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Johnson M1941 LMG
Johnson M1941 LMG
Type	Light machine gun
Place of origin	United States
Service history
In service	1940–1961
Used by	See Users
Wars	World War II; Korean War; Hukbalahap Rebellion; Cuban Revolution;
Production history
Designed	1940
Unit cost	USD $265 (1941; equivalent to $5,489 in 2023)
Produced	1940–1945
No. built	9,500
Variants	M1941; M1944
Specifications
Mass	13 lb (5.9 kg)
Length	42 in (1,100 mm)
Barrel length	22 in (560 mm)
Cartridge	.30-06 Springfield
Action	Short recoil
Rate of fire	300–900 round/min variable
Muzzle velocity	2,800 ft/s (850 m/s)
Effective firing range	600 m (660 yd)
Feed system	20-round, single stack-column detachable box magazine

The M1941 Johnson Light Machine Gun, also known as the Johnson and the Johnny gun,^[1] was an American recoil-operated light machine gun designed by Melvin Johnson in the late 1930s. It shared the same operating principle and many parts with Malvin's M1941 Johnson rifle and M1947 Johnson auto carbine.

Design

The M1941 Johnson light machine gun was designed by a Boston lawyer and captain in the Marine Corps Reserve named Melvin Johnson Jr. His goal was to build a semi-automatic rifle that would outperform the M1 Garand the US Army had adopted. By late 1937, he had designed, built, and successfully tested both a semi-automatic rifle and a prototype light machine gun. Each shared a significant number of physical characteristics and common parts, and both operated on the principle of short recoil with a rotating bolt. He took the parts of other guns, switching them out and creating the M1941 light machine gun.

Johnson's curved, single-column magazine attached to the left side of the receiver; company brochures list a 20-round magazine as standard. Additionally, the weapon could be loaded by stripper clip at the ejection port, or by single rounds fed into the breech. The rate of fire was adjustable, from 200 to 600 rounds per minute. Two versions were built: the M1941 with a wooden stock and a metal bipod, and the M1944 with a tubular steel butt and a wooden monopod.

The design intended the recoil forces to travel, along with the mass of the weapon's moving parts, in a direct line to the shoulder of the gunner. While this design minimized muzzle climb, the sights had to be placed higher above the bore.

The weapon has many parallels with the German FG 42 automatic rifle. Both feed from the left side, and both fire from an open bolt while in automatic, and a closed bolt while in semi-auto. Both weapons were awkward to carry loaded, with a side-mounted magazine; the Johnson had an especially lengthy single-column magazine, and this feature tended to unbalance the weapon. Despite these similarities, there is no evidence that either weapon had any effect on the design of the other. Both weapons attempted to solve similar problems, and adopted similar solutions.

Prototypes of semi-automatic rifles, 20-round magazine-fed,^{[citation needed]} based on the Johnson LMG were also produced. The M1947 Johnson auto carbine is an example. A belt fed variant also existed.^[2]

Deployment

Johnson sold small quantities of the Johnson LMG to the U.S. Army and Marine Corps.^[3]^{[page needed]}

During World War 2, Ally special forces demanded a more portable, lighter, more accurate automatic rifle that provided the equivalent stopping power of the American BAR. As a result, this machine gun was adapted as the BAR replacement for commandos operating behind Axis lines. The First Special Service Force commandos, raised jointly with men from both Canada and the United States (the famous Devil's Brigade), traded the Marine Corps 125 of the new Johnson light machine guns for plastic explosives. They were used in lieu of BARs, but as they wore out and were lost in combat they were replaced by BARs.

The Johnson LMG was used by the Philippine Army and Philippine Constabulary during World War II under the Japanese Military Occupation from 1942 to 1945 and post-war from 1945 to 1960s including during the Hukbalahap Rebellion (1946-1954) and by the Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea (PEFTOK) from 1950-1955.

Shortly after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the predecessor of the Israel Defense Forces, Haganah, developed a close copy of the Johnson, the Dror, in both .303 British and 7.92×57mm Mauser. Israeli forces found the Dror unreliable as it was prone to jam from sand and dust ingress, and the weapon was discontinued after a brief period of service. Ernesto "Che" Guevara notably used a Johnson in the Cuban Revolution.^{[citation needed]}

Aftermath

Melvin Johnson continued to develop small arms. In 1955, he was asked to assist Fairchild/ArmaLite in (unsuccessfully) promoting Eugene Stoner's AR-10 rifle with the U.S. Department of Defense, then with ArmaLite and Colt's Manufacturing Company as an advocate for the AR-15. Armalite relied heavily on Johnson's efforts and the AR-15 used a similar bolt design to the M1941 Johnson. One of Johnson's last postwar firearms ventures was a 5.7 mm-caliber version of the M1 carbine, aka 'the Spitfire'.^[4]^{[page needed]}

Liquid propellant prototype

A prototype using hydrazine for a caseless firearm was also developed. The firearms would have been very effective and pretty equivalent in performance to conventional propellants, while offering improved supply lines. The main concern was in the durability of pressure seals in field conditions as well as toxicity of the substance to the user.^[5]

Users

Canada: Known to be used by Canadian soldiers in the Special Service Force^[6]
Malaysia: Formerly used by the Royal Malaysian Police, now on display at the Police Museum.^[7]
Philippines
United Kingdom^{[citation needed]}
United States

Non-state actors

26th of July Movement^[8]

Notes

^ Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). U.S. Marine Corps World War II Order of Battle: Ground and Air Units in the Pacific War, 1939-1945. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 516. ISBN 978-0-313-31906-8 – via Google Books.
^ "Belt-Fed Johnson LMGs". 7 February 2014.
^ Pikula, Sam (Maj.), The Armalite AR-10, 1998
^ Barnes, Frank C., Cartridges of the World, DBI Books, 1989
^ "PROPOSED LIQUID-PROPELLANT CALIBER .30 AUTOMATIC RIFLE UTILIZING PRELOADED, CASELESS, HYDRAZINE, MONOPROPELLANT BALLISTIC SYSTEM" (PDF). dtic.mil. 14 May 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 27, 2019.
^ "James D. Julia: Johnson LMG History & Disassembly". 29 February 2016.
^ "Royal Malaysia Police Museum – Small Arms Defense Journal".
^ SMALL ARMS OF THE CUBAN REVOLUTIONS PART1: ?Cuba Libre? Firearms News. February 1, 2021. Paul Scarlata

References

Johnson Jr., Melvin, Rifles and Machine Guns of the World's Armies, Fighting Forces, 1944.
Smith, Joseph E., Small Arms of the World, Stackpole Books, 1969.
Weeks, John, WWII Small Arms, Galahad Books, 1980.
Barnes, Frank C., Cartridges of the World, DBI Books, 1989.
Pikula, Sam (Maj.), The Armalite AR-10, 1998.
Canfield, Bruce N., Johnson Rifles and Machine Guns, Mowbray Publishing, 2002.