Lithuanian Auxiliary Police

Lithuanian Auxiliary Police
Litauische Hilfspolizei
Lithuanian Schutzmannschaft standing in formation in Vilnius Cathedral Square
Active	July 9, 1941 (1941-07-09) - May 1945 (1945-05)
Country	Lithuania
Type	Schutzmannschaft
Operations jurisdiction	German-occupied Europe including:[1] Lithuania Belarus Northern Russia Ukraine Poland
Commanders
Notable commanders	Lucian Wysocki, SSPF in Generalbezirk Litauen[2] A. Engel, KdO[2] Antanas Špokevičius, inspector of the Lithuanian police battalions[2] Antanas Rėklaitis, head of the staff[2]

The Lithuanian Auxiliary Police was a Schutzmannschaft formation formed during the German occupation of Lithuania between 1941 and 1944, with the first battalions originating from the most reliable freedom fighters, disbanded following the 1941 anti-Soviet Lithuanian June Uprising in 1941.^[3] Lithuanian activists hoped that these units would be the basis of a reestablished Lithuanian Army commanded by the Lithuanian Provisional Government.^[4] Instead, they were put under the orders of the SS- und Polizeiführer in Lithuania.^[5]

Lithuanian auxiliary policemen were divided into four types. The first three were: regular law enforcement policemen, firefighting policemen, and auxiliary units grouped into platoons that assisted the local police when needed.^[2] The last were Lithuanian Schutzmannschaft battalions, closed formations organized into battalions, companies, platoons and groups.^[2]

The battalions were charged with internal security duties and engaged in anti-partisan operations in the Wehrmacht's rear areas, e.g. Ukraine, Belarus, Poland and Northwest Russia.^[6] Some battalions took part in the Holocaust, most notably the 12th and the 13th battalions, which started as the Lithuanian TDA Battalions. These two battalions were responsible for an estimated 78,000 Jewish deaths in Lithuania and Belarus.^{[citation needed]} While the battalions were often deployed outside Lithuania, they generally did not participate in combat. In total, 26 battalions were formed and approximately 20,000^[7] men served in them.^[8] In July to September 1944, the remaining units were combined into two Lithuanian Volunteer Infantry Regiments^[9]

Terminology

The units are known under a number of names. German documents referred to them as Ordnungsdienst (order service), Selbstschutz (self-defense), and Hilfspolizei (auxiliary police).^[10] From September 1941, they became known as Schutzmannschaft-Bataillonen (abbreviated Schuma). In Lithuanian, the police battalions were known as savisaugos batalionai (self-defense battalions), apsaugos dalys (security units), Lietuvos apsaugos dalys (LAD, security units of Lithuania).^[10]

Sources and historiography

Lithuanian Police Battalions are controversial and poorly researched.^{[citation needed]} The main obstacle is the lack of reliable and objective data. During the war, journal Karys published frequent stories about the battalions, but to protect military secrets the articles were heavily censored to remove names, dates, and locations. During the Soviet period, when Soviet propaganda exploited tales of war crimes and actively persecuted former members of the battalions, objective research was impossible. Several members of the battalions managed to escape to the West and publish memoirs, but they gloss over the controversial aspects of the battalions and often deny Lithuanian involvement in the Holocaust.^[11] Foreign researchers were hampered by lack of archival data.

When Lithuania declared independence, the archives became accessible to scholars. However, the documents are scattered in various archives in Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Germany and Russia. In addition, recordkeeping was poor, particularly towards the end of the war. The units were subject to frequent reorganizations and restructurings; sometimes the units were themselves confused about their names or numbers. In the post-war years, the KGB produced interrogation protocols of former members of the battalions, but these are not considered reliable, as confessions were often obtained through torture or fabricated outright. Nevertheless, Lithuanian scholars, primarily Arūnas Bubnys, have published several articles analyzing the structure and activities of individual battalions.^[11]

Background

Lithuanian soldier escorting a group of Lithuanian Jews in Vilnius in July 1941

In June 1940, Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union. The Soviets introduced harsh sovietization policies, including nationalization of larger enterprises, landholdings, and real estate.^[12] Opponents of communism and the new regime were persecuted: an estimated 6,600 were imprisoned as "enemies of the people"^[13] and another 17,600 deported to Siberia.^[14] The Lithuanian Army was reorganized into the 29th Rifle Corps (179th Rifle and 184th Rifle Divisions) of the Red Army. More than 500 Lithuanian officers retired and 87 were imprisoned.^[15]

The Lithuanian Activist Front was formed in Berlin by Kazys Škirpa, former Lithuanian envoy to Germany. Its goal was to organize an anti-Soviet uprising in the event of a German-Soviet war.^[16] When Nazi Germany invaded Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, some Lithuanians greeted the Germans as liberators from the repressive Soviet rule.^[17] Many spontaneously joined the anti-Soviet June Uprising. The Provisional Government of Lithuania declared independence and Lithuanians began to form their own military and police units in hopes of recreating the Lithuanian Army.^[18] The territory of Lithuania was invaded by and divided between two German Army Groups:Army Group North took over western and northern Lithuania, and Army Group Centre took over most of the Vilnius Region.^[19] Therefore, developments in Kaunas and Vilnius were parallel but separate. The Germans had no intention of giving the Lithuanians independence, so the provisional government was dissolved on August 5, 1941 and partisan units disarmed. On September 26, the LAF was also dissolved and Lithuania was incorporated into the German civil administration.^[20]

Formation

In the short period when the Lithuanians hoped to rebuild the state, they reconstituted part of the pre-war police, reaching about 40% (3,000 men) of its pre-war numbers, and began to recreate the army.^[21] On July 5, however, German authorities forbade the reconstitution of the Lithuanian army, or any units other than self-defense units, which the Germans transformed into auxiliary police units.^[22] In November, all auxiliary policemen in the eastern territories, including Lithuania, were considered Schutzmannschaften.^[21]

Schutzmannschaften were divided into four types. The first was a regular police force, stationed in cities and provinces. The second type, closed formations, were organized into battalions, companies, platoons and groups. The third type was firefighting units. The fourth, auxiliary units grouped into platoons and companies, assisted regular police when needed.^[2]

The first battalion, known as the Tautinio darbo apsaugos batalionas (TDA), was formed by the Provisional Government in Kaunas on June 28.^[18] The Provisional Government was dissolved on August 5, 1941. The battalion was not dissolved and German Major Franz Lechthaler [de] took over its command.^[18] On August 7, the TDA had 703 members and Lechthaler ordered it reorganized into two battalions of auxiliary police (German: Polizeihilfsdienst bataillone; Lithuanian: Pagalbinės policijos tarnyba or PPT). During August three more battalions of PPT were formed. In October, these five battalions were renamed security battalions (Lithuanian: apsaugos batalionas). In December, the five battalions were reorganized again into battalions of Schutzmannschaft.

Lithuanians massively deserted from the Soviet 29th Rifle Corps and gathered in Vilnius. They organized Lithuanian Self-defense Units (Lithuanian: Lietuvių savisaugos dalys or LSD) in Vilnius, Pabradė, Trakai, and Varėna.^[23] On July 21, 1941, LSD was reorganized into the Vilnius Reconstruction Service (Lithuanian: Vilniaus atstatymo tarnyba or VAT) with three units (Work, Order, and Security). On August 1, VAT and its three units were reorganized into three battalions of Schutzmannschaft.^[24] Two more battalions were organized by October 1941.

Atrocities

Some Lithuanian auxiliary police battalions took an active part in the extermination of Jewish people in Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia and Poland and committed crimes against the Polish and Belarusian populations. For example the 12th Police Battalion liquided Jews in Kaunas in October 1941 under the command of Antanas Impulevičius. Later that the TBD 12th battalion murdered the entire Jewish population of Slutsk in Belarus. The 2nd Police Battalion served as guards at the Majdanek death camp in occupied Poland. Of 26 Lithuanian Auxiliary Police battalions, 10 were directly involved in the destruction of Jewish people in Eastern Europe.^[25] According to German reports^[specify], Lithuanians committed 47,000 killings of Jews in Lithuania out of all 85,000 committed by Einsatzkommando there. They also killed 50,000 Belarusian Jews during the war.^[26] The largest crime against the non-Jewish civilian population by Lithuanian policemen was the killings of Polish people in the villages of Švenčionėliai and Švenčionys and their surroundings.^[27]

List of Lithuanian Schutzmannschaft battalions

BN#[n 1]	Formed from	Formation began	Formed in	First commander[n 2]	Holocaust [n 3][28]	Location on 1942-08-26[29]	Location on 1944-03-17[10]	Date disbanded	Further fate
1st	VAT Security Unit (former LSD)[24]	July 14, 1941[30]	Vilnius	Col Lt Jonas Juknevičius[24]	Yes	Vilnius	Vilnius	Fall 1944[31]	To anti-aircraft units or Germany[31]
2nd	VAT Order Unit (former LSD)[24]	July 14, 1941[30]	Vilnius	Col Lt Petras Vertelis[30]	Yes	Lublin	Adutiškis	August 1944[30]	To various German units[30]
3rd	VAT Work unit (former LSD)[24]	July 14, 1941[30]	Vilnius	Capt Pranas Ambraziūnas[32]	Yes	Near Minsk	Near Minsk	July 1944[33]	To anti-aircraft units or Dresden[33]
4th	4th battalion of PPT	August 30, 1941[18]	Kaunas	Capt Viktoras Klimavičius[18]	No	Stalino	disbanded	February 1944[34]	Kovel Pocket: Soviet captivity[34]
5th	5th battalion of PPT	August 28, 1941[35]	Kaunas	Capt Juozas Kriščiūnas[18]	No[35]	Dedovichi	Švenčionėliai	December 1944[35]	To the 256th and 13th battalions[35]
6th	Railway Protection Battalion[36]	July 1941[36]	Vilnius	Capt Vincentas Ruseckas	No	Vilnius	Vilnius	August 1944[37]	To anti-aircraft units or Germany[37]
7th			Kaunas	Capt Klimavičius Viktoras	Yes	Lityn	disbanded	January 1944[38]	To the 13th[28] and 257th battalions[39]
8th			Kaunas	Maj Juozas Jurkūnas	No	Kirovohrad	disbanded	Nov. 20, 1943[28]
9th			Kaunas	Capt Mykolas Slyvėnas	No	Kaunas	Kaunas	July 1944[40]	To the 1st Lithuanian Police Regiment[40]
10th	-	August 1941[41]	Panevėžys	Capt Bronius Kairiūnas[42]	Yes[43]	Panevėžys	disbanded	January 21, 1943[44]	To the 14th battalion[44]
11th	3rd battalion of PPT	August 15, 1941[18]	Kaunas	Capt Antanas Švilpa[10]	Yes	Korosten	disbanded	Late 1943[45]
12th	2nd battalion of PPT (former TDA)	August 9, 1941[46]	Kaunas	Maj Antanas Impulevičius[18]	Extensively	Minsk	disbanded	February 1944[47]	To the 15th battalion[47]
13th	1st battalion of PPT (former TDA)	June 28, 1941[18]	Kaunas	Maj Kazys Šimkus[18]	Extensively[48]	Dedovichi	Opochka	May 1945[49]	Courland Pocket: Soviet captivity[49]
14th	-	August 1941[50]	Šiauliai	Capt Stanislovas Lipčius[51]	Yes[52]	Šiauliai	Šiauliai	Summer 1944[41]	To Gdańsk and Dresden[41]
15th	VAT Hrodna battalion[53]	July 1941[53]	Vilnius	Maj Albinas Levickis[54]	No	Baranovichi	Near Minsk	July 26, 1944[55]	To Szczecin and Gdańsk[55]
250th	-	1941 autumn	Kaunas		No	Pskov	Daugavpils
251st	-	Summer 1942[56]	Kaunas		No	Kaunas	disbanded	February 1943[56]	To the 2nd battalion[56]
252nd	-	May 25, 1942[30]	Kaunas	Maj Bronius Bajerčius[30]	Yes	Kaunas	Lublin	November 1944[30]	To northern Yugoslavia[57]
253rd	-	May 1943[40]	Kaunas	Capt Vladas Aižinas[40]	No	n/a	Lublin	August 1944[40]	To aviation units and Dresden[40]
254th	-	Spring 1942[58]	Vilnius	Capt Povilas Bareišis[59]	No	Vilnius	disbanded	April 1944[60]	To the 258th or 259th battalions[60]
255th	-	July 21, 1942[61]	Kaunas		No	Kaunas	Slutsk	August 1944[62]	To Dresden[62]
256th	-	March 1943[49]	Kaunas	Capt Jonas Matulis[49]	No	n/a	Panemunė	May 1945[49]	Courland Pocket: Soviet captivity[49]
257th	4 representative police companies[63]	October 24, 1943[64]		Capt V. Miliauskas[65]	No	n/a	Svir [lt]	October 1944[66]	To Gdańsk[66]
258th	Training units[67]	April 27, 1944[67]			No	n/a	n/a	Late 1944[62]	To Germany near Belgian border[62]
259th	-	April 1944[68]	Prienai[68]		No	n/a	n/a
Lietuva	Lithuanians in Reichsarbeitsdienst[69]		Koszalin[69]		No	n/a	n/a
Notes: Battalion number. Numbers 301 through 310 were assigned to the Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force. Only the first commander is listed. Some of them were acting commanders, holding the post for a few weeks. Indicates whether the unit participated in the Holocaust. The conclusion is based on the research by Arūnas Bubnys.

See also

• Lithuanian Security Police

References

1. Bubnys 2017, p. 151-152.
2. Bubnys 2017, p. 152.
3. Mollo 1992, p. 26.
4. Caballero 2002, p. 35.
5. Arad 1990, p. 1176.
6. Caballero 2002, pp. 35–37.
7. "policijos batalionai". www.vle.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 2023-09-03.
8. Anušauskas, et al. (2005), p. 232
9. Stoliarovas (2008a), p. 16
10. Bubnys (1998a)
11. Stoliarovas (2008a), p. 8
12. Anušauskas, et al. (2005), pp. 116–119
13. Anušauskas, et al. (2005), p. 137
14. Anušauskas, et al. (2005), p. 140
15. Anušauskas, et al. (2005), p. 112
16. Bubnys 2017, p. 149.
17. Suziedelis (2011), p. 252
18. Knezys (2000)
19. Anušauskas, et al. (2005), p. 161
20. Bubnys 2017, p. 149-150.
21. Bubnys 2017, p. 150.
22. Bubnys 2017, p. 151.
23. Bubnys (2008b), p. 36
24. Bubnys (2008b), p. 37
25. Statiev 2010, p. 69
26. Statiev 2010, p. 70
27. Wnuk 2018, p. 94
28. Čekutis & Žygelis (2010-04-14)
29. Bubnys (1998c), p. 120
30. Bubnys (2000)
31. Bubnys (2008b), p. 42
32. Bubnys (2008b), p. 43
33. Bubnys (2008b), p. 48
34. Bubnys (2008b), p. 51
35. Bubnys (2001a)
36. Breslavskienė (September 2010c)
37. Stankeras (2008), p. 566
38. Stankeras (2008), p. 567
39. Stankeras (2008), p. 534
40. Bubnys (1998b)
41. Bubnys (2010), p. 84
42. Bubnys (2010), p. 85
43. Bubnys (2010), p. 85–86
44. Bubnys (2010), p. 87
45. Bubnys (2008a), p. 52
46. Stoliarovas (2008a), p. 21
47. Stoliarovas (2008a), p. 36
48. Bubnys (2006), pp. 48–49
49. Bubnys (2001b)
50. Bubnys (2010), p. 81
51. Bubnys (2010), p. 82
52. Bubnys (2010), pp. 82–83
53. Bubnys (2007), p. 70
54. Bubnys (2007), p. 69
55. Bubnys (2007), p. 76
56. Bubnys (2001c)
57. Stoliarovas (2008b), p. 292
58. Bubnys (2008b), p. 52
59. Bubnys (2008b), p. 53
60. Bubnys (2008b), p. 54
61. Breslavskienė (August 2010b)
62. Bubnys (2009-10-17)
63. Stankeras (2008), p. 533–534
64. Breslavskienė (September 2010b)
65. Stankeras (2008), p. 533
66. Stankeras (2008), p. 538
67. Breslavskienė (September 2010a)
68. Breslavskienė (August 2010a)
69. Stoliarovas (2008a), p. 15

Bibliography

Lithuanian-language sources

• Anušauskas, Arvydas; Bubnys, Arūnas; Kuodytė, Dialia; Jakubčionis, Algirdas; Titinis, Vytautas; Truska, Liudas, eds. (2005). Lietuva, 1940–1990 (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Lietuvos gyventojų genocido ir rezistencijos tyrimo centras. ISBN 9986-757-65-7.
• Čekutis, Ričardas; Žygelis, Dalius (2010-04-14), Laisvės kyžkelės. Lietuvių policijos batalionai Antrojo pasaulinio karo metais (in Lithuanian), Bernardinai.lt, retrieved 2015-04-18
• Knezys, Stasys (2000). "Kauno karo komendantūros Tautinio darbo batalionas 1941 m." Genocidas Ir Rezistencija (in Lithuanian). 7. ISSN 1392-3463.
• Rukšėnas, Alfredas (2007). "Kauno 2-asis pagalbinės policijos tarnybos batalionas ir gyventojų žudynės Baltarusijoje 1941–1943 m." Genocidas Ir Rezistencija (in Lithuanian). 22. ISSN 1392-3463.
• Stankeras, Petras (2008). Lietuvių policija Antrajame pasauliniame kare (in Lithuanian). Mintis. ISBN 978-5-417-00958-7.
• Stoliarovas, Andriejus (2008a). Lietuvių pagalbinės policijos (apsaugos) 12-asis batalionas (Thesis) (in Lithuanian). Vytautas Magnus University.
• Stoliarovas, Andriejus (2008b). "Lietuvių pagalbinės policijos (apsaugos) 252-asis (Kauno) batalionas. Nežinomas bataliono istorijos fragmentas". Kauno istorijos metraštis. 9. ISSN 1822-2617.
• Zizas, Rimantas (2004). "Lietuvių savisaugos (apsaugos) bataliono karių nuostoliai Vokietijos-SSRS karo metu (1941-1945)". Karo Archyvas (in Lithuanian). 19. ISSN 1392-6489.

Laimutė Breslavskienė

• Breslavskienė, Laimutė (August 2010a). "Pažyma apie 259-ojo lietuvių policijos mokomojo bataliono fondą Nr. R-670" (in Lithuanian). Lietuvos centrinis valstybės archyvas. Archived from the original on 2015-04-19. Retrieved 2015-04-18.
• Breslavskienė, Laimutė (August 2010b). "Pažyma apie 255-ojo lietuvių policijos bataliono fondą Nr. R-677" (in Lithuanian). Lietuvos centrinis valstybės archyvas. Archived from the original on 2015-04-19. Retrieved 2015-04-18.
• Breslavskienė, Laimutė (September 2010a). "Pažyma apie 258-ojo lietuvių policijos bataliono fondą Nr. R-669" (in Lithuanian). Lietuvos centrinis valstybės archyvas. Archived from the original on 2015-04-19. Retrieved 2015-04-18.
• Breslavskienė, Laimutė (September 2010b). "Pažyma apie 257-ojo lietuvių policijos bataliono fondą Nr. R-668" (in Lithuanian). Lietuvos centrinis valstybės archyvas. Archived from the original on 2015-04-19. Retrieved 2015-04-18.
• Breslavskienė, Laimutė (September 2010c). "Pažyma apie 6-ojo lietuvių policijos bataliono fondą Nr. R-664" (in Lithuanian). Lietuvos centrinis valstybės archyvas. Archived from the original on 2015-04-19. Retrieved 2015-04-18.

Arūnas Bubnys

• Bubnys, Arūnas (1998a). "Lietuvių viešoji policija ir policijos batalionai (1941–1944)". Genocidas Ir Rezistencija (in Lithuanian). 3. ISSN 1392-3463.
• Bubnys, Arūnas (1998b). "253-iasis lietuvių policijos batalionas (1943–1944)". Genocidas Ir Rezistencija (in Lithuanian). 4. ISSN 1392-3463.
• Bubnys, Arūnas (1998c). Vokiečių okupuota Lietuva (1941–1944) (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Lietuvos gyventojų genocido ir rezistencijos tyrimo centras. ISBN 9986-757-12-6.
• Bubnys, Arūnas (2000). "Lietuvių policijos 2-asis (Vilniaus) ir 252-asis batalionai (1941–1944)". Genocidas Ir Rezistencija (in Lithuanian). 8. ISSN 1392-3463.
• Bubnys, Arūnas (2001a). "Penktasis lietuvių policijos batalionas (1941–1944)". Genocidas Ir Rezistencija (in Lithuanian). 9. ISSN 1392-3463.
• Bubnys, Arūnas (2001b). "Lietuvių policijos batalionai Pskovo srityje ir Kurše: 13-asis ir 10(256)-asis batalionai (1942–1945)". Genocidas Ir Rezistencija (in Lithuanian). 10. ISSN 1392-3463.
• Bubnys, Arūnas (2001c). "Atsakymas ponui H. Kudreikiui". Genocidas Ir Rezistencija (in Lithuanian). 10. ISSN 1392-3463.
• Bubnys, Arūnas (2006). "Lietuvių policijos 1 (13)-asis batalionas ir žydų žudynės 1941 m." Genocidas Ir Rezistencija (in Lithuanian). 20. ISSN 1392-3463.
• Bubnys, Arūnas (2007). "Lietuvių policijos 15-asis batalionas. (1941-1944 m.)". Genocidas Ir Rezistencija (in Lithuanian). 21. ISSN 1392-3463.
• Bubnys, Arūnas (2008a). "Lietuvių policijos 3(11)-iasis batalionas". Genocidas Ir Rezistencija (in Lithuanian). 23. ISSN 1392-3463.
• Bubnys, Arūnas (2008b). "Lietuvių savisaugos dalinių Vilniaus apygardos batalionai (1941-1944 m.)". Genocidas Ir Rezistencija (in Lithuanian). 24. ISSN 1392-3463.
• Bubnys, Arūnas (2009-10-17). "Lietuvių policijos batalionų nuginklavimas ir išformavimas Rytprūsiuose 1944 metais" (PDF). Voruta. 20 (686): 6, 8. ISSN 2029-3534.
• Bubnys, Arūnas (2010). "Lietuvių policijos Šiaulių (14-asis) ir Panevėžio (10-asis) batalionai (1941-1944)". Genocidas Ir Rezistencija (in Lithuanian). 27. ISSN 1392-3463.
• Bubnys, Arūnas (2013). "Lietuvių policijos Vilniaus 4-asis batalionas (1941-1944)". Voruta (in Lithuanian). 17–18 (781–782). ISSN 1392-0677.

English-language sources

• Bubnys, Arūnas (2017). "The Lithuanian Schutzmannschaft Battalions". In Böhler, Jochen; Gerwarth, Robert (eds.). The Waffen-SS. A European History. Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-879055-6.
• Caballero, Jurado (2002). Windrow, Martin (ed.). Germany's Eastern Front Allies (2). Men-at-Arms. Great Britain: Osprey Publishing.
• Yitzhak Arad (1990). The Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. New York City: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 9780028960906.
• Mollo, Andrew (1992). Uniforms of the SS. Vol. 5 - Sicherheitsdienst und Sicherheitspolizei 1931-1945. Great Britain: Windrow & Greene. ISBN 1-872004-62-8.
• Statiev, Alexander (2010). The Soviet Counterinsurgency in the Western Borderlands. Cambridge: 978-0-521-76833-7.
• Suziedelis, Saulius A. (2011). Historical Dictionary of Lithuania. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810875364.