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Lạng Sơn (listenⓘ) is a city in far Northern Vietnam, and the capital of Lạng Sơn Province. It is accessible by road and rail from Hanoi, the Vietnamese capital, and it is the northernmost point on National Route 1.
History
Due to its geography as Vietnam's gateway to China (being located just across from Guangxi), Lạng Sơn (諒山) and its ancient citadel have been in the path of many invasions, and were the site of three French defeats during the colonial era. Occupied by Qing forces during the military buildup that preceded the Sino-French War, the city was occupied by France after the two-week Lạng Sơn Campaign in February 1885. However, the French brigade there conducted a hasty retreat after launching a failed attack at the Battle of Bang Bo into China; the "retreat from Lạng Sơn" became the most controversial aspect of the war and led to the fall of Jules Ferry's ministry.[1] Outnumbered French colonial forces clashed with the Japanese 5th Division in the Battle of Lạng Sơn during the Japanese Vietnam Expedition on 22 September 1940. The French were again compelled to retreat hastily.[2] In 1945 it was again the scene of heavy fighting during the Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina.
The surface rocks in the area are a Permian limestone, overlain by the early Triassic Lang Son Formation, consisting of flyschoid beds with interbedded sandstones, siltstones and clay shales and some felsic volcanics.[4] This place even can experience snow in the coldest moments of winter although Vietnam is basically snow free, it and the whole of Northern Vietnam is in an area of the subtropical climate.
Source 1: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology[6]
Source 2: The Yearbook of Indochina (1932-1933)[7]
Topography and geology
The city has diverse topographical and geological features, including hill, mountainous, half mountainous, coastal plains and coastal sand dunes.
The hilly region is in the west, stretching from north to south (in parts of communes: Dong Son, Thuan Duc) with an average elevation of 12–15 m, with total area of 64.93 km2, 41.7% of the city total area. Residents here live on agriculture, forestry, farming. The soil in this area is poor in nutrition, infertile and subject to continuous erosion due to its slope of 7-10%.
The half hilly region surrounds a plain with an average elevation of 10 m from north-east - north to north-west – south-west and south – south-east.[clarification needed] This region covers commues and wards of Bắc Lý, Nam Lý, Nghĩa Ninh, Bắc Nghĩa, Đức Ninh, Đức Ninh Đông, Lộc Ninh and Phú Hải with total area of 62.87 km2, or accounts for 40.2% of the city total area. Residents here lives on industrial, handcraft, trading and a small percentage lives on farming. This region is not very fertile, subject to alum. However, thanks to the heavy distribution of rivers and lakes, ponds and pools, it's better for agriculture than the hilly region. The plain with the average of 2.1 m, with little slope, accounting for 0.2% of the city area (5.76 km2). Most of the city's commercial, administrative and main streets concentrate in this narrow regions. Coastal sand dune area is on the east of the city, with an area of 21.98 km2, making up 14,3% of the total area.[citation needed]
^Mayeur, Jean-Marie; Rebérioux, Madeleine (1984). The Third Republic from Its Origins to the Great War, 1871-1914. Translated by Foster, J. R. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 96–99. ISBN978-0-521-24931-7. original titles Les débuts de la Troisième République 1871-1898 by Jean-Marie Mayeur and La République radicale? 1898-1914 by Madeleine Rebérioux.
^Hy V. Luong - Tradition, Revolution, and Market Economy in a North Vietnamese ... 2010- Page 37 "In March 1885, as Chinese troops from Kwangsi defeated a French force of 35,000 in Lạng-Sơn, Black Flag troops ..."
^Journal of Geology - Issues 15-20 2000 - Page 8 "Lang Sơn Formation of Induan age, lying unconformably upon Upper Permian limestone in the vicinities of Lạng Sơn Town, Bản Thí, Đông Mỏ, Chợ Bãi and Hữu Lũng, includes medium-grained sandstone rhythmically interbedded with .."
^Kỳ Cùng Temple is located on the left bank of Kỳ Cùng River and right at the beginning of Kỳ Cùng Bridge, in Lạng Sơn city. In 1993, the temple was recognized as a national monument.
^Kỳ Cùng stone wharf is located on the right bank of Kỳ Cùng river, near Kỳ Cùng Bridge and opposite Kỳ Cùng temple. Around in 1778, the temple was listed by Governor Ngô Thì Sĩ as one of the eight beautiful landscapes of Lạng Sơn Town) (Bát Cảnh Town). In 1993, Kỳ Cùng Stone Wharf was recognized as a national monument.
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![Kỳ Cùng Temple (also known as Quan Lớn Tuần Tranh Temple) [8]](File:%C4%90%E1%BB%81n_K%E1%BB%B3_C%C3%B9ng.jpg)
![Kỳ Cùng stone wharf[9] belongs to Lạng Sơn city. In 1993, the temple was recognized as a national monument.](File:B%E1%BA%BFn_%C4%91%C3%A1_K%E1%BB%B3_C%C3%B9ng.jpg)
