List of the prehistoric life of Virginia

This list of the prehistoric life of Virginia contains the various prehistoric life-forms whose fossilized remains have been reported from within the US state of Virginia.

Precambrian

The Paleobiology Database records no known occurrences of Precambrian fossils in Virginia.

Paleozoic

Main article: List of the Paleozoic life of Virginia

Selected Paleozoic taxa of Virginia

• †Acmarhachis
• †Amplexopora
• †Ampyx

• Fossils of the Carboniferous-Permian bryozoan Archimedes

  †Archimedes
• †Arthrorhachis
• †Athyris
  • †Athyris lamellosa
• †Atrypa
  • †Atrypa reticularis
• †Aulopora
• †Aviculopecten
• †Bassleroceras
• †Bellerophon
  • †Bellerophon spergensis – tentative report
• †Bimuria
• †Blountiella

• 

  Life restoration of the Late Devonian placoderm fish Bothriolepis

  †Bothriolepis
• †Bumastus
  • †Bumastus lioderma – or unidentified comparable form
• †Callixylon
• †Calymene
• †Calyptaulax
• †Camarotoechia
  • †Camarotoechia contracta
• †Campbelloceras
• †Cardiopteris
• †Ceratocephala
• †Ceratopsis
• †Ceraurinella – type locality for genus
• †Ceraurus
• †Chasmatopora
• †Chonetes
  • †Chonetes chesterensis
  • †Chonetes novascoticus
• †Christiania

• 

  Assemblage of fossilized shells of the Ordovician brachiopod Cincinnetina

  †Cincinnetina
  • †Cincinnetina meeki
  • †Cincinnetina multisecta
• †Clarkoceras – tentative report
• †Cleiothyridina
  • †Cleiothyridina sublamellosa – or unidentified comparable form
• †Climacograptus
• †Coleoloides
• †Columnaria
• †Composita
  • †Composita subquadrata – or unidentified comparable form
• †Conocardium
• †Constellaria
• †Coosia
• †Coosina
• †Cornulites
  • †Cornulites flexuosus – or unidentified comparable form
• †Craniops
• †Crepicephalus
• †Cryptophragmus

• 

  Restoration of the Cambrian-Middle Devonian nautiloid cephalopod Cyrtoceras

  †Cyrtoceras
• †Cyrtospirifer
• †Cystodictya
  • †Cystodictya lineata
• †Dakeoceras
• †Dalmanites – or unidentified comparable form
• †Diplograptus
• †Echinosphaerites
• †Edmondia
• †Encrinuroides
• †Eophacops
• †Epiphyton

• 

  Illustration with inset cross-section diagrams of the Cambrian sponge Ethmophyllum

  †Ethmophyllum
• †Favosites
• †Fletcheria – tentative report
• †Flexicalymene
  • †Flexicalymene senaria
• †Foerstia
• †Girvanella
• †Glauconome
• †Gonioceras
• †Hallopora
• †Helcionella
• †Heliomeroides
• †Hemithecella – type locality for genus
• †Holia
• †Holopea
• †Homagnostus
• †Hyolithellus
• †Hyolithes
• †Hypseloconus
• †Illaenus

• 

  Fossil of the Middle-Late Ordovician giant trilobite Isotelus.

  †Isotelus
  • †Isotelus maximus
• †Kingstonia
• †Kionoceras
• †Komaspidella
• †Kootenia
• †Krausella
• †Kutorgina
• †Labyrinthus
• †Latouchella

• 

  Restoration of the Carboniferous-Late Triassic club moss relative Lepidodendron. Eli Heimans (1911).

  †Lepidodendron
• †Levisoceras
• Lingula
• †Lingulella – tentative report
• †Llanoaspis
• †Lonchodomas
• †Maryvillia
• †Meteoraspis
• †Michelinoceras
• †Microplasma
• †Miraspis
• †Naticopsis
• †Niobe
• †Nisusia
• Nucula
• †Odontopleura
• †Olenellus
• †Olenoides
• †Orthoceras
• †Oulodus
• †Ozarkodina
• †Pagetia
• †Paractinoceras
• †Paterina
• †Pemphigaspis

• 

  Fossilized theca of the Carboniferous blastoid echinoderm ("sea bud") Pentremites

  †Pentremites
• †Phillipsia
• †Phragmolites
• †Phylloporina
• Pinna
• †Plaesiomys
• †Platyceras
• †Platystrophia
• †Plectoceras
• †Posidonia
• †Proetus
• †Protobarinophyton
• †Raymondaspis

• 

  Fossil of the Early Ordovician-Permian benthic alga Receptaculites

  †Receptaculites
• †Remopleurides
• †Rhodea
• †Rothpletzella
• †Salterella
• †Siphonodella
• †Skenidioides
• Solemya
• †Solenopora
  • †Solenopora compacta
• †Sowerbyella
• †Spathognathodus
• †Sphaerexochus
• †Sphaerocoryphe
• †Spirifer
• †Spyroceras
• †Strophomena
  • †Strophomena filitexta
  • †Strophomena incurvata
• †Subligaculum
• †Subulites
• †Syringopora

• 

  Assemblage of fossilized shells of the Early Ordovician-Late Devonian probable mollusc Tentaculites

  †Tentaculites
• †Terranovella
• †Tetradium
• †Tricrepicephalus
• †Trinodus
• Trypanites
• †Wilkingia

Mesozoic

• †Abietites – or unidentified comparable form
  • †Abietites longifolius
• †Acrostichites
  • †Acrostichites linnaeaefolius
• †Agrestipus – type locality for genus
  • †Agrestipus hottoni – type locality for species
• †Alisporites
  • †Alisporites aequalis
• †Amblydactylus
  • †Amblydactylus gethingi
• †Anchisauripus
  • †Anchisauripus parallelus

• 

  Fossil (right) of the Early Jurassic dinosaur footprint ichnogenus Anomoepus

  †Anomoepus
• †Appomatoxia – type locality for genus
  • †Appomatoxia ancistrophora – type locality for species
• † Aquia – type locality for genus
• † Aquia
  • †Aquia brookensis – type locality for species
• Aralia
  • †Aralia dubia
• †Aratrisporites
  • †Aratrisporites scabratus
• †Araucarites
  • †Araucarites aquiensis
• †Arcellites
  • †Arcellites disciformis
  • †Arcellites pyriformis – or unidentified comparable form
• †Athrotaxis
  • †Athrotaxis ungeri – or unidentified comparable form
• †Athrotaxopsis
• †Atreipus
  • †Atreipus milfordensis
• †Auriculophora
  • †Auriculophora acrostichoides
• †Boreogomphodon – type locality for genus
  • †Boreogomphodon jeffersoni – type locality for species
• †Brachyphyllum
  • †Brachyphyllum crassicaule
• †Brenneria – type locality for genus
  • †Brenneria potomacensis – type locality for species
• †Brennerispermum – type locality for genus
  • †Brennerispermum potomacensis – type locality for species

• 

  Fossil of the sauropod dinosaur footprint ichnogenus Brontopodus

  †Brontopodus
  • †Brontopodus birdi
• †Caririchnium
  • †Caririchnium leonardii
• †Carpestella – type locality for genus
  • †Carpestella lacunata – type locality for species
• †Chirotherium
  • †Chirotherium lulli
  • †Chirotherium parvum
• Cladophlebis
  • †Cladophlebis auriculata
  • †Cladophlebis constricta
  • †Cladophlebis mexicana
• †Classopollis
• †Clathropteris
  • †Clathropteris meniscoides
• †Colpectopollis
  • †Colpectopollis ellipsoideus
• †Crudia
  • †Crudia grahamiana – type locality for species
• †Crybelosporites
  • †Crybelosporites striatus
• †Cyathocaulis
  • †Cyathocaulis carolinensis
• †Cyathoforma
  • †Cyathoforma carolinensis
  • †Cyathoforma minuta
  • †Cyathoforma penticarpa
• †Danaeopsis
  • †Danaeopsis virginiensis
• †Decussosporites
  • †Decussosporites microreticulatus
• †Delosorus
  • †Delosorus heterophyllus
• †Dichotozamites
  • †Dichotozamites cycadopsis
• Dicotylophyllum
  • †Dicotylophyllum ovatodecurrens – type locality for species
• Dicranopteris
• †Dictyophylum
• †Dictyopygae
• †Dictyothylakos
  • †Dictyothylakos pesslerae
• †Diplurus

• 

  Life restoration of the Late Triassic reptile Doswellia

  †Doswellia – type locality for genus
  • †Doswellia kaltenbachi – type locality for species
• †Drewria
• †Echitriletes
  • †Echitriletes lanatus – or unidentified comparable form
• †Emydhipus – or unidentified related form
• †Equisetites
  • †Equisetites milleri
  • †Equisetites richmondensis
  • †Equisetites rogersii
• †Equisetum
  • †Equisetum lyellii – or unidentified comparable form
• †Erlansonisporites
  • †Erlansonisporites erlansonii

• 

  Fossils of the large theropod dinosaur footprint ichnogenus Eubrontes

  †Eubrontes
  • †Eubrontes approximus
  • †Eubrontes giganteus
• †Eucommiidites
• †Euscolosuchus – type locality for genus
  • †Euscolosuchus olseni – type locality for species
• †Exesipollenites
• †Ficophyllum
  • †Ficophyllum crassinerve
• †Gleichenites
  • †Gleichenites distans
• †Gomphiosauridion – type locality for genus
  • †Gomphiosauridion baileyae – type locality for species

• 

  Negative footprint of G. cuneatus showing skin impressions

  †Grallator
  • †Grallator cuneatus
  • †Grallator formosus
• †Gregaripus
• †Gwyneddichnium
  • †Gwyneddichnium majore
• †Gypsichnites
  • †Gypsichnites pacensis
• †Hypsiloichnus
  • †Hypsiloichnus marylandicus
• †Isoetodendron
  • †Isoetodendron striata
• †Juglandiphyllum
  • †Juglandiphyllum integrifolium
• †Kayentapus
  • †Kayentapus minor
• †Kenella – or unidentified related form
• †Lagenella
  • †Lagenella martinii
• †Landonia
  • †Landonia calophylla – or unidentified comparable form
• †Lapposisporites
  • †Lapposisporites loricatus – or unidentified comparable form
• †Leptocyclotes
  • †Leptocyclotes americana

• 

  Electron micrograph of fossilized teeth from the Early Jurassic-Early Cretaceous freshwater shark Lissodus

  †Lissodus
• †Lonchopteris
  • †Lonchopteris oblonga
• †Lunatisporites
  • †Lunatisporites acutus
• †Macrotaeniopteris
  • †Macrotaeniopteris crassinervis
  • †Macrotaeniopteris magnifolia
• †Megalosauropus
• †Mertensides
  • †Mertensides bullatus
• †Microconodon
  • †Microconodon tenuirostris
• †Nageiopsis
  • †Nageiopsis longifolia
• †Nelumbites
  • †Nelumbites extenuinervis – type locality for species
  • †Nelumbites minimus – or unidentified comparable form
• †Neocalamites
  • †Neocalamites delawarensis – or unidentified comparable form
  • †Neocalamites knowltonii
  • †Neocalamites virginiensis
• †Onychopsis
  • †Onychopsis latiloba
• †Ornithomimipus
  • †Ornithomimipus angustus

• 

  Fossil of the Permian-Late Cretaceous fern Osmundites

  †Osmundites
  • †Osmundites winterpockensis
• †Ovalipollis
  • †Ovalipollis ovalis
• †Pabiania – or unidentified related form
• †Patinasporites
  • †Patinasporites densus
• †Paxillitriletes
• †Pecopteris
  • †Pecopteris rarinervis
• †Phlebopteris
  • †Phlebopteris smithii – or unidentified comparable form
• †Pityopollenites
  • †Pityopollenites neomundanus
• †Platanocarpus
  • †Platanocarpus brookensis – type locality for species
• †Platanophyllum
  • †Platanophyllum crassinerve
• †Plesiornis
  • †Plesiornis pilulatus
• †Plicarizamites
  • †Plicarizamites lanceolatus
• †Podozamites
  • †Podozamites acutifolius
  • †Podozamites lanceolatus
  • †Podozamites tenuistriatus
• †Populophyllum
  • †Populophyllum crassinerve
• †Potomacanthus
  • †Potomacanthus lobatus
• †Primaraucaria
  • †Primaraucaria wielandii
• †Protodiploxypinus
  • †Protodiploxypinus doubingeri
• †Protohaploxypinus
• †Pseudofrenelopsis
  • †Pseudofrenelopsis nathorstiana – type locality for species
  • †Pseudofrenelopsis parceramosa
• †Pteridocaulis
  • †Pteridocaulis facialis
  • †Pteridocaulis rhombiformis
• †Pterophyllum
  • †Pterophyllum affine
  • †Pterophyllum braunianum
  • †Pterophyllum descussatum
  • †Pterophyllum giganteum
  • †Pterophyllum grandifolium
  • †Pterophyllum taxinum
  • †Pterophyllum tenuinervis
• †Ptycholepis
  • †Ptycholepis marshi
• †Redfieldius
• †Rothwellia – type locality for genus.^[1]
  • †Rothwellia foveata – type locality for species^[1]

• 

  Life restoration of the Late Triassic phytosaur Rutiodon

  †Rutiodon
  • †Rutiodon manhattanensis – or unidentified comparable form
• †Sagenopteris
  • †Sagenopteris rhoifolia
• †Sanmiguelia – tentative report
• †Sapindopsis
  • †Sapindopsis – or unidentified comparable form magnifolia/variabilis – informal
  • †Sapindopsis minutifolia – type locality for species
  • †Sapindopsis obtusifolia
• Sassafras
  • †Sassafras bilobata

• 

  Fossilized leaf of the Late Cretaceous ginkgo relative Sphenobaiera

  †Sphenobaiera
  • †Sphenobaiera striata
• †Sphenolepis
  • †Sphenolepis sternbergiana
• †Sphenopteris
  • †Sphenopteris lobata
  • †Sphenopteris sitholeyi
• †Sphenozamites
  • †Sphenozamites rogersianus
• †Stangerites
  • †Stangerites obliqua
  • †Stangerites planus

• 

  Ripe fruit capsule and seeds of a living Sterculia, or tropical chestnut

  Sterculia
  • †Sterculia elegans
• †Sulcatisporites
  • †Sulcatisporites kraeuseli
• †Taeniopteris
  • †Taeniopteris diminuta
• †Tetrapodosaurus
  • †Tetrapodosaurus borealis
• †Thodaya – type locality for genus.^[1] Preoccupied.
  • †Thodaya sykesiae – type locality for species^[1]
• †Thylakosporites
  • †Thylakosporites retiarius
• †Trassiflorites
  • †Trassiflorites grandiflora
• †Triadispora
  • †Triadispora modesta
  • †Triadispora verrucata
• †Uatchitodon – type locality for genus
  • †Uatchitodon kroehleri – type locality for species
• †Ulmiphyllum
  • †Ulmiphyllum crassinerve
• †Vallasporites
  • †Vallasporites ignacii
  • †Vallasporites perspicuus
• †Verrutriletes
  • †Verrutriletes carbunculus
• †Virginianthus – type locality for genus
  • †Virginianthus calycanthoides – type locality for species
• †Watsoniocladus – type locality for genus
  • †Watsoniocladus florinii – type locality for species
  • †Watsoniocladus obatae
  • †Watsoniocladus pseudoexpansum
  • †Watsoniocladus ramonensis
  • †Watsoniocladus valdensis
  • †Watsoniocladus virginiensis – type locality for species
• †Xenodiphyodon – type locality for genus
  • †Xenodiphyodon petraios – type locality for species
• †Zamiostrobus
  • †Zamiostrobus lissocardius
  • †Zamiostrobus triasiccus

• 

  Fossil of the Early Triassic-Eocene cycad-like frond Zamites

  †Zamites
  • †Zamites buchianus
  • †Zamites powellii

Cenozoic

Main article: List of the Cenozoic life of Virginia

Selected Cenozoic taxa of Virginia

• Abies
• †Abra
• Acanthocybium
• Accipiter

  • 

    Living adult (center) and chick (lower right) Accipiter striatus, or sharp-shinned hawks

    †Accipiter striatus
• Acipenser
• Acmaea
• Acteocina
• Acteon
• †Actinocyclus
• Actitis – or unidentified comparable form
  • †Actitis macularia
• †Adeorbis
• Aegolius
  • †Aegolius acadicus
• Aequipecten
• Aetobatus
• Aetomylaeus
• Agelaius
  • †Agelaius phoeniceus

• 

  Fossilized skull of the Miocene baleen whale Aglaocetus

  †Aglaocetus
• †Aglyptorhynchus
• Albula
• Alca
  • †Alca torda – or unidentified comparable form
• Alces – or unidentified comparable form
  • †Alces alces

• 

  Fossilized skeleton of the Eocene pig-nosed turtle Allaeochelys

  †Allaeochelys
• Alnus
• Alopias
• Aluterus
• †Ambystoma
• Amia
• Ammonia
  • †Ammonia tepida
• †Amonia
• †Ampelopsis
• Amyda – or unidentified comparable form
• Anachis
• Anadara
  • †Anadara ovalis

  • 

    Shell of an Anadara transversa, or transverse ark clam

    †Anadara transversa
• Anas
  • †Anas crecca
  • †Anas discors
  • †Anas platyrhynchos – or unidentified comparable form
• Anguilla
• †Anguispira
  • †Anguispira alternata
• Angulus
• Anomia
  • †Anomia simplex
• †Anomotodon

• 

  A living Anoxypristis cuspidata, or knifetooth sawfish

  Anoxypristis
• †Anthus – or unidentified comparable form
  • †Anthus spinoletta
• Aporrhais
• Arbacia
• †Archaeohippus
• †Archaeomanta
• Architectonica

• 

  Restoration of an Arctodus, or short-faced bear, with a human to scale

  †Arctodus
  • †Arctodus simus
• Argobuccinum
• Argopecten
  • †Argopecten gibbus
• Arius – tentative report
• Asio
  • †Asio flammeus – or unidentified comparable form
• Astarte
  • †Astarte castanea
• Astrangia
  • †Astrangia danae
• Astyris
  • †Astyris lunata
• Athleta
• Balaena
• Balaenoptera

• 

  Fossilized vertebrae of the Pliocene baleen whale Balaenotus

  †Balaenotus
• Balanophyllia
• Balanus
  • †Balanus improvisus
• Barbatia
• Barnea
• Bartramia
  • †Bartramia longicauda
• †Basilotritus
• Betula
• Bison
  • †Bison bison
• Bittiolum
  • †Bittiolum alternatum
• Blarina
  • †Blarina brevicauda
• †Bohaskaia – type locality for genus
  • †Bohaskaia monodontoides – type locality for species
• †Bolcyrus – or unidentified comparable form
• Bombycilla
  • †Bombycilla cedrorum
• Bonasa
  • †Bonasa umbellus
• †Bootherium

  • 

    Fossilized skeleton of the Pleistocene-Holocene bovid Bootherium bombifrons, or Harlan's musk ox.

    †Bootherium bombifrons
• Boreotrophon
• Bos
  • †Bos taurus
• Bostrycapulus
  • †Bostrycapulus aculeatus
• Botaurus
  • †Botaurus lentiginosus
• Brachidontes
• Branta
  • †Branta bernicla
• †Brevoortia
• †Brychaetus
• Bubo

  • 

    A living Bubo virginianus, or great horned owl

    †Bubo virginianus
• Buccella
• Buccinum
  • †Buccinum undatum
• Bucephala
  • †Bucephala albeola
• Bufo
  • †Bufo woodhousei
• †Burnhamia
• Busycon
  • †Busycon carica
  • †Busycon contrarium
• Busycotypus
  • †Busycotypus canaliculatus
• Buteo

  • 

    A living Buteo jamaicensis, or red-tailed hawk

    †Buteo jamaicensis
  • †Buteo lineatus
  • †Buteo platypterus
• Cadulus
• Caecum
  • †Caecum cooperi
• Caestocorbula
• †Calippus
• Calliostoma
• †Callippus
• Callista
• Calonectris
• Cambarus
  • †Cambarus bartonii – or unidentified comparable form
• †Canarium
• Cancellaria
• Cancer
  • †Cancer irroratus
• Canis

  • 

    Modern mounted skeleton of Canis lupus, the grey wolf, to scale with a fossilized skeleton of the Pleistocene wolf Canis dirus, or dire wolf

    †Canis dirus
  • †Canis latrans
  • †Canis lupus – or unidentified comparable form
• Cantharus
• Canthon
• Capella
  • †Capella gallinago
• Carcharhinus
• Carcharias
• Carcharodon
  • †Carcharodon hastalis
• Carditamera
• †Carolinochelys
  • †Carolinochelys wilsoni
• Carphophis
  • †Carphophis amoenus
• Carya
• Castor
  • †Castor canadensis

• 

  Mounted fossilized skeleton of the Pliocene-Pleistocene giant beaver Castoroides

  †Castoroides
  • †Castoroides ohioensis
• Catharus
• †Catinella
• Catoptrophorus
  • †Catoptrophorus semipalmatus
• †Catostomus
• Celtis
  • †Celtis occidentalis
• Cerithiopsis
  • †Cerithiopsis greenii
• Certhia
  • †Certhia familiaris
• †Cervalces – tentative report
  • †Cervalces scotti
• Cervus
  • †Cervus elaphus
• Cetorhinus

• 

  Life restoration of the Miocene-Pliocene whale Cetotherium

  †Cetotherium
• Chaetura
  • †Chaetura pelagica
• Chama
  • †Chama congregata
• Charadrius
  • †Charadrius vociferus
• Chelydra
  • †Chelydra serpentina
• †Chesapecten

  • 

    Shells of the Pliocene scallop Chesapecten jeffersonius

    †Chesapecten jeffersonius
• Chione
  • †Chione cancellata
• Chlamys
• †Chordeiles
  • †Chordeiles minor
• Cibicides
• Cingula
• Circulus
• Cirsotrema
• Cistothorus
  • †Cistothorus platensis – or unidentified comparable form
• Clavus – report made of unidentified related form or using admittedly obsolete nomenclature
• Clethrionomys
  • †Clethrionomys gapperi

• 

  A living Cliona sponge

  Cliona
• Coccyzus
• Colaptes
  • †Colaptes auratus
• Colinus
  • †Colinus virginianus
• Coluber
  • †Coluber constrictor
• †Columella
• Colus
  • †Colus pygmaeus
• Condylura
  • †Condylura cristata
• Contopus
  • †Contopus virens
• Conus

• 

  Shell of a Corbula basket clam

  Corbula
• Corvus
  • †Corvus brachyrhynchos
• Cotonopsis
  • †Cotonopsis lafresnayi
• †Coupatezia
  • †Crassinella lunulata
• Crassostrea
  • †Crassostrea virginica
• Crepidula
  • †Crepidula convexa
  • †Crepidula fornicata
  • †Crepidula plana

• 

  Fossil of the Early Cretaceous-Eocene shark Cretolamna

  †Cretolamna
  • †Cretolamna appendiculata
• Crocodylus
• Crotalus
  • †Crotalus adamanteus – or unidentified comparable form
  • †Crotalus horridus
• Crucibulum
  • †Crucibulum striatum
• Cryptobranchus

  • 

    A living Cryptobranchus alleganiensis, or hellbender salamander

    †Cryptobranchus alleganiensis
• †Cryptogramma
  • †Cryptosula pallasiana
• Cryptotis
  • †Cryptotis parva
• Cucullaea
• Cumingia
• Cupuladria
• Cyanocitta
  • †Cyanocitta cristata
• Cyclocardia
  • †Cyclocardia borealis

• 

  Fossilized skeleton of the Eocene bony fish Cyclopoma

  †Cyclopoma
• Cylichna
• †Cylindracanthus
• Cymatosyrinx
• †Cynelos
• Cynoscion
  • †Cyrtopleura costata
• Dasyatis
• Dasypus

  • 

    Fossilized cranium seen from above and below of the Pleistocene Dasypus bellus, or beautiful armadillo

    †Dasypus bellus – or unidentified comparable form
• Dendrocopos
• †Dendroica – or unidentified comparable form
  • †Dendroica coronata
• Dentalium
• Dentimargo
  • †Dentimargo aureocinctus
• Desmognathus
• Diadophis
• Dicaelus
• Dinocardium
  • †Dinocardium robustum
• Diodora
• †Diorocetus

• 

  Mounted fossilized skeleton of the Paleocene-Miocene crocodilian Diplocynodon

  †Diplocynodon
  • †Diplodonta punctata
• Discinisca
• †Discoaster
• Discus
  • †Discus catskillensis
• †Dolicholatirus
• †Dolichonyx – or unidentified comparable form
  • †Dolichonyx oryzivorus
• Donax

  • 

    Shells of Donax variabilis, or coquina

    †Donax variabilis
• Dosinia
  • †Dosinia discus
• Dryocopus
  • †Dryocopus pileatus
• Echinocardium
• Echinorhinus
• †Ecphora
  • †Ecphora gardnerae
• †Ectopistes
  • †Ectopistes migratorius
• †Egertonia
• Elaphe
  • †Elaphe guttata – or unidentified comparable form
  • †Elaphe obsoleta – or unidentified comparable form
• Electra
• Elphidium
• †Empidonax
• Ensis
  • †Ensis directus

• 

  Life restoration of two of the Miocene baleen whale Eobalaenoptera pursued by the giant shark Carcharocles megalodon

  †Eobalaenoptera – type locality for genus
  • †Eobalaenoptera harrisoni – type locality for species
• †Eosphargis
• †Eosuchus
  • †Eosuchus lerichei
• Epitonium
  • †Epitonium humphreysii
• Eptesicus
  • †Eptesicus fuscus
• Equus
  • †Equus fraternus
• Eremophila
  • †Eremophila alpestris
• Erethizon

  • 

    A living Erethizon dorsatum, or North American porcupine

    †Erethizon dorsatum
• Erolia
• Eschrichtius
  • †Eschrichtius robustus
• Esox
  • †Esox americanus – or unidentified comparable form
• Eulima
• Eumeces
  • †Eumeces laticeps – or unidentified comparable form
• Eupleura
  • †Eupleura caudata

• 

  Life restoration of the Miocene whale Eurhinodelphis (above)

  †Eurhinodelphis
  • †Eurhinodelphis longirostris
• Euspira
  • †Euspira heros
• Eutamias
  • †Eutamias minimus
• Euvola
• Falco
  • †Falco sparverius
• Felis
  • †Felis domesticus
• Ficus
• Flabellum
• Fossarus
• Fusinus
• Gadus

• 

  A living Galeocerdo cuvier, or tiger shark

  Galeocerdo
  • †Galeocerdo aduncus
  • †Galeocerdo contortus
• Galeodea
• Galeorhinus
• Galerita
  • †Galerita bicolor – or unidentified comparable form
• Gallinula
  • †Gallinula chloropus
• Gari
• Gastrochaena
• Gastrocopta
  • †Gastrocopta armifera
  • †Gastrocopta contracta
• Gavia

• 

  Fossilized skull of the Miocene crocodile relative Gavialosuchus

  †Gavialosuchus
• Gemma
  • †Gemma purpurea
• Genota – or unidentified comparable form
• Geomys
• Geukensia
  • †Geukensia demissa
• Gibbula – tentative report
• Ginglymostoma
• Glaucomys

  • 

    A living Glaucomys sabrinus, or northern flying squirrel

    †Glaucomys sabrinus
• Globigerina
• Globulina
• Glossus
• Glycymeris
  • †Glycymeris americana
• Granulina
• Grus
  • †Grus americana
• †Hadrodelphis – or unidentified comparable form
• Halichoerus

  • 

    A living Halichoerus grypus, or grey seal

    †Halichoerus grypus
• Hastula
• Helicodiscus
  • †Helicodiscus parallelus
• Hemipristis
  • †Hemipristis serra
• Heterodontus
• Hexanchus
• Hiatella
  • †Hiatella arctica
• Hipponix

• 

  Fossilized skull of the Eocene tapir-like mammal Homogalax

  †Homogalax – or unidentified related form
• Hydrobia
  • †Hydrobia truncata
• Hydroides
• Hyla
  • †Hyla crucifer – or unidentified comparable form
• Hylocichla
• †Hyopsodus – or unidentified comparable form
• †Hyposaurus – or unidentified comparable form
• †Icterus – or unidentified comparable form

  • 

    A living Icterus spurius, or orchard oriole

    †Icterus spurius
• Ilyanassa
  • †Ilyanassa obsoleta
  • †Ilyanassa trivittata
• Ischadium
  • †Ischadium recurvum
• Isistius
• Isognomon
• Istiophorus
• Isurus
• Junco
  • †Junco hyemalis

• 

  Life restoration of the Oligocene-Miocene dolphin Kentriodon

  †Kentriodon
• Kuphus
• Kurtziella
  • †Kurtziella cerina
• Lagena
• †Lagopus
  • †Lagopus mutus – or unidentified comparable form
• Lamna
• Lampropeltis
• Larus

  • 

    A living Larus hyperboreus, or glaucous gull

    †Larus hyperboreus
• Lasiurus
  • †Lasiurus borealis
• Latirus
• Lepisosteus
• †Leptophoca
  • †Leptophoca lenis
• †Leptoxis
  • †Leptoxis carinata
• Lepus

  • 

    A living Lepus americanus, or snowshoe hare

    †Lepus americanus
• Libinia
  • †Libinia dubia
  • †Libinia emarginata
• †Limosa – or unidentified comparable form
• Linga
  • †Lingulodinium machaerophorum
• Litiopa
• Littoraria
  • †Littoraria irrorata
• Lontra
  • †Lontra canadensis

• 

  Mounted skeleton of a Lophius americanus, or American anglerfish

  Lophius
• Lophodytes
  • †Lophodytes cucullatus
• Lopholatilus
• Loxia
• Lucina
• Lunatia
• Lymnaea
• Lynx

  • 

    A living Lynx rufus, or bobcat

    †Lynx rufus – or unidentified comparable form
• Lyonsia
• Macoma
  • †Macoma balthica
  • †Macoma tenta
• Macrocallista
• Makaira
  • †Makaira nigricans – or unidentified comparable form
• †Mammut
  • †Mammut americanum
• †Mammuthus
  • †Mammuthus columbi

  • 

    Life restorations of a Mammut americanum, or American mastodon (right), and a Mammuthus primigenius, or wooly mammoth (left)

    †Mammuthus primigenius
• †Margaritaria
• Marginella
• Marmota
  • †Marmota monax
• Masticophis
  • †Masticophis flagellum
• Megaceryle
  • †Megaceryle alcyon

• 

  Mounted fossilized skeleton of the Miocene-Pleistocene ground sloth Megalonyx

  †Megalonyx
  • †Megalonyx jeffersonii
• Megalops
• Megaptera
• Melanerpes
  • †Melanerpes carolinus
  • †Melanerpes erythrocephalus
• Meleagris
  • †Meleagris gallopavo
• Melospiza
  • †Melospiza melodia

• 

  Living Membranipora bryozoan

  Membranipora
• Mephitis
  • †Mephitis mephitis
• Mercenaria
  • †Mercenaria mercenaria
• Mergus
• †Merychippus
• †Mesocetus
• Mesoplodon

• 

  Mounted fossilized skeleton of the Miocene-Pleistocene manatee relative Metaxytherium

  †Metaxytherium
• †Metopocetus – type locality for genus
• Microtus
  • †Microtus chrotorrhinus
  • †Microtus ochrogaster
  • †Microtus pennsylvanicus
  • †Microtus pinetorum
  • †Microtus xanthognathus
• Mitrella
• Modiolus
• Mola
• Molothrus
  • †Molothrus ater
• †Monotherium
  • †Monotherium wymani
• Morus

  • 

    A living Morus bassanus, or northern gannet

    †Morus bassanus
• †Moxostoma
• Mulinia
  • †Mulinia lateralis
• Musculus
  • †Musculus lateralis
• Mustela
  • †Mustela nivalis
  • †Mustela richardsonii
• †Mya
  • †Mya arenaria
• Myliobatis

• 

  Fossilized skeleton of the Pliocene-Holocene peccary Mylohyus

  †Mylohyus
  • †Mylohyus fossilis
• Myotis
  • †Myotis grisescens
  • †Myotis keenii
  • †Myotis lucifugus
• Myriophyllum
• Mytilus
  • †Mytilus edulis
• Napaeozapus
  • †Napaeozapus insignis
• Nassarius
• Naticarius
• Natrix
• Nebrius
• Negaprion
• Neofiber
  • †Neopanope texana
• Neogale
  • †Neogale frenata
  • †Neogale vison
• Neotoma

  • 

    Close-up of a Neotoma floridana, or eastern woodrat

    †Neotoma floridana
• Nerodia
  • †Nerodia sipedon
• Neverita
• †Nipa – or unidentified comparable form
• Niso
• †Nocomis
  • †Nocomis raneyi – or unidentified comparable form
• Notophthalmus
  • †Notophthalmus viridescens – or unidentified comparable form

• 

  Illustration of a living Notorynchus cow shark

  Notorhynchus
• Notorynchus
• †Noturus
• Nucula
  • †Nucula proxima
  • †Nuculana acuta
• †Nyssa
• Ochotona
• Ocypode
• Odobenus
  • †Odobenus rosmarus
• Odocoileus
  • †Odocoileus virginianus
• Odontaspis

• 

  Illustration of a fossilized partial skull of the Paleocene-Eocene pseudo-toothed bird Odontopteryx

  †Odontopteryx – tentative report
• Odostomia
• Oliva
  • †Oliva sayana
• Olivella
  • †Olivella mutica
• Ondatra
  • †Ondatra zibethicus
• Onthophagus
• †Ontocetus – type locality for genus
  • †Ontocetus emmonsi – type locality for species
• Opheodrys
• †Opsanus
• †Orycterocetus
• †Osteopygis
• †Ostracion
• Ostrea
  • †Ostrea compressirostra
• †Otodus

  • 

    Diagram illustrating the largest (grey) and most conservative (red) size estimates of the Miocene-Pliocene shark Carcharocles megalodon (sometimes Carcharodon or Otodus megalodon) with a whale shark (violet), great white shark (green), and anachronistic human (black) to scale

    †Otodus megalodon
• Otus
  • †Otus asio
• †Oxyrhina
• †Oxyura
  • †Oxyura jamaicensis
• †Pachecoa
• †Palaeophis
• †Palaeorhincodon
• †Palaeosinopa – or unidentified comparable form
• Pandora
• Panopea
• Panopeus
  • †Panopeus herbstii
• Panthera

  • 

    A living Panthera leo, or lion

    †Panthera leo
• †Paralbula
• Parascalops
  • †Parascalops breweri
• †Parietobalaena
  • †Parietobalaena palmeri
• Parus
  • †Parus bicolor
• Parvanachis
  • †Parvanachis obesa
• Passerella
  • †Passerella iliaca
• Pecten
• †Pedalion
• Pedioecetes
  • †Pedioecetes phasianellus
• Pekania
  • †Pekania pennanti – or unidentified comparable form

• 

  Life restoration of the Oligocene-Pleistocene false-toothed bird Pelagornis

  †Pelagornis
• †Pelocetus
• †Perimyotis
  • †Perimyotis subflavus
• Perisoreus
  • †Perisoreus canadensis
• Peristernia
• Peromyscus
  • †Peromyscus leucopus
  • †Peromyscus maniculatus
• Petaloconchus
• Petricola
  • †Petricola pholadiformis
• Petrochelidon
  • †Petrochelidon pyrrhonota
• Phalacrocorax

  • 

    A living Phalacrocorax auritus, or double-crested cormorant

    †Phalacrocorax auritus
• Phenacomys
  • †Phenacomys intermedius
  • †Phenacomys ungava – or unidentified comparable form
• †Phocageneus – type locality for genus
• Pholadomya
• Pholas
• Phyllodus
• Physa
  • †Physa heterostropha
• †Physogaleus
  • †Physogaleus contortus
• †Phytolacca
  • †Phytolacca decandra
• Pica

  • 

    A living Pica pica Eurasian magpie

    †Pica pica
• Picea
• †Pinguinus
  • †Pinguinus impennis
• Pinicola – or unidentified comparable form
  • †Pinicola enucleator
• Pinus
• Pipistrellus
  • †Pipistrellus subflavus
• Piranga
• Pisania
• Pisidium
• Pitar
  • †Pitar morrhuanus
• Placopecten

• 

  Restoration of a herd of alarmed Miocene-Pleistocene peccaries of the genus Platygonus. Charles R. Knight (1922).

  †Platygonus
  • †Platygonus compressus
• Plecotus
  • †Plecotus townsendii – or unidentified comparable form
• Pleuromeris
  • †Pleuromeris tridentata
• Plicatula
  • †Plicatula gibbosa
• Pluvialis
  • †Pluvialis dominica
• Podiceps
  • †Podiceps auritus
• Podilymbus

  • 

    A living Podilymbus podiceps, or pied-billed grebe

    †Podilymbus podiceps
• Pogonias
• Polinices
• Polydora
• Polygonum
• †Pomatiopsis
  • †Pomatiopsis lapidaria
• †Pooecetes
  • †Pooecetes gramineus
• Porzana
  • †Porzana carolina
• †Potamogeton
• †Prionodon
• Prionotus
• Pristis
• †Procamelus – or unidentified comparable form
• †Procolpochelys
• Procyon
  • †Procyon lotor
• †Prolates
• †Protautoga
• Prunum
  • †Prunum roscidum
• Psammechinus
• †Psephophorus
• Pseudochama
• Pseudoliva
• Pseudotorinia
• Pteria
  • †Pteria colymbus
• Pteromeris
• Pteromylaeus
• †Ptychosalpinx
• †Puppigerus
• Pycnodonte

• 

  Fossilized skeleton of the Late Cretaceous-Eocene bony fish Pycnodus

  Pycnodus
• Quercus
• Quinqueloculina
• Raja
• Rallus
  • †Rallus limicola
• †Rana
  • †Rana catesbiana – lapsus calami of Rana catesbeiana
  • †Rana clamitans – or unidentified comparable form
  • †Rana palustris
  • †Rana pipiens
  • †Rana sylvatica – or unidentified comparable form
• Rangia
• Rangifer

  • 

    A living Rangifer tarandus, or reindeer

    †Rangifer tarandus
• Ranzania
• †Retinella
• Retusa
  • †Retusa obtusa
• Rhinobatos
• Rhinoptera
• Rosalina
• Rostellaria
• †Sarda
• Sayornis
  • †Sayornis phoebe
• †Scala
• Scalopus
  • †Scalopus aquaticus
• Scaphella
• Scaphiopus
  • †Scaphiopus holbrooki
• Sceloporus
  • †Sceloporus undulatus
• †Sceptrum

• 

  Fossilized skull of the Miocene toothed whale Schizodelphis

  †Schizodelphis
• Schizoporella
• Sciaenops
  • †Sciaenops ocellatus
• †Sciaenurus – or unidentified comparable form
• Sciurus
  • †Sciurus carolinensis
• Scolopax

  • 

    A living Scolopax minor, or American woodcock

    †Scolopax minor
• Scomberomorus
• †Scombrinus
• Scyliorhinus
• Seila
  • †Seila adamsii
• †Seiurus
• Semele
• †Semotilus
  • †Semotilus corporalis – or unidentified comparable form
• Serpulorbis

• 

  Fossilized teeth of the Cretaceous-Eocene shark Serratolamna

  †Serratolamna
  • †Serratolamna lerichei
• †Sialia – or unidentified comparable form
  • †Sialia sialis
• Sinum
• Sitta
  • †Sitta canadensis
• †Solarium
• Solemya
  • †Solemya velum
• Solen
• Solenosteira
  • †Solenosteira cancellaria
• Sorex
  • †Sorex arcticus
  • †Sorex cinereus
  • †Sorex dispar
  • †Sorex fumeus
  • †Sorex hoyi

  • 

    A living Sorex palustris, or American water shrew

    †Sorex palustris
• †Spatangus
• Spermophilus
  • †Spermophilus tridecemlineatus
• Sphaerium
• Sphyraena
• †Sphyrapicus
  • †Sphyrapicus varius
• Sphyrna
• Spilogale
  • †Spilogale putorius
• Spisula

• 

  Life restoration of the Oligocene-Miocene shark-toothed dolphin Squalodon

  †Squalodon
  • †Squalodon calvertensis
• Squalus
• Squatina
• †Stenotrema
  • †Stenotrema hirsutum
• Stewartia
• Storeria
• †Striatolamia
• Strioterebrum

• 

  Shell of a Strobilops land snail

  Strobilops
• Strombiformis
• Sturnella – or unidentified comparable form
• Sveltia – or unidentified comparable form
• †Syllomus
• Sylvilagus
  • †Sylvilagus transitionalis
• Symplocos
• Synaptomys
  • †Synaptomys cooperi
• Tagelus
• Tamias
  • †Tamias striatus
• Tamiasciurus
  • †Tamiasciurus hudsonicus

• 

  A living Tapirus, or tapir

  Tapirus
  • †Tapirus veroensis
• Tautoga
  • †Tautoga onitis
• Tectonatica
  • †Tectonatica pusilla
• Teinostoma
• Tellina
• Terebra
• Teredo
• Terrapene
  • †Terrapene carolina
• Textularia
• Thamnophis
  • †Thamnophis sirtalis

• 

  Fossilized skeleton of the Oligocene-Miocene gavial relative Thecachampsa

  †Thecachampsa
  • †Thecachampsa antiqua
• †Thoracosaurus
• Thracia
• †Thuja
  • †Thuja occidentalis
• Thunnus
• Tilia
• Toxostoma
  • †Toxostoma rufum
• Triakis
• Trigonostoma
• Tringa – or unidentified comparable form
  • †Tringa solitaria
• †Triodopsis

  • 

    A living Triodopsis tridentata land snail, or northern threetooth

    †Triodopsis tridentata
• Triphora
• Trochita
  • †Trochita trochiformis
• Trox
• †Tsuga
  • †Tsuga canadensis – or unidentified comparable form
• Tucetona
• Turbonilla
  • †Turbonilla interrupta
• Turdus

  • 

    A living Turdus migratorius, or American robin

    †Turdus migratorius
• Turritella
• Uria
  • †Uria aalge
• Urosalpinx
  • †Urosalpinx cinerea
• Ursus
  • †Ursus americanus
• Vallonia
  • †Vallonia costata
• Valvata
• Venericardia
• Vermetus
• Vertigo
• Vitis
• Vitrinella
• †Voltaconger
• Voluta
• Volutifusus
• Vulpes
• Xenophora

• 

  Fossilized skeleton of the Miocene whale Xiphiacetus

  †Xiphiacetus
• Yoldia
  • †Yoldia limatula
• Zapus
  • †Zapus hudsonius
• Zonotrichia
  • †Zonotrichia albicollis

References

1. Else Marie Friis; Peter R. Crane; Kaj Raunsgaard Pedersen (2019). "Chlamydospermous seeds document the diversity and abundance of extinct gnetalean relatives in Early Cretaceous vegetation". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 180 (7): 643–666. doi:10.1086/704356.

• Various Contributors to the Paleobiology Database. "Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database". Retrieved 17 December 2021.