Mid-air collision

CGI rendering of the 2002 Überlingen mid-air collision

In aviation, a mid-air collision is an accident in which two or more aircraft come into unplanned contact during flight.[1] Owing to the relatively high velocities involved and the likelihood of subsequent impact with the ground or sea, very severe damage or the total destruction of at least one of the aircraft usually results. For this reason, accidents involving mid-air collisions especially during cruise frequently result in very few survivors or, more often, a total lack thereof. This is especially when the accident involves jet aircraft.

The potential for a mid-air collision is increased by miscommunication, mistrust, error in navigation, deviations from flight plans, lack of situational awareness, and the lack of collision-avoidance systems. Although a rare occurrence in general due to the vastness of open space available, collisions often happen near or at airports, where large volumes of aircraft are spaced more closely than in general flight.

First recorded collision

Contemporary artist's impression of the first mid-air collision, 1910

The first recorded collision between aircraft occurred at the "Milano Circuito Aereo Internazionale" meeting held between 24 September and 3 October 1910 in Milan, Italy. On 3 October, Frenchman René Thomas, flying the Antoinette IV monoplane, collided with British Army Captain Bertram Dickson by ramming his Farman III biplane in the rear.[2] Both pilots survived, but Dickson was so badly injured that he never flew again.[3][4][5]

The first fatal collision occurred over La Brayelle Airfield, Douai, France, on 19 June 1912. Captain Marcel Dubois and Lieutenant Albert Peignan, both of the French Army, crashed into one another in an early-morning haze, killing both pilots.[6][7]

Traffic collision avoidance system

Main article: Traffic collision avoidance system

Almost all modern large aircraft are fitted with a traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS), which is designed to try to prevent mid-air collisions. The system, based on the signals from aircraft transponders, alerts pilots if a potential collision with another aircraft is imminent. Despite its limitations, it is believed to have greatly reduced mid-air collisions.[8]

United States

Bobbie R. Allen, Director of Safety at the Civil Aeronautics Board:
"We had the potential or the problem of mid-air collisions ever since Wilbur turned to Orville and said, 'Let's build another one.'"
Problems playing this file? See media help.

On some occasions, military aircraft conducting training flights inadvertently collide with civilian aircraft. The 1958 collision between United Airlines Flight 736 and a fighter jet, and another U.S. military/civilian crash one month later involving Capital Airlines Flight 300, hastened the signing of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 into law. The act created the Federal Aviation Agency (later renamed the Federal Aviation Administration), and provided unified control of airspace for both civil and military flights. In 2005, in an effort to reduce such military/civilian mid-air collisions in U.S. airspace, the Air National Guard Flight Safety Division, led by Lt Col Edward Vaughan, used the disruptive solutions process to create a website called See and Avoid. It operated until January 2017.[9]

Lists

Involving civilians

Date Fatalities[N 1] Survivors[N 2] Flights involved Phase of flight Site
1922 Apr 7 7 0 CGEA Farman F.60 / Daimler Hire Ltd. de Havilland DH.18A 492 ft (150 m) Picardy, France
1929 Apr 21 6 0 Maddux Airlines Ford 5-AT-B Trimotor / US Army Air Corps Boeing PW-9D) 2,000 ft (610 m) San Diego, California, United States
1935 May 18 45 0 Tupolev ANT-20 Maxim Gorky VVS Polikarpov I-5 Cruise Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
1938 Aug 24 5 + 80 ground fatalities Japanese Flying School (Hanriot HD-1) and Japan Airlines Transportation (Fokker Super Universal) Unknown Ōmori, Tokyo, Japan
1942 Oct 23 12 2 American Airlines Flight 28 / US Army Air Force B-34 Ascent/descent (9,000 ft (2,700 m)) Chino Canyon, California, United States
1945 Jul 12 3 20 Eastern Airlines Flight 45 / US Army Air Force A-26 Invader Descent Florence, South Carolina, United States
1948 Apr 5 15 0 British European Airways Vickers VC.1 Viking / Soviet Air Force Yakovlev Yak-3 fighter Approach RAF Gatow, Berlin, Germany
1948 Jul 4 39 0 Scandinavian Airlines System DC-6 / RAF Avro York Descent Northwood, London, United Kingdom
1949 Jan 30 2 33 Pan Am Flight 100 (Lockheed L-749 Constellation) / Cessna 140 Climb Port Washington, New York, United States
1949 Feb 19 14 0 BEA Douglas Dakota / RAF Avro Anson Cruise Exhall, United Kingdom
1949 Nov 1 55 1 Eastern Air Lines 537 / Lockheed P-38 test flight Approach Washington, DC, United States
1951 Apr 25 43 0 Cubana de Aviación 493 / US Navy flight Cruise/climb Key West, Florida, United States
1952 Jun 28 2 60 American Airlines Flight 910 / private Temco Swift Approach Dallas, Texas, United States
1954 Apr 8 37 0 Trans-Canada Airlines Flight 9 / RCAF Harvard Cruise Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan Canada
1955 Jan 12 15 0 TWA Flight 694 / Private DC-3 Climb Boone County, Kentucky, United States
1956 Jun 30 128 0 UA Flight 718 / TWA Flight 2 Cruise Grand Canyon, Arizona, United States
1957 Jan 31 8 0 Douglas Aircraft Company DC-7B / Northrop F-89J Scorpion Cruise Pacoima, Los Angeles, California, United States
1958 Apr 21 49 0 United Airlines Flight 736 / USAF F-100 Super Sabre Cruise Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
1958 May 20 13 1 Capital Airlines Flight 300 / Air National Guard flight Descent Brunswick, Maryland, United States
1958 Oct 22 31 1 British European Airways Flight 142 / Italian Air Force F-86 Sabre jet fighter Descent Near Anzio, Italy
1960 Feb 25 61 3 Real Transportes Aéreos DC-3 / US Navy R6D flight Descent Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1960 May 19 1 38 Air Algérie Sud Aviation SE210 Caravelle 1A / Stampe SV.4 Approach Paris-Orly, France
1960 Dec 16 134 0 UA Flight 826 / TWA Flight 266 Descent New York City, United States
1963 Feb 1 104 0 MEA Flight 265 / Turkish Air Force flight Descent Ankara, Turkey
1965 Dec 4 4 108 TWA Flight 42 / Eastern Airlines Flight 853 Descent Carmel, New York, United States
1967 Mar 9 26 0 TWA Flight 553 / Private flight Descent Urbana, Ohio, United States
1967 Jul 19 82 0 Piedmont Airlines Flight 22 / Lanseair Inc. flight Climb/descent Hendersonville, North Carolina, United States
1968 Mar 27 2 49 Ozark Air Lines Flight 965 / Private flight Approach St. Louis, Missouri, United States
1968 Aug 4 3 12 North Central Airlines Flight 261 / Private flight Descent/Cruise Wind Lake, Wisconsin, United States
1969 Jun 23 120 0 Aeroflot Flight 831/ Soviet Air Force flight Cruise Yukhnovsky District, Soviet Union
1969 Sep 9 82 0 Allegheny Airlines Flight 853 / Private flight Descent Fairland, Indiana, United States
1971 Jun 6 50 1 Hughes Airwest Flight 706 / F-4 Phantom Climb San Gabriel Mountains, California, United States
1971 Jul 30 162 1 ANA Flight 58 / JASDF flight Cruise near Shizukuishi, Japan
1971 Aug 4 0 98 Continental Airlines Flight 712 / Private Flight 3,950 ft (1,200 m) Compton, California, United States
1972 Jun 29 13 0 North Central Airlines Flight 290 / Air Wisconsin Flight 671 Cruise Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin, United States
1972 Jul 29 38 0 Avianca Flight 626  / Another Avianca Flight[10][11] Cruise Near Las Palomas, Colombia
1973 Mar 5 68 107 Iberia Flight 504 / Spantax Flight 400[12] Cruise near Nantes, France
1974 Aug 9 3 0 RAF Phantom FGR2 / Piper Pawnee crop duster Low level Fordham Fen, Norfolk, United Kingdom
1974 Nov 1 38 0 Antonov An-2 / Mil Mi-8 Approach Near Surgut, Soviet Union
1975 Jan 9 14 0 Golden West Airlines Flight 261 / Private flight Climb near Whittier, California, United States
1976 Sep 9 70 0 Aeroflot Flight 31 / Aeroflot Flight 7957 Cruise near Anapa, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
1976 Sep 10 176 0 British Airways Flight 476 / Inex-Adria Flight 550 Cruise near Zagreb, SR Croatia, Yugoslavia
1978 Sep 25 144 0 PSA Flight 182 / Private flight Descent San Diego, California, United States
1979 Aug 11 178 0 Aeroflot Flight 7628 / Aeroflot Flight 7880 Cruise Dniprodzerzhynsk, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
1981 July 28 3 1 Transporte Aéreo Rioplatense CL-44 / Soviet Air Force Sukhoi Su-15 Cruise Yerevan, ASSR
1981 Aug 24 37 1 Aeroflot Flight 811 / Soviet Air Force Tupolev Tu-16K Cruise Zavitinsk, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
1984 Apr 18 19 16 Two VOTEC Servicios Aéreos Regionais Flights[13][14] Approach Near Imperatriz Airport, Brazil
1984 Aug 24 17 0 Wings West Airlines Flight 628 / Rockwell Commander 112 Descent/climb Near San Luis Obispo, California
1985 May 3 94 0 Aeroflot Flight SSSR-65856  / Soviet Air Force Antonov An-26 Descent Zolochev, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
1986 Jun 18 25 0 Grand Canyon Airlines Flight 6  / Private helicopter flight Low level Grand Canyon, United States
1986 Aug 31 82 0 Aeroméxico Flight 498 / Private flight Descent/climb Cerritos, California, United States
1987 Jan 15 10 0 SkyWest Airlines Flight 1834 / Private flight Approach Kearns, Utah, United States
1988 Aug 28 3 + 67 ground fatalities 0 3 Aermacchi MB-339PAN of the Frecce Tricolori Air show Ramstein Air Base, Germany
1990 Apr 9 2 7 ASA Flight 2254 / Private flight Climb/descent Gadsden, Alabama, United States
1991 Apr 4 5 + 2 ground fatalities 0 Lycoming Air Piper Aerostar / Sun Oil Company Bell 412 Low level Merion, Pennsylvania
1992 Dec 22 157 2 Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 1103 / Libyan Air Force MiG-23 jet fighter Approach Tripoli, Libya
1993 Feb 8 133 0 Iran Air Tours Tupolev Tu-154M / Iranian Air Force Sukhoi Su-24 Climb/approach Tehran, Iran
1993 Nov 26 4 0 NZ Police Eagle / NZ Police traffic patrol Low level Auckland, New Zealand
1996 Nov 12 349 0 Saudia Flight 763 / Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907 Climb/descent Charkhi Dadri, India
1998 Jul 30 15 0 Proteus Airlines Flight 706 / Private flight Low level Quiberon Bay, France
2000 Feb 8 3 0 Zlin 242L / Cessna 172 Descent Zion, Illinois, United States
2002 Jul 1 71 0 Bashkirian Airlines Flight 2937 / DHL Flight 611 Cruise Überlingen, Germany
2005 Jan 18 1 2 Air Tractor AT-502B  / US Air Force Cessna T-37B Cruise Hollister, Oklahoma, United States
2006 Sep 29 154 7[15] Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907 / ExcelAire flight Cruise Amazon rainforest, Brazil
2007 Mar 5 8 0 Aérospatiale SA 332 Super Puma / private Diamond DV20 Katana Low level Zell am See Airport, Austria
2007 Jul 27 4 0 KNXV-TV news helicopter / KTVK news helicopter Low level Phoenix, Arizona, United States
2007 Sep 1 2 0 Two Zlin Z-526Fs of the AZL Żelazny Aerobatic display Near Radom, Poland
2009 Aug 8 9 0 Piper PA-32 / Eurocopter AS350 helicopter Low level Hudson River, New York, United States
2012 Sep 20 3 200 Syrian Arab Airlines Flight RB-501 / Syrian Air Force Mil Mi-8 helicopter Climb Damascus, Syria
2013 Nov 2 0 11 Cessna 182L / Cessna 185F Cruise Superior, Wisconsin, United States[16][17]
2015 Mar 9 10 0 Two Eurocopter AS350 helicopters Climb La Rioja Province, Argentina
2015 Jul 7 2 1 USAF F-16 / Cesna 150 Approach / Climb Moncks Corner, South Carolina, United States
2015 Sep 5 7 112 Ceiba Intercontinental Airlines Flight 71 / Senegalair business jet Cruise Eastern Senegal
2019 May 13 6 10 Mountain Air Service DHC-2 / Taquan Air DHC-3 Descent George Inlet, Alaska, United States
2020 Jul 31 7 0 de Havilland DHC-2 Beaver / Piper PA-12 Climb Soldotna, Alaska, United States
2021 May 12 0 3 Key Lime Air Flight 970 / Private Cirrus SR22 flight Approach Arapahoe County, Colorado, United States
2022 Jul 17 4 0 Piper PA-46 Malibu / Cessna 172 Approach North Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
2022 Sep 17 3 0 Cessna 172 / Sonex Xenos Cruise Longmont, Boulder County, Colorado
2022 Sep 24 2 0 Zlín Z-526 / Zlín Z-526 Aerobatic display Gera, Germany
2022 Nov 12 6 0 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress / Bell P-63 Kingcobra Climb Dallas, Texas, United States
2023 Jan 2 4 9 Two Eurocopter EC130 helicopters Climb/descent Gold Coast Seaway, Queensland, Australia
2023 Mar 7 4 0 Piper PA28-161 Cadet / Piper J-3 Cub Climb/Descent Winter Haven, Florida, United States
2024 Mar 5 2 44 De Havilland Canada Dash 8 / Cessna 172 Cruise Nairobi National Park, Kenya
2024 Oct 26 3 0 Cessna 182 / Jabiru UL-450 Cruise Belimbla Park, New South Wales, Australia

Purely military

XB-70 Valkyrie 62-0207 following the mid-air collision on 8 June 1966: The XB-70 can be seen at the far left of the image, missing one of its vertical stabilizers, while the large fireball is the F-104 Starfighter with which it collided.
Date Fatalities[N 1] Survivors[N 2] Aircraft involved Site
1940 Sep 29 0 4 Two Avro Ansons of the RAAF Brocklesby, New South Wales, Australia
1953 Jan 15 26 0 RAF Vickers Valetta / RAF Avro Lancaster Mediterranean Sea near Sicily
1955 Aug 11 66 0 Two USAF C-119 Flying Boxcars near Stuttgart, Germany
1958 Feb 5 0 4 USAF B-47 Stratojet / USAF F-86 Sabre Tybee Island, Georgia, U.S.
1965 Jun 15 18 0 Two U.S. Army UH-1D Iroquoises Fort Benning, Georgia, U.S.
1966 Jan 17 7 4 USAF B-52G Stratofortress / USAF KC-135 Stratotanker Mediterranean Sea near Palomares, Almería, Spain
1983 May 1 0 3 Israeli Air Force F-15 Eagle / A-4 Skyhawk Negev, Israel
1988 Aug 28 70[N 3] 0 Three Aermacchi MB-339PAN aircraft of the Frecce Tricolori Ramstein Air Base, Germany
1994 Mar 23 24[N 4] 7 F-16 Fighting Falcon / C-130 Hercules Pope Air Force Base, North Carolina, U.S.
1997 Feb 4 73 0 Two IAF Sikorsky CH-53 helicopters She'ar Yashuv, Israel
1997 Sep 13 33 0 USAF C-141B Starlifter / German Air Force Tupolev Tu-154M Off the coast of Namibia
2001 Apr 1 1 24 USN Lockheed EP-3E / PLAN Shenyang J-8II South China Sea near Hainan Island, PRC
2009 Aug 16 1 1 Two Sukhoi Su-27s of the Russian Knights Moscow, Russia
2009 Oct 30 9 0 USCG C-130 / USMC Cobra Helicopter Off the coast of California, U.S.
2011 Mar 1 1[18] 1 Two SLAF IAI Kfir Yakkala, Gampaha, Sri Lanka
2014 Jun 23 2 1 Learjet 35A / Eurofighter Typhoon Olsberg, Germany
2019 Nov 25 13 0 French Armed Forces Eurocopter Tiger / Eurocopter AS532 Cougar Ménaka, Ménaka Region, Mali
2022 Nov 12 6 0 B-17 Flying Fortress / Bell P-63 Kingcobra Dallas, Texas, U.S.
2023 April 27 3[19] 1 Two AH-64 Apache Healy, Alaska, U.S.
2023 Jul 1 1 1 Two T-27 Tucano Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia
2023 Aug 25 3[20] ? Two L-39 Albatros Zhytomyr oblast, Ukraine
2024 April 23 10[21] 0 AgustaWestland AW139 / Eurocopter Fennec RMN Lumut Naval Base, Lumut, Perak, Malaysia

See also

References

Notes
  1. ^ a b All deaths directly attributable to the collision are counted as fatalities.
  2. ^ a b In general, only occupants of an aircraft directly involved in the mid-air collision are counted as survivors. Bystanders who received nonfatal or no injuries, such as airshow spectators, participants in a military exercise, occupants of nearby noninvolved aircraft, and/or airport ground crew, are not included unless their involvement in the incident is particularly notable.
  3. ^ Includes three aircrew and 67 ground fatalities, refer to main article.
  4. ^ All ground fatalities, refer to main article.
Citations
  1. ^ "Eurocontrol".
  2. ^ Villard, Henry Serrano (1 January 1968). CONTACT! The Story of the Early Birds Man's first decade of flight from Kitty Hawk to World War I. Thomas Y. Crowell Co.
  3. ^ "Aeroplanes in Collision". Popular Mechanics. January 1911. p. 91.
  4. ^ "The Milan Aviation Meeting, Italy, 1910". Science Museum Pictorial. Science and Society Picture Library. 1910. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
  5. ^ "Continental Flight Meetings". Flight. 8 October 1910. pp. 828–829. ...the Antoinette monoplane crashed on to the biplane, both machines falling to earth a mass of broken planes and tangled wires.
  6. ^ Dr. Andrew Cook (2007). European Air Traffic Management: Principles, Practice, and Research. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-7295-1.
  7. ^ "ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 204203". Aviation Safety Network. Flight Safety Foundation. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  8. ^ "Federal Aviation Administration – Home Page – TCAS". 2011-07-21. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2018-07-22.
  9. ^ "SeeAndAvoid.org". Archived from the original on 2006-10-20.
  10. ^ "Accident Description for HK-1341". Aviation Safety Network. 1972-07-29. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
  11. ^ "Accident Description for HK-107". Aviation Safety Network. 1972-07-29. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
  12. ^ "1973: Mid-air collision kills 68". BBC. 5 Mar 1973. Retrieved 2011-07-02.
  13. ^ "Accident Description for PT_GJZ". Aviation Safety Network. 1984-04-18. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
  14. ^ "Accident Description for PT-GKL". Aviation Safety Network. 1984-04-18. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
  15. ^ Guilherme Poggio (24 May 2010). "Sobrevivente do acidente com o voo 1907 da GOL rompe silêncio | Poder Aéreo – Forças Aéreas e Indústria Aeronáutica". Aereo.jor.br. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
  16. ^ "NTSB Identification: CEN14LA036A". 23 Jul 2015. Retrieved 2018-08-25.
  17. ^ Jeff Wise (6 Nov 2013). "What Went Wrong in the Skydiving Planes Collision?". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 2018-08-26.
  18. ^ Kirinde, Chandani (6 March 2011). "Shocked residents see Kfirs crashing, pilot plummeting". sundaytimes.lk. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  19. ^ Albeck-Ripka, Livia (28 April 2023). "Two U.S. Army helicopters crash in Alaska, killing 3 soldiers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  20. ^ "Three Ukrainian military fighter pilots die in mid-air collision". The Jerusalem Post. 2023-08-26. Retrieved 2023-08-26.
  21. ^ "Copter tragedy: 10 dead, no survivors, says Ministry". The Star. 2024-04-23. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
Bibliography
  • Gero, David B. (2010). Military Aviation Disasters: Significant Losses Since 1908. Somerset, UK: Haynes Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84425-645-7.

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Cliffhangers (TV series)

American 1979 drama TV series The Secret Empire redirects here. For the fictional organization in Marvel Comics, see Secret Empire. CliffhangersTitle cardGenreDramaCreated byKenneth JohnsonComposerJoe HarnellCountry of originUSAOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes11 (1 unaired)ProductionExecutive producerKenneth JohnsonProducerRichard MiltonRunning time60 min.Production companyUniversal TelevisionOriginal releaseNetworkNBCReleaseFebruary 27 (1979-02-27) –May 1, 1...

 

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