He was Director of the National Security Agency (NSA) from 1999 to 2005. During his tenure as director, he initiated and oversaw the NSA surveillance of digital communications between persons in the United States and foreign citizens who allegedly had ties to terrorist groups, which resulted in the NSA warrantless surveillance controversy. On April 21, 2005, then Lt. Gen Hayden was confirmed by the United States Senate as the first Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence (DNI) and awarded his fourth star, making him "the highest-ranking military intelligence officer in the armed forces".[3]
On May 26, 2006, Hayden was appointed as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. He retired from the Air Force in April 2008, after 41 years of service, while continuing to serve as Director of the CIA until February 12, 2009.[4]
Early life and education
Michael Vincent Hayden was born on March 17, 1945, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to an Irish-American couple, Sadie (Murray) and Harry V. Hayden Jr.,[5] who worked as a welder for a Pennsylvania manufacturing company. He has a sister, Debby, and a brother, Harry.
Hayden attended St. Peter's Elementary School where, in 7th and 8th grade he played quarterback on the school football team and was coached by the late Dan Rooney, the son of the founder of the Pittsburgh Steelers. Hayden graduated from North Catholic High School. One of his first jobs was as an equipment manager for the Steelers.[6] He went on to Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts in history in 1967 and was commissioned as a second lieutenant. He then attended graduate school at Duquesne for a master's degree in modern American history.
From 1996 to 1997, Hayden remained at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, as commander of the Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency. AIA is staffed by 16,000 personnel charged with defending and exploiting the "information domain".[8]
National Security Agency
Hayden was appointed as the director of the NSA and chief of the Central Security Service at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland from March 1999 to April 2005. As the director of NSA and chief of CSS, he was responsible for a combat support agency of the Department of Defense with military and civilian personnel stationed worldwide.[9]
Strategy for the NSA
Hayden came to the NSA at a time of upheaval in the agency. Internal government analysis indicated it suffered from a lack of quality management and outdated IT infrastructure. Soon after he came on board, a huge part of the NSA network system crashed and was down for several days. Part of his plan to revitalize the agency was to introduce more outside contractors, convince older managers to retire, and generally overhaul management structures. He also wanted to increase openness at the agency, as it had historically been one of the most secretive organs of government. He even allowed James Bamford access for his book Body of Secrets.[10] Initially, Hayden was extremely concerned with following laws against domestic surveillance.[11][12]
On 9/11, Hayden immediately evacuated all non-essential personnel from NSA headquarters. After 9/11, the agency greatly increased its activity. Many reports say that after 9/11, Hayden became increasingly concerned with stopping terrorism, and allegedly softened his stance against domestic surveillance.[10][12] Hayden said that he believed everything the agency was doing was "effective, appropriate, and lawful".[13] Details about the NSA's operations have been largely hidden, but it played a major role in the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and the War on Terror. One notable example is the NSA's relationship with the unmanned aerial vehicle 'drone' program.[14][page needed]
Trailblazer
Hayden is sworn in as Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence.
Hayden also championed the Trailblazer Project, a "transformation" effort to better apply information technology. The project was criticized internally by some NSA staff, for omitting privacy protections for United States citizens. Such omissions constituted a potential failure, subjecting the NSA to external critical feedback, including Diane S Roark, of the House Intelligence Committee. NSA employees Thomas Andrews Drake, William Binney, and J. Kirk Wiebe voiced similar concerns. Hayden rebuked these NSA staff and several resigned in protest. After investigation by the NSA inspector general, the DOD inspector general, and Congress, Trailblazer was shut down.[13]
Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence
As part of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, the CIA director would no longer run the intelligence community. Instead, a new office was created for this purpose: the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI). General Hayden became the Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence from May 2005 to May 2006 under the first Director, John Negroponte.
Civil liberties
On January 23, 2006, Hayden appeared at a news conference.[15] A YouTube video[16] was posted of Hayden telling reporters in attendance that "probable cause" is not required for all searches or seizures under the Fourth Amendment, claiming instead that the standard is whether the search or seizure is reasonable. "Probable cause" is required for all warrants, whether or not the search or seizure is deemed to be "unreasonable".
Director of the CIA
On May 8, 2006, Hayden was nominated by President George W. Bush to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency after the resignation of Porter J. Goss on May 5, 2006.[17] Hayden was confirmed on May 26, 2006, as CIA director, 78–15, by full U.S. Senate vote.[18]
Wiretaps of domestic communication
In May 2006, USA Today reported that, under Hayden's leadership, the NSA created a domestic telephone call database. During his CIA director nomination hearings, Hayden defended his actions to Senator Russ Feingold and others. Hayden stated that he had relied upon legal advice from the White House, that warrantless surveillance would not have required a warrant from a FISA court. The stated purpose of the database was to eavesdrop on international communications between persons within the U.S. and individuals and groups overseas in order to locate terrorists.[19]
Critics of the Hayden's nomination and his attempts to increase domestic surveillance included Senator Dianne Feinstein who stated on May 11, 2006, that "I happen to believe we are on our way to a major constitutional confrontation on Fourth Amendment guarantees of unreasonable search and seizure".[20][21]
George W. Bush announces his nomination of Hayden as the next Director of the CIA as Director of National Intelligence John Negroponte looks on.
In 2007, Hayden pushed to allow the CIA to conduct drone strikes purely on the behavior of ground vehicles, with no further evidence of connection to terrorism.[22]
Hayden has been accused of lying to Congress during his 2007 testimony about the CIA's 'enhanced interrogation program.[23][24] Many critics of enhanced interrogation techniques maintain that they were torture and did not yield reliable information from CIA detainees.[25] Hayden said the notion that enhanced interrogation never yields useful intelligence is not credible and is merely the opinion of "interrogation deniers".[25] The 2014 Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture cited an email indicating that as CIA Director, Hayden instructed that out-of-date information be used in briefing Congress so that fewer than 100 Guantanamo Bay detainees would be reported.[26]
In 2008 Hayden warned of the destabilizing consequences of Muslim migration to Europe, and that it might cause mass outbreaks of civil unrest.[27]
In his memoir, Leon Panetta said that Hayden had hoped to be retained as CIA director by the Obama administration.[28] Panetta was appointed instead. In conversations with Panetta, Hayden encouraged him to advise the president to protect the CIA's right to engage in enhanced interrogation techniques as well as to avoid suggesting that CIA officers had ever tortured terrorists.[28]
Post-CIA years
In September 2013, Hayden stressed the indisputable legality of "what the NSA is doing" and called Edward Snowden a "troubled young man" and "morally arrogant to a tremendous degree".[29]
In December 2013, after the P5+1 reached a nuclear agreement with Iran, Hayden said, "We have accepted Iranian uranium enrichment."[30]
During his tenure as director, Hayden oversaw the controversial NSA surveillance of technological communications between persons in the United States and alleged foreign terrorist groups. Numerous commentators have accused Hayden of lying to congress, and breaking the law.[21] Hayden misled Congress in his 2002 testimony, when he testified that any surveillance of persons in the United States was consistent with the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act; in fact, legislative branch statutes forbid warrantless surveillance of domestic calls unless approved by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance court under FISA. Trevor Timm, executive director of Freedom of the Press Foundation, accused the NSA program of mass surveillance set up during Hayden's tenure (including the vast database of Americans' domestic telephone calls) of violating FISA.[33][34]
In 2020, a federal court ruled that the NSA program of mass surveillance of Americans' telephone records was illegal and possibly unconstitutional.[35][36]
On 20 August 2020, Hayden, along with over 130 other former Republican national security officials, signed a statement that asserted that President Trump was unfit to serve another term, and "To that end, we are firmly convinced that it is in the best interest of our nation that Vice President Joe Biden be elected as the next President of the United States, and we will vote for him."[37]
In response to a request made by future Secretary of State Antony Blinken, Hayden was one of the 51 former U.S. intelligence officials who signed an October 19, 2020, letter that said the Hunter Biden laptop story "has all the classic earmarks of a Russian information operation."[39]
In October 2023, Hayden posted on social media that Senator Tommy Tuberville, who had been delaying certain military promotions in the Senate, should be "removed" from the human race.[40] Hayden's comments were perceived by the news media as an apparent threat to and possible call for Tuberville's assassination.[40] Later, Hayden appeared to double down on his comments on Tuberville being "removed" from the human race, saying that "MAGAnuts had lost their mind" over his Twitter posts. In reaction, General Michael Flynn said that Hayden should be arrested.[41]
Tuberville reported Hayden to the United States Capitol Police for the comments, saying that Hayden had called for his "politically motivated assassination".[42]
Personal life
Hayden is married to the former Jeanine Carrier. They have a daughter Margaret and two sons, Michael and Liam. Hayden continues to be an avid fan of his hometown Pittsburgh Steelers, traveling with his wife to several games a year.[6]
In November 2018, Hayden was hospitalized after suffering a stroke.[43] He recovered, but now suffers from aphasia as a result.[44]
Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia, Military Division (July 1, 2010, "For service to bilateral and international security relations between Australia and the United States")[46]
On July 26, 2011, Hayden was inducted into the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps Distinguished Alumni in a ceremony at Maxwell AFB, Alabama, officiated by Lt. Gen. Allen G. Peck, commander, Air University.[7] He serves as a member of the board of advisors of the Military Cyber Professionals Association (MCPA)[50]
^ abCeremony program, Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps Distinguished Alumni Induction, Maxwell AFB, Alabama, July 26, 2011, page 5.
^O'Malley, Chris (July 1997). "Information Warriors of the 609th". Popular Science. pp. 71–74, here: p. 74. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
^"2007 Summit Highlights Photo". Archived from the original on November 3, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021. The Director of the CIA, General Michael Hayden, is presented with the Golden Plate Award by John Negroponte
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