Max Stanford

Maxwell Stanford
Muhammad Ahmad
Born
Maxwell Curtis Stanford, Jr

(1941-07-31) 31 July 1941 (age 83)
Other names
  • Max Stanford
  • Maxwell C. Stanford
  • Maxwell Stanford, Jr.
OrganizationRevolutionary Action Movement (1962–68)

Muhammad Ahmad (born Maxwell Curtis Stanford, Jr. on 31 July 1941), also known as Max Stanford,[a] is an American civil rights activist. He was a cofounder and the national chairman of the Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM), a Marxist–Leninist,[1] black power[2] organisation active from 1962 to 1968.[3] He is the author of We Will Return in the Whirlwind: Black Radical Organizations 1960-1975 (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company, 2007), with an introduction by John Bracey Jr. As of 2024 he is working with Dylan Davis, PhD candidate in politics at the University of California Santa Cruz, on an updated edition.

Political activism

Early life

Max Stanford was born on 31 July 1941 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He described his family as "very political" and attributes the development of his political consciousness to his father.[4] He graduated from West Philadelphia High School and attended Central State College in Wilberforce, Ohio from 1960 to 1962.

Founding the Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM)

In 1961, an off-campus chapter of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), called Challenge, was formed by students from Central State College. According to Stanford, Challenge possessed no basic ideology.[5] By 1962, the group came into contact with Donald Freeman, a school teacher from Cleveland, Ohio. With the guidance of Freeman,[5] Challenge eventually transformed into RAM, a group which was based on Marxist–Leninist[1][6] and black nationalist[2][5] ideas. Stanford was also inspired by Maoism, which he had become aware of through his admiration of Robert F. Williams.[7]: 123  The group initially called themselves the Reform Action Movement because they felt the term "revolutionary" would cause panic among the college's administration.[5]

After RAM managed to take over the student government of Central State College, some members wanted to continue their activism on campus, while other members, including Stanford, wanted to return to their respective communities and become full-time activists.[5] Stanford and another RAM member, Wanda Marshall, met with Malcolm X in New York and asked if they should join the Nation of Islam. Malcolm replied “You can do more for the Honorable Elijah Muhammad by organizing outside of the Nation.”[5]

COINTELPRO

Starting from 1956, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) began the covert COINTELPRO campaign to infiltrate, discredit and disrupt organisations which were considered subversive. RAM was one of the groups targeted by the program[8] and Stanford was even referred to as "the most dangerous man in America", by J. Edgar Hoover.[9] In 1966, Stanford was arrested in New York, along with 15 other RAM members, accused of conspiring to assassinate NAACP leader Roy Wilkins and the Urban League's Whitney Young.[2] Stanford was acquitted of the charges and he returned to Philadelphia to establish the Black Guard, a youth and self-defense wing of RAM.[2]

In 1967, RAM remained under the surveillance of Philadelphia police and the FBI. Stanford was arrested by police on 26 July 1967 and accused of planning with RAM to start a riot.[2] Over the next month, 35 other RAM members were also arrested. Subsequently, Stanford dissolved RAM in 1968,[3] and its members joined other organisations.[2]

Personal life

Stanford converted to Islam in 1970 and adopted the name Muhammad Ahmad.[2] In 2011, he stated in an interview with The Temple News, "I'm just a servant of the people and a servant of Allah. I don't separate the two. I just think that the pursuit of happiness, equality, freedom and justice is the overwhelming will of the majority of people on planet Earth."[4]

He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Massachusetts and a Master of Arts from Atlanta University in 1986. He completed his Ph.D. in Union Institute and University in 1992.

On 5 January 2021, a GoFundMe campaign was launched for donations towards paying for medical bills, a stair lift for his home, a book to be authored with the assistance of John Bracey Jr., and "securing and transforming his 6,000-plus volume book collection—which specializes in rare and classical books on Black history, socialism and world civilization—into a publicly accessible library." It stated that Stanford "has been hospitalized numerous times over the last several years after suffering a stroke and experiencing kidney malfunctions which have repeatedly resulted in severe water retention known as edema. In addition, Doc suffers from gout, arthritis and high blood pressure."[10]

Written works

  • Basic Tenets of Revolutionary Black Nationalism (1977)[11]
  • History of RAM – Revolutionary Action Movement (1979)[12]
  • A Case Study of an Urban Revolutionary Movement in Western Capitalist Society (1986)[13]

Notes

  1. ^ Also known as Maxwell Stanford; Maxwell Stanford, Jr; Maxwell C. Stanford and Maxwell C. Stanford, Jr.

References

  1. ^ a b "Freedom Archives Search Engine". search.freedomarchives.org. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "Maxwell Curtis Stanford Jr. (a.k.a. Muhammad Ahmad) (1941- ) •". 2011-01-12. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
  3. ^ a b Jones, John (May 19, 2019). "A History of the Revolutionary Action Movement" (PDF). Marxists Internet Archive. p. 87. By the end of 1968 RAM was dissolved as an official organization.
  4. ^ a b "People You Should Know: Dr. Maxwell Stanford - The Temple News". temple-news.com. 2011-01-25. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
  5. ^ a b c d e f "The Black Revolutionary Organization That You Probably Never Heard Of: The Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM) 1962-1969". Red Voice. 2020-06-07. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
  6. ^ Engerman, David C.; Friedman, Max Paul; McAlister, Melani, eds. (3 March 2022). The Cambridge History of America and the World: Volume 4, 1945 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-31785-6. Retrieved 16 March 2023. Maoism inspired the formation of groups like the Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM), which applied Marxism-Leninism to the Black struggle in the United States.
  7. ^ Crean, Jeffrey (2024). The Fear of Chinese Power: An International History. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-350-23394-2.
  8. ^ Levy, Peter B. (2015). The Civil Rights Movement in America. ABC-CLIO. p. 79. ISBN 9781610697620.
  9. ^ Umoja, Akinyele; Young, Jasmin A.; Stanford, Karin L. (2018). Black Power Encyclopedia: From "Black is Beautiful" to Urban Uprisings [2 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 300. ISBN 9781440840074.
  10. ^ "Fundraiser for Maxwell Stanford by Sobukwe Bambaata : An Aging Black …".
  11. ^ https://freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC513_scans/RAM/513.RAM.BasicTenetsRevBlackNationalism.pdf.
  12. ^ https://freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC513_scans/RAM/513.RAM.History.of.RAM.pdf.
  13. ^ https://freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/Black%20Liberation%20Disk/Black%20Power!/SugahData/Dissertations/Stanford.S.pdf.

Read other articles:

ТараканівалЦар Куша ≈160 — ≈170Попередник ТакідеаманіНаступник АрітениесебохеПохований Мерое Тараканівал (Тарекенівал) (сер. II ст. н. е.) — цар (коре) Куша. Життєпис Піраміда ТараканівалаСпадкував царю Такідеамані, який ймовірно був його батьком. Відомий лише

 

العلاقات الفانواتية النيكاراغوية فانواتو نيكاراغوا   فانواتو   نيكاراغوا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الفانواتية النيكاراغوية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين فانواتو ونيكاراغوا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية لل

 

1937 film The Priest from KirchfeldDirected byJacob FleckLuise FleckWritten byLudwig Anzengruber (play)Hubert FrohnProduced byLeo BergStarringHans JarayHansi StorkLudwig StösselCinematographyErnst MühlradMusic byViktor AltmannKarl M. MayProductioncompanyExcelsior FilmDistributed byKarl Philipp VerleihRelease date 18 November 1937 (1937-11-18) Running time81 minutesCountryAustriaLanguageGerman The Priest from Kirchfeld (German: Der Pfarrer von Kirchfeld) is a 1937 Austrian fil...

New South Wales Under-16Team informationNicknameBluesGoverning bodyNew South Wales Rugby LeagueHead coachScott JonesCaptainJaron Purcell (2017)Home stadiumANZ Stadium (83,500)Uniforms First colours Team resultsFirst game New South Wales 30–16 Queensland (ANZ Stadium, Sydney; 21 May 2008)Biggest win New South Wales 30–0 Queensland(ANZ Stadium, Sydney; 5 June 2013)Biggest defeat New South Wales 10–30 Queensland (Etihad Stadium, Melbourne; 3 June 2009)The New South Wales Under-16's rugby l...

 

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Desember 2022. Ronnie Stam Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Ron Theodorus StamTanggal lahir 18 Juni 1984 (umur 39)Tempat lahir Breda, BelandaTinggi 1,75 m (5 ft 9 in)[1]Posisi bermain BekInformasi klubKlub saat ini Standard LiègeNomor 8Kari...

 

Tujuh gua Chicomoztoc, dari Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca Aztlán (Templat:IPAes, dari Nahuatl Aztlān [ˈast͡ɬaːn]) adalah rumah nenek moyang Nahua, salah satu grup budaya utama di Mesoamerika. Azteca adalah kata dalam bahasa Nahuatl yang berarti orang dari Aztlan. Pranala luar Sanderson, Susana, Tenotchtitlan and Templo Mayor, California State University, Chico. Diarsipkan 2006-04-29 di Wayback Machine. Aztlan Listserv (hosted by the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, ...

Railway station in São Paulo, Brazil This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Jardim Colonial São Paulo Metro – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Jardim ColonialPhoto of the station on the day of its opening.General...

 

33°31′11″N 36°23′04″E / 33.51972222°N 36.38444444°E / 33.51972222; 36.38444444 سقبا الإحداثيات 33°31′11″N 36°23′04″E / 33.51972222°N 36.38444444°E / 33.51972222; 36.38444444  تقسيم إداري  البلد سوريا[1]  التقسيم الأعلى محافظة ريف دمشق  خصائص جغرافية ارتفاع 650 متر  رمز جيونيمز 164828  تعديل...

 

Kennedy County NSW.Beugamel located at 32°39′54″S 147°47′04″ is a cadastral parish in Kennedy County New South Wales.[1] References ^ Kennedy. Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. Retrieved 4 August 2013. This New South Wales geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

American military historian (born 1947) Andrew BacevichBornAndrew Joseph Bacevich Jr.[1] (1947-07-05) July 5, 1947 (age 76)[2]Normal, Illinois, U.S.EducationUnited States Military Academy (BS)Princeton University (MA, PhD)Occupation(s)Historian, writer, professor; Colonel, U.S. Army (retired)EmployerBoston UniversityKnown forAnalysis of U.S. foreign policySpouseNancyChildren4Military careerAllegiance United StatesService/branch United States ArmyYears ...

 

2010 Czech-German-Austrian drama film Habermann's mill redirects here. For the mill in the Olomouc Region, see Habermann's Mill and Villa. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Habe...

 

For other uses, see Apio. Balkan Jewish braised celery root and carrot dish ApioApio, garnished with parsleyAlternative namesApiuTypeSalatimCourseSaladPlace of originToday: Israel, Jewish diaspora; historically: Jewish communities in the BalkansRegion or stateMiddle EastCreated bySephardic Jews[1]Serving temperatureColdMain ingredientsCelery root, carrots, lemon juice or vinegar, olive oil, kosher salt, parsley Apio, also known as apiu is a Balkan Jewish appetizer made from celeriac a...

2023 South Korean web series Love to Hate YouPromotional posterHangul연애대전Hanja戀愛大戰Literal meaningLove BattleRevised RomanizationYeon-aedaejeonMcCune–ReischauerYŏ-naedaejŏn GenreRomantic comedy[1]Written byChoi Soo-youngDirected byKim Jung-kwonStarring Kim Ok-vin Teo Yoo Kim Ji-hoon Go Won-hee Music byHowlCountry of originSouth KoreaOriginal languageKoreanNo. of episodes10 (list of episodes)ProductionProducers Kim Dong-hyeon Jeon Gyu-ah EditorLee Yeong-rimRunning ti...

 

Questa voce sull'argomento squadre ciclistiche è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. AP Hotels & Resorts-Tavira-SC FarenseCiclismo La squadra nel 2016InformazioniCodice UCIATF Nazione Portogallo Debutto1979 SpecialitàStrada StatusUCI Continental Team BicicletteJorbi Sito ufficialeAP Hotels & Resorts-Tavira-SC Farense Staff tecnicoGen. managerMarcelino Teixeira Dir. sportiviVidal Fitas Manuale L'AP Hotels & Resorts-Tavira-SC ...

 

Kuta BaboDesaPeta lokasi Desa Kuta BaboNegara IndonesiaProvinsiSumatera UtaraKabupatenPakpak BharatKecamatanTinadaKode pos22272Kode Kemendagri12.15.07.2001 Luas3,3 km²Jumlah penduduk715 jiwaKepadatan216 jiwa/km² Kuta Babo adalah salah satu desa di Kecamatan Tinada, Kabupaten Pakpak Bharat, Provinsi Sumatera Utara, Indonesia. Penghasilan utama Desa Kuta Babo adalah Pertanian. Pemerintahan Desa Kuta Babo terdiri dari tiga dusun, yaitu:[1] Dusun I Kuta Babo Dusun II Uruk Simenggur...

For the defunct confectionery company (1940–2012), see Leaf International. For the confectionery company founded in 2011, see Leaf Brands. This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Leaf Trading Cards – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2019) Leaf Trading CardsTypePrivateI...

 

Country in north-west Europe; part of the United Kingdom This article is about the country. For other uses, see England (disambiguation). England FlagAnthem: VariousPredominantly God Save the King(National anthem of the United Kingdom)Location of England (dark green)– in Europe (green & dark grey)– in the United Kingdom (green)StatusCountryCapitaland largest cityLondon51°30′N 0°7′W / 51.500°N 0.117°W / 51.500; -0....

 

Kolkata Municipal Corporation in West Bengal, IndiaWard No. 100Kolkata Municipal CorporationInteractive Map Outlining Ward No. 100Ward No. 100Location in KolkataCoordinates (dms): 22°28′26″N 88°22′18″E / 22.473833°N 88.371694°E / 22.473833; 88.371694Country IndiaStateWest BengalCityKolkataNeighbourhoodGaria (Ramgarh-Naktala-Laxmi Narayan Colony)ReservationOpenParliamentary constituencyJadavpurAssembly constituencyTollyganjBorough10Population (...

Belyov Pembagian administratif RusiapermukimanKota/kotapraja Tempat Negara berdaulatRusiaOblast di RusiaOblast TulaMunicipal district (en) Belyovsky District (en) Ibu kota dariBelyovsky District (en) Belyov Principality (en) Q21635983 Belyov Uyezd (en) NegaraRusia PendudukTotal13.180  (2018 )GeografiLuas wilayah8,58 km² [convert: unit tak dikenal]Dekat dengan perairanSungai Oka Ketinggian176 m Informasi tambahanKode pos301530 Kode telepon48742 OKTMO ID (en) 70606101001 OKATO ID (en...

 

German general This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Dietrich von Saucken – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Dietrich von SauckenBorn(1892-05-16)16 May 1892Fischhausen, East Prussia, German EmpireDied27 September 1980(19...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!