via www.youtube.com.
  16. ^ Million Dollar Band - 1990 Sugar Bowl "Gospel Show". Retrieved 2024-04-28 – via www.youtube.com.
  17. ^ ~U of Alabama "Million Dollar Band" - "Rock, Roll Tide & Remembrance" Show 1991. Retrieved 2024-04-28 – via www.youtube.com.
  18. ^ ~U of Alabama "Million Dollar Band" - Tours the World Show 1992.mpg. Retrieved 2024-04-28 – via www.youtube.com.
  19. ^ ~U of Alabama "Million Dollar Band" - "A Salute to Hollywood" Show 1992. Retrieved 2024-04-28 – via www.youtube.com.
  20. ^ ~U of Alabama "Million Dollar Band" - Detective Show 1992. Retrieved 2024-04-28 – via www.youtube.com.
  21. ^ ~U of Alabama "Million Dollar Band" - Night Club Show 11-20-1993. Retrieved 2024-04-28 – via www.youtube.com.
  22. ^ ~U of Alabama "Million Dollar Band" - Southern Gospel Show 1993. Retrieved 2024-04-28 – via www.youtube.com.
  23. ^ ~U of Alabama "Million Dollar Band" - Big Band Show 09-03-1994. Retrieved 2024-04-28 – via www.youtube.com.
  24. ^ ~U of Alabama "Million Dollar Band" - Movie Show 11-12-1994. Retrieved 2024-04-28 – via www.youtube.com.
  25. ^ ~U of Alabama "Million Dollar Band" - Western Show 10-15-1994. Retrieved 2024-04-28 – via www.youtube.com.
  26. ^ ~U of Alabama "Million Dollar Band" - Fiddler On the Roof Show 09-09-1995. Retrieved 2024-04-28 – via www.youtube.com.
  27. ^ ~U of Alabama "Million Dollar Band" - Salute to the 60's Show 10-14-1995. Retrieved 2024-04-28 – via www.youtube.com.
  28. ^ Million Dollar Band - 1996 Les Misérables Show. Retrieved 2024-04-28 – via www.youtube.com.

Read other articles:

Himegoto

HimegotoひめゴトGenreKomedi[1] MangaPengarangNorio TsukudaniPenerbitIchijinshaMajalahWaai! (25 November 2011–25 Februari 2014)Waai! Mahalo (25 April 2012–25 Desember 2013)Comic Rex (27 Oktober 2013–27 Juni 2015)Febri (20 Juni 2014–17 Juni 2015)DemografiSeinenTerbit25 November 2011 – 17 Juni 2015Volume6[n 1] (Daftar volume) Seri animeSutradaraYūji YanaseProduserKen SatōToshirō HijikataShijirō AyuzawaSkenarioKazuho HyōdōMusikHiroyuki KōzuStudioAsahi ProductionSalura...

 

大坪由佳

ラジオ番組・中継内での各種情報（終了した番組・中継を含みます）は、CDなどでの販売や公式なアーカイブなど常に参照可能な状態のネット配信、または信頼できる紙媒体またはウェブ媒体が紹介するまで、出典として用いないで下さい。検証可能性に基づき除去される場合があります。 おおつぼ ゆか大坪 由佳 2018年プロフィール本名 大坪 由佳愛称 大坪プロ、ボンち

 

Istanbul

Istanbul İstanbulkota metropolitan dan provinsiIstanbulLokasi di TurkiTampilkan peta TurkeyIstanbulLokasi di EropaTampilkan peta EropaIstanbulLokasi di AsiaTampilkan peta AsiaKoordinat: 41°00′49″N 28°57′18″E / 41.01361°N 28.95500°E / 41.01361; 28.95500Koordinat: 41°00′49″N 28°57′18″E / 41.01361°N 28.95500°E / 41.01361; 28.95500Negara TurkiRegionMarmaraProvinsiIstanbulPemerintahan • Wali kotaEkrem İmamo...

Sedes

Santo Estevo de SedesSedes Parroquia de Galicia Santo Estevo de SedesLocalización de Santo Estevo de Sedes en España Santo Estevo de SedesLocalización de Santo Estevo de Sedes en La Coruña Coordenadas 43°33′08″N 8°08′25″O / 43.55218114, -8.14028296Entidad Parroquia de Galicia • País  España • Comunidad autónoma Galicia • Provincia La Coruña • Comarca Ferrol • Municipio Narón • Entidades de población 25Població...

 

Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora

Don Carlos de Sigüenza y GóngoraLahirDon Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora(1645-08-14)14 Agustus 1645Mexico City, Spanyol BaruMeninggal22 Agustus 1700(1700-08-22) (umur 55)Mexico City, Spanyol BaruPekerjaanimam, penyair, penulis non-fiksi, matematikawan, sejarawan, filsuf, kartografer, penjelajah dan kosmografer Don Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora (14 Agustus 1645 – 22 Agustus 1700) adalah salah satu intelektual besar pertama yang lahir di kewalirajaan Spanyol Baru. Ia meme...

 

Toroslar

Secondary municipality in Mersin, Turkey District and municipality in Mersin, TurkeyToroslarDistrict and municipalityKuva-yi Milliye Monument in ToroslarMap showing Toroslar District in Mersin ProvinceToroslarLocation in TurkeyCoordinates: 36°49′N 34°37′E / 36.817°N 34.617°E / 36.817; 34.617CountryTurkeyProvinceMersinGovernment • MayorAtsız Afşin Yılmaz (MHP)Area1,075 km2 (415 sq mi)Population (2022)[1]319,711 •...

Amaia Salamanca

Dalam artikel ini, pertama atau paternal nama keluarganya adalah Salamanca dan nama keluarga maternal atau keduanya adalah Urizar. Amaia SalamancaLahirAmaia Salamanca Urízar28 Maret 1986 (umur 37)Coslada, Community of Madrid, SpanyolPekerjaanAktrisTinggi167 m (547 ft 10,80 in) Amaia Salamanca Urízar (lahir 28 Maret 1986) adalah aktris asal Spanyol, terkenal karena perannya sebagai Catalina Marcos dalam serial Sin tetas no hay paraíso dan sebagai seri Alicia Alar...

 

The Spear of Destiny (Ravenscroft)

The Spear of Destiny AuthorTrevor RavenscroftOriginal titleThe Spear of Destiny: the occult power behind the spear which pierced the side of ChristCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishSubjectHoly LancePublished1972PublisherNeville Spearman PublishersPages362OCLC476732400 The Spear of Destiny: the occult power behind the spear which pierced the side of Christ is a 1972 occult book by the anthroposophist writer Trevor Ravenscroft (1921–1989) about the Holy Lance, published by Neville Arms...

 

Bacillary angiomatosis

Medical conditionBacillary angiomatosisBartonella sp. (bacterial species which causes this condition)SpecialtyInfectious diseases  Bacillary angiomatosis (BA) is a form of angiomatosis associated with bacteria of the genus Bartonella.[1] Symptoms Cutaneous BA is characterised by the presence of lesions on or under the skin. Appearing in numbers from one to hundreds, these lesions may take several forms:[citation needed] papules or nodules which are red, globular and non-b...

Mickey Mouse universe

Fictional universe involving Mickey Mouse and related Disney characters Mickey Mouse & FriendsThe logo used by Disney to promote the Mickey Mouse & Friends franchiseCreated byWalt DisneyUb IwerksFloyd Gottfredson (expansion)Original workSteamboat Willie (1928)OwnerThe Walt Disney CompanyYears1928–presentFilms and televisionFilm(s)Mickey Mouse film series (1928–1953)See also list of Mickey Mouse films and appearancesAnimated seriesOriginal shows: Mickey Mouse Works (1999–2000) Ho...

 

The Cookie Carnival

1935 film by Ben Sharpsteen The Cookie CarnivalDirected byBen SharpsteenStory byPinto Colvig Ted SearsProduced byWalt DisneyStarringPinto Colvig Shirley ReedMusic byLeigh HarlineAnimation byPaul Allen Johnny Cannon Ugo D'Orsi Nick George Ferdinand Horvath Jack Kinney John McManus Grim Natwick Milt Schaffer Leonard Sebring Fred Spencer Edward Strickland Frank Thomas Don Towsley Bill TytlaColor processTechnicolorProductioncompanyWalt Disney ProductionsDistributed byUnited ArtistsRelease date Ma...

 

Achmad Hudan Dardiri

Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: Achmad Hudan Dardiri – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR (Januari 2021) Achmad Hudan DardiriBupati Jombang 11Masa jabatan1978–1983PresidenSoehartoGubernurSoenandar PrijosoedarmoPendahulu...

Disney Illusion Island

2023 video game 2023 video gameDisney Illusion IslandDeveloper(s)Dlala StudiosPublisher(s)Disney Electronic ContentDirector(s)Aj Grand-ScruttonProducer(s)Victoria WebbNick DorsettChristopher ReynoldsAlex KayDesigner(s)Grant AllenMiljan GlennyLiam WeltonProgrammer(s)Ben WaringChris RickettJohn-Evans WagenaarLuke AmerFletcher MorrisArtist(s)Lucy KyriakidouYeonjae LeeRory JobsonWriter(s)Kelsy AbbottComposer(s)David HousdenEngineUnityPlatform(s)Nintendo SwitchReleaseJuly 28, 2023Genre(s)PlatformM...

 

GamEvac-Combi

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. GamEvac-Combi Data klinis Kat. kehamilan ? Status hukum terdaftar (Rusia) Pengenal Kode ATC ? Data kimia Rumus ? GamEvac-Combi (bahasa Rusia: ГамЭвак-Комби) adalah sebuah vaksin Ebola. Vaksin tersebut juga disebut sebagai GamEvac.[1...

 

Vampire Zero

2008 vampire novel written by David Wellington This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Vampire Zero – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Vampire Zero AuthorDavid WellingtonCover artistBarbara SturmanCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishS...

Veena Achaiah

Indian politician Veena Achaiah S.Member of the Karnataka Legislative CouncilIncumbentAssumed office 14 June 2016Preceded byNarayana Bhandage Personal detailsBorn (1961-10-06) 6 October 1961 (age 62)[1]KodaguNationalityIndianPolitical partyIndian National CongressOccupationPolitician Shantheyanda Veena Achayya (born 6 October 1961) is an Indian politician and member of the Karnataka Legislative Council from the Indian National Congress.[2] She was a former president o...

 

Gonzalo Rubén Bergessio

Gonzalo Bergessio Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Gonzalo Rubén BergessioTanggal lahir 20 Juli 1984 (umur 39)Tempat lahir Córdoba, ArgentinaTinggi 1,78 m (5 ft 10 in)Posisi bermain PenyerangInformasi klubKlub saat ini SampdoriaNomor 18Karier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2000–2003 Platense 90 (28)2003–2005 Instituto 37 (6)2005–2007 Racing Club 35 (12)2007–2008 Benfica 3 (0)2008–2009 San Lorenzo 48 (29)2009–2011 Saint-Étienne 49 (5)2011 → Catania (pinjaman) 13...

 

Olivin

Olivine ini perlu diterjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris ke bahasa Indonesia. Olivine ini ditulis atau diterjemahkan secara buruk dari Wikipedia bahasa Inggris. Jika halaman ini ditujukan untuk komunitas bahasa Inggris, halaman itu harus dikontribusikan ke Wikipedia bahasa Inggris. Lihat daftar bahasa Wikipedia. Artikel yang tidak diterjemahkan dapat dihapus secara cepat sesuai kriteria A2. Jika Anda ingin memeriksa artikel ini, Anda boleh menggunakan mesin penerjemah. Namun ingat, mohon tidak men...

Aboriginal Healing Foundation

Not to be confused with the organisation for Indigenous Australians, the Healing Foundation. Aboriginal Healing FoundationFormationMarch 30, 1998 (1998-03-30)DissolvedSeptember 30, 2014; 9 years ago (2014-09-30)Legal statusnot-for-profit, private corporationHeadquartersOttawa, OntarioExecutive DirectorMike DeGagneThe Aboriginal Healing Foundation was established in 1998 as an Indigenous managed, non-profit corporation dedicated to responding to the legacy of r...

 

بلانش من نافارا، كونتيسة شامبانيا

بلانش من نافارا، كونتيسة شامبانيا (بالفرنسية: Blanche de Navarre)‏، و(بالإسبانية: Blanca de Navarra)‏    معلومات شخصية اسم الولادة (بالإسبانية: Blanca de Navarra)‏  الميلاد سنة 1177  منطقة نبرة  تاريخ الوفاة 13 مارس 1229 (51–52 سنة)  الزوج ثيوبالد الثالث، كونت شامبانيا  الأولاد ثيوبال...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!