Rohdén started his career in Hössna IF and moved to IF Elfsborg as a 16-year-old signing a youth contract.[2] In December 2011 Marcus signed a senior contract with IF Elfsborg on a five-year deal after returning from a loan at Skövde AIK. He scored his first goal in Allsvenskan against BK Häcken on 26 August 2012, in his debut season in both Elfsborg and Allsvenskan.[3]
Rohdén represented the Sweden U17 and U21 teams before making his full international debut for Sweden on 15 January 2015 in a friendly 2–0 win against the Ivory Coast.[7] He also scored his first international goal in the same match.[7][8] He made his competitive debut for Sweden in a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier against the Netherlands, playing for 77 minutes before being replaced by Emir Kujovic in a 1–1 draw.[9]