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Manuel Patricio Rodríguez García (17 March 1805 – 1 July 1906), was a Spanish singer, music educator, and vocal pedagogue. He invented the first laryngoscope.^[1]

Biography

García was born on 17 March 1805 either in Madrid, as has been traditionally stated, or in the town of Zafra in Badajoz Province, Spain.^[2] His father was singer and teacher Manuel del Pópulo Vicente Rodriguez García (Manuel García I, 1775–1832). His sisters were Maria Malibran (1808–1836) and Pauline Viardot (1821–1910). After abandoning his onstage career as a baritone, García began to teach at the Paris Conservatory (1830–48) and the Royal Academy of Music, London (1848–95). Jessie Bond, Camille Everardi, Erminia Frezzolini, Julius Günther, Jenny Lind, Mathilde Marchesi, Christina Nilsson, Julia Ettie Crane, Georgina Schubert, Julius Stockhausen, Marie Tempest, Charles Santley and Henry Wood were among his pupils. He invented a laryngoscope in 1854 and the next year published observations of his own larynx and vocal cords made with a small dental mirror introduced into the throat and using sunlight reflected by another mirror.^[3]^[4] He has been credited with saving the career of Jenny Lind, who had suffered vocal damage from overwork in her early twenties. García was interested in movements connected with the production of the singing voice and did not anticipate the importance of laryngoscopy for medicine. Still, the University of Königsberg conferred upon him the honorary degree of M.D.^[5] He died in London in 1906 at the age of 101 years and was buried in the churchyard of St. Edward's Catholic church in Sutton Green, Surrey. His grave gives details of his many famous pupils and accomplishments.

On 22 November 1832 in Paris García married the operatic soprano Cécile Eugénie Mayer (Paris, 8 April 1814 – Paris, 12 August 1880). They had two sons Manuel (1836–1885) Gustave (1837–1925) and two daughters, Eugenie Harouel (1840–1924) and Marie Crèpet (1842–1867).^[6] His second son Gustave Garcia (1 February 1837 – 1925) was a singer, actor, and author of three books on vocal and stage techniques. Gustave's son, Albert García (1875–1946), studied voice with his great aunt (Pauline Viardot), became a respected baritone, and produced an edition of his grandfather's treatise on singing (1924).^[7]

From second wife Beata Elena Rodriguez (+ 19 April 1917) were born 2 daughters, Paula (+ 1 May 1960) wife from 1901 of Major George McKenzie Franks (1868–1958) – and Manuela Beata Carmen (+ 5 March 1924).

Works

Mémoire sur la voix humaine présenté à l'Académie des Sciences en 1840. Paris: Duverger, 1847.
Ecole de García: traité complet de l'art du chant par Manuel García fils. Mayence, Paris: Schott 1840 (Teil 1), 1847 (Teil 2).
Tratado completo del arte del canto. Lucía Díaz Marroquín y Mario Villoria (eds.). Kassel: Reichenberger, 2012. (Annotated edition in Spanish).
Garcías Schule oder Die Kunst des Gesanges in allen ihren Theilen vollst. abgehandelt von Manuel García. Deutscher Text von C. Wirth. Mainz: Schott, 1841; auch in zwei Teilen in der Zeitschrift Caecilia; Erster Theil, in Band 22 (1843), Heft 85; Zweiter Theil in Band 26 (1847), Heft 104 (Digitalisat)
Ecole de García: traité complet de l'art du chant. (Band 1 und 2 zusammen). Mayence, Paris: Schott 1856.
A complete treatise on the art of singing, part two by M. García II. Second part, complete and unabridged, the editions of 1847 and 1872 collated, ed. and transl. by Donald V. Paschke. Reprint of the 1872 edition. New York: Da Capo Press, 1975. ISBN 0-306-76212-9. ISBN 0-306-70660-1. (Note: Includes bibliographies).

Genealogy

Manuel García (1775–1832), singer, composer, impresario; married Joaquina Sitches (1780–1864)
- Manuel García Junior (1805–1906), singer, composer, singing teacher; married Cécile Maria "Eugénie" Mayer (1814–1880)
  - Manuel García (1836–1885)
  - Gustave García (1837–1925), baritone and singing teacher; married Emily Matilda Ann Martorell (1835–?)
    - Alberto García (1875–1946), baritone
  - Eugenie Harouel (1840–1924)
  - Marie Crèpet (1842–1867)
- Maria Malibran (1808–1836), singer; married Francois Eugene Malibran (1781–1836) (no children); married Charles Auguste de Bériot (1802–1870), composer, violinist
  - Charles-Wilfrid de Bériot (1833–1914), pianist, composer, professor at the École Niedermeyer
- Pauline Viardot (1821–1910), singer, composer; married Louis Viardot (1800–1883)
  - Louise Héritte-Viardot (1841–1918), composer, pianist, singer
  - Paul Viardot (1857–1941)
  - Marianne Viardot (1854–1919), painter, briefly engaged to Gabriel Fauré; married Alphonse Duvernoy
  - Claudie Viardot (1852–1914); married Georges Chamerot; had issue

References

Notes

^ "Manuel Patricio García". 3 February 2014.
^ Nearly all sources (e.g. Fitzlyon; Encyclopædia Britannica Online; H. Rosenthal and J. Warrack, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera, London, Oxford University Press, 1964, ad nomen; Teresa Radomski, Manuel García (1805/1906): A Bicentenary Reflection, "Australian Voice", Volume 11, 2005, p. 26) report Madrid as Garcia’s (likely) birthplace, but his pupil and biographer Malcolm Sterling Mackinlay wrote that "the place of his birth was not Madrid, as has been so often stated, but Zafra in Catalonia" (Garcia the centenarian, p. 13). In fact, however, the town of Zafra is in Extremadura, not in Catalonia.
^ Manuel García (1855). "Observations on the Human Voice". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 7 (60): 399–410. doi:10.1098/rspl.1854.0094. PMC 5180321. PMID 30163547. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
^ American Otological Society (1905). The Laryngoscope. Volume 15, pp. 402-403
^ Mackinlay, p. 219
^ Lee, Sidney, ed. (1912). "Garcia, Manuel" . Dictionary of National Biography (2nd supplement). Vol. 2. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
^ Teresa Radomski (2005). "Manuel García (1805–1906):A bicentenary reflection" (PDF). Australian Voice. 11: 25–41. Retrieved 28 August 2010.

Sources

"Manuel Patricio García, el científico del bel canto" RTVE La 2. Documentary (3:55 min.).
Malcolm Sterling Mackinlay: Garcia the centenarian and his times, being a memoir of Manuel Garcia's life and labours for the advancement of music and science. Edinburgh and London: Blackwood, 1908 (accessible for free online in Internet Archive; reprint: García the centenarian and his times. New York: Da Capo Pr., 1976).
Lucía Díaz Marroquín y Mario Villoria Morillo. La práctica del canto según Manuel García. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 2012 (Includes the exercises and annotated arias from the Traite complet de l'art du chant) (in Spanish).
Byron Cantrell: Hints on singing by Manuel Patricio Rodríguez García. Introd. by Byron Cantrell. Canoga Park, Calif.: Summit Publ. Co., 1970. Reprint of the edition London, New York 1894 (Translated from French).
April Fitzlyon, Garcia, Manuel (Patricio Rodriguez), in Stanley Sadie (ed): The New Grove Dictionary of Opera. New York: Grove (Oxford University Press), 1997 (II, p. 345). ISBN 978-0-19-522186-2.

External links

europavox.org: a website and research project devoted to the voice. Includes information on several members of the García family.
Garcia the Centenarian And His Times, by M. Sterling Mackinley at gutenberg.org
Free scores by Manuel García (baritone) at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
Biography/bibliography.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)