List of marine cnidarians of South Africa
List of saltwater species that form a part of the cnidarian fauna of South Africa
Map of the Southern African coastline showing some of the landmarks referred to in species range statements The list of marine cnidarians of South Africa is a list of saltwater species that form a part of the cnidarian (Phylum Cnidaria) fauna of South Africa . This list does not include the freshwater cnidarians. The list follows the SANBI listing on iNaturalist , and does not always agree with WoRMS for distribution.
Cnidaria nih-DAIR -ee-ə, NY - phylum under kingdom Animalia containing over 11,000 species of aquatic invertebrates found both in fresh water and marine environments (predominantly the latter), including jellyfish , hydroids , sea anemones , corals and some of the smallest marine parasites . Their distinguishing features are an uncentralized nervous system distributed throughout a gelatinous body and the presence of cnidocytes or cnidoblasts, specialized cells with ejectable flagella used mainly for envenomation and capturing prey . Their bodies consist of mesoglea , a non-living, jelly-like substance, sandwiched between two layers of epithelium that are mostly one cell thick. Cnidarians are also some of the few animals that can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
Cnidarians mostly have two basic body forms: swimming medusae and sessile polyps , both of which are radially symmetrical with mouths surrounded by tentacles that bear cnidocytes, which are specialized stinging cells used to capture prey. Both forms have a single orifice and body cavity that are used for digestion and respiration . Many cnidarian species produce colonies that are single organisms composed of medusa-like or polyp-like zooids , or both (hence they are trimorphic ). Cnidarians' activities are coordinated by a decentralized nerve net and simple receptors . Cnidarians also have rhopalia , which are involved in gravity sensing and sometimes chemoreception. Several free-swimming species of Cubozoa and Scyphozoa possess balance-sensing statocysts , and some have simple eyes . Not all cnidarians reproduce sexually , but many species have complex life cycles of asexual polyp stages and sexual medusae stages. Some, however, omit either the polyp or the medusa stage, and the parasitic classes evolved to have neither form.
Cnidarians were formerly grouped with ctenophores , also known as comb jellies, in the phylum Coelenterata , but increasing awareness of their differences caused them to be placed in separate phyla. Cnidarians are classified into four main groups: the almost wholly sessile Anthozoa (sea anemones , corals , sea pens ); swimming Scyphozoa (jellyfish ); Cubozoa (box jellies); and Hydrozoa (a diverse group that includes all the freshwater cnidarians as well as many marine forms, and which has both sessile members, such as Hydra Portuguese man o' war )). Staurozoa have recently been recognised as a class in their own right rather than a sub-group of Scyphozoa, and the highly derived parasitic Myxozoa and Polypodiozoa were firmly recognized as cnidarians only in 2007.
Most cnidarians prey on organisms ranging in size from plankton to animals several times larger than themselves, but many obtain much of their nutrition from symbiotic dinoflagellates , and a few are parasites . Many are preyed on by other animals including starfish , sea slugs , fish , turtles , and even other cnidarians. Many scleractinian corals—which form the structural foundation for coral reefs —possess polyps that are filled with symbiotic photo-synthetic zooxanthellae . While reef-forming corals are almost entirely restricted to warm and shallow marine waters, other cnidarians can be found at great depths, in polar regions , and in freshwater.
Cnidarians are a very ancient phylum, with fossils having been found in rocks formed about 580 million years agoEdiacaran period , preceding the Cambrian Explosion . Other fossils show that corals may have been present shortly before 490 million years agoMolecular clock analysis of mitochondrial genes suggests an even older age for the crown group of cnidarians, estimated around 741 million years agoCambrian period, as well as before any fossils. Recent phylogenetic analyses support monophyly of cnidarians, as well as the position of cnidarians as the sister group of bilaterians . (Full article...
Family Halcuriidae
Family Edwardsiidae
Family Halcampidae
Family Haloclavidae
Infraorder Thenaria
Family Aiptasiidae
Family Hormathiidae
Family Isophellidae
Family Nemanthidae
Family Sagartiidae
Actinia mandelae [ 1] Anemonia natalensis [ 1] Anthopleura anneae Anthopleura insignis Anthopleura michaelseni [ 1] Anthostella stephensoni [ 1] Anthostella [ 1] Bolocera kerguelensis Bunodactis reynaudi [ 1] Bunodosoma capense [ 1] Entacmaea quadricolor [ 1] Gyractis sesere [ 1] Korsaranthus natalensis [ 1] Pseudactinia flagellifera [ 1] Pseudactinia varia [ 1] Urticinopsis crassa
Family Actinodendronidae
Family Aliciidae
Family Condylanthidae
Family Liponematidae
Family Stichodactylidae
Suborder Ptychodacteae
Family Preactiidae
Preactis millardae [ 1]
Order Antipatharia
Family Antipathidae
Family Cerianthidae
Order Corallimorpharia
Family Corallimorphidae
Family Discosomatidae
Order Scleractinia
Family Acroporidae
Acropora abrotanoides [ 3] Acropora aculeus [ 3] Acropora anthocercis [ 3] Acropora appressa Acropora arabensis Acropora austera [ 3] Acropora branchi Acropora clathrata [ 1] Acropora donei Acropora florida [ 3] Acropora horrida [ 3] Acropora humilis [ 3] Acropora hyacinthus [ 3] Acropora latistella [ 3] Acropora millepora [ 3] Acropora nana Acropora nasuta [ 3] Acropora natalensis [ 3] Acropora sordiensis [ 3] Acropora stoddarti Acropora tenuis [ 3] Acropora valida Acropora verweyi Acropora [ 1] Alveopora allingi [ 3] Alveopora spongiosa [ 3] Alveopora [ 1] Astreopora incrustans Astreopora listeri Astreopora myriophthalma [ 1] Isopora palifera [ 3] Montipora aequituberculata [ 3] Montipora danae [ 3] Montipora monasteriata [ 3] Montipora spongodes [ 3] Montipora tuberculosa [ 3] Montipora turgescens [ 3] Montipora venosa [ 3] Montipora verrucosa [ 3] Montipora [ 1]
Family Agariciidae
Family Caryophylliidae
Family Coscinaraeidae
Family Dendrophylliidae
Family Euphylliidae
Family Fungiidae
Family Lobophylliidae
Family Merulinidae
Astrea annuligera [ 3] Astrea devantieri Cyphastrea chalcidicum [ 3] Cyphastrea serailia Dipsastraea danai Dipsastraea favus [ 3] Dipsastraea laxa [ 3] Dipsastraea matthaii [ 3] Dipsastraea pallida [ 3] Dipsastraea rotumana [ 3] Dipsastraea speciosa [ 3] Dipsastraea vietnamensis Echinopora forskaliana Echinopora gemmacea [ 3] Echinopora hirsutissima [ 1] Favites abdita [ 3] Favites acuticollis Favites chinensis Favites complanata [ 3] Favites flexuosa [ 3] Favites halicora [ 3] Favites pentagona [ 3] Favites russelli Favites spinosa Favites vasta Favites [ 1] Goniastrea edwardsi [ 3] Goniastrea pectinata [ 3] Goniastrea retiformis [ 3] Goniastrea stelligera [ 3] Goniastrea [ 1] Hydnophora exesa [ 3] Hydnophora microconos [ 1] Hydnophora pilosa Leptoria phrygia [ 4] Oulophyllia crispa [ 1] Paramontastraea peresi [ 3] Pectinia africana Platygyra daedalea [ 1] Platygyra sinensis
Family Plesiastreidae
Family Pocilloporidae
Family Poritidae
Family Psammocoridae
Scleractinia incertae sedis
Scleractinia incertae sedis
Family Sphenopidae
Family Zoanthidae
Suborder Macrocnemina
Family Parazoanthidae
Subclass Octocorallia
Family Alcyoniidae
Acrophytum claviger [ 5] Alcyonium distinctum [ 5] Alcyonium elegans [ 5] Alcyonium fauri [ 1] Alcyonium foliatum [ 5] Alcyonium reptans [ 5] Alcyonium roseum [ 5] Alcyonium wilsoni [ 5] Aldersladum sodwanum [ 3] Anthomastus giganteus [ 5] Anthomastus hicksoni [ 5] Cladiella australis [ 1] Cladiella kashmani [ 1] Cladiella krempfi [ 1] Cladiella madagascarensis [ 5] Dimorphophyton mutabiliforme [ 5] Eleutherobia studeri [ 5] Eleutherobia variabile [ 1] Eleutherobia vinadigitaria [ 1] Lampophyton planiceps [ 5] Lobophytum crassum [ 1] Lobophytum crebliplicatum [ 5] Lobophytum depressum [ 1] Lobophytum latilobatum [ 1] Lobophytum patulum [ 1] Lobophytum venustum [ 1] Malacacanthus capensis [ 1] Minabea [ 5] Sarcophyton ehrenbergi [ 3] Sarcophyton flexuosum [ 3] Sarcophyton glaucum [ 3] Sarcophyton infundibuliforme [ 3] Sarcophyton trocheliophorum [ 5] Sarcophyton [ 1] Sinularia abrubta [ 1] Sinularia brassica [ 1] Sinularia erecta [ 3] Sinularia firma [ 3] Sinularia gardineri [ 3] Sinularia gravis [ 1] Sinularia gyrosa [ 3] Sinularia heterospiculata [ 1] Sinularia hirta [ 3] Sinularia leptoclados [ 1] Sinularia muralis [ 3] Sinularia notanda [ 3] Sinularia polydactyla [ 5] Sinularia querciformis [ 3] Sinularia schleyeri [ 3] Sinularia triangula [ 3] Sinularia variabilis [ 3] Verseveldtia bucciniforme [ 5] Verseveldtia trochiforme [ 5]
Family Nephtheidae
Capnella susanae [ 5] Capnella thyrsoidea [ 1] Dendronephthya inhacaensis [ 5] Dendronephthya mutabilis [ 5] Dendronephthya [ 1] Eunephthya celata Eunephthya ericius [ 6] Eunephthya granulata Eunephthya shirleyae Eunephthya thyrsoidea Litophyton liltvedi [ 5] Nephthea [ 5] Scleronephthya [ 1] Stereonephthya [ 1]
Family Nidaliidae
Family Parasphaerascleridae
Family Xeniidae
Anthelia glauca [ 1] Cespitularia coerula [ 5] Heteroxenia elisabethae [ 5] Heteroxenia fuscescens [ 1] Heteroxenia membranacea [ 5] Heteroxenia rigida [ 5] Sansibia flava [ 1] Sympodium caeruleum [ 3] Xenia crassa [ 1] Xenia dayi [ 5] Xenia florida [ 5] Xenia kukenthali [ 3] Xenia umbellata [ 5] Xenia viridis [ 5]
Order Calcaxonia
Family Chrysogorgiidae
Family Ellisellidae
Family Isididae
Family Primnoidae
Subrder Holaxonia
Family Acanthogorgiidae
Family Gorgoniidae
Eunicella albicans [ 1] Eunicella papillosa [ 1] Eunicella tricoronata [ 1] Leptogorgia barnardi [ 7] Leptogorgia capensis [ 7] Leptogorgia gilchristi [ 7] Leptogorgia abietina [ 7] Leptogorgia lütkeni [ 7] Leptogorgia palma [ 1] Leptogorgia pusilla [ 7] Leptogorgia rigida [ 7] Leptogorgia tenuissima [ 7]
Family Keroeididae
Family Plexauridae
Suborder Scleraxonia
Family Anthothelidae
Subfamily Melithaeinae
Melithaea capensis [ 7] Melithaea coccinea [ 7] Melithaea furcata [ 7] Melithaea rubra [ 1] Melithaea singularis [ 7] Melithaea trilineata [ 7] Melithaea valdiviae [ 7] Melithaea wrighti [ 7]
Suborder Stolonifera
Family Clavulariidae
Family Tubiporidae
Order Pennatulacea
Family Chunellidae
Family Echinoptilidae
Family Scleroptilidae
Suborder Sessiliflorae
Family Anthoptilidae
Family Funiculinidae
Family Kophobelemnidae
Family Protoptilidae
Family Umbellulidae
Family Veretillidae
suborder Subsessiliflorae
Family Halipteridae
Family Pennatulidae
Family Virgulariidae
Class Cubozoa
Order Carybdeida
Family Carybdeidae
Family Tamoyidae
Order Chirodropida
Family Chirodropidae
Family Chiropsalmidae
Family Candelabridae
Family Corymorphidae
Branchiocerianthus imperator [ 9] Corymorpha abaxialis Corymorpha bigelowi Corymorpha forbesii Corymorpha furcata Corymorpha gracilis Euphysa aurata [ 10] Euphysa brevia Euphysa tetrabrachia Euphysilla pyramidata Paragotoea bathybia
Family Tubulariidae
Suborder Capitata
Family Asyncorynidae
Family Cladocorynidae
Family Family Cladonematidae
Family Corynidae
Bicorona elegans Codonium proliferum Coryne eximia Coryne gracilis Coryne inabai Coryne nutans Coryne producta Coryne pusilla Slabberia halterata Stauridiosarsia baukalion Stauridiosarsia ophiogaster Sarsia tubulosa
Family Halimedusidae
Family Milleporidae
Family Moerisiidae
Family Pennariidae
Family Porpitidae
Family Solanderiidae
Family Sphaerocorynidae
Family Teissieridae
Family Zancleidae
Family Zancleopsidae
Capitata incertae sedis
Capitata incertae sedis
Capitata incertae sedis
Suborder Filifera
Family Bougainvilliidae
Bimeria fluminalis [ 9] Bimeria rigida [ 9] Bimeria vestita [ 9] Bougainvillia fulva Bougainvillia macloviana [ 9] Bougainvillia meinertiae [ 9] Bougainvillia muscoides [ 9] Bougainvillia muscus [ 9] Bougainvillia platygaster Dicoryne conferta [ 9] Garveia crassa Koellikerina fasciculata Koellikerina multicirrata Nemopsis bachei Nubiella mitra Pachycordyle navis [ 9] Parawrightia robusta [ 9]
Family Bythotiaridae
Bythotiara capensis Bythotiara murrayi Calycopsis bigelowi Calycopsis borchgrevinki Calycopsis chuni Calycopsis typa Heterotiara minor Protiaropsis anonyma Pseudotiara tropica Sibogita geometrica
Family Cytaeididae
Family Eudendriidae
Family Hydractiniidae
Family Hydrichthyidae
Family Magapiidae
Family Oceaniidae
Family Pandeidae
Amphinema australis Amphinema dinema Amphinema rugosum Amphinema turrida Annatiara affinis Halitholus intermedius Halitholus pauper Leuckartiara adnata Leuckartiara annexa Leuckartiara gardineri Leuckartiara octona [ 9] Neoturris papua Neoturris pileata Octotiara russelli Pandea conica Pandeopsis ikarii
Family Proboscidactylidae
Family Rathkeidae
Family Stylasteridae
Order Leptothecata
Family Aequoreidae
Family Blackfordiidae
Family Campanulinidae
Family Campanulariidae
Campanularia africana [ 9] Campanularia hincksii [ 9] Campanularia laminacarpa [ 9] Campanularia morgansi [ 9] Campanularia pecten [ 9] Campanularia roberti [ 9] Clytia brunescens Clytia globosa Clytia hemisphaerica [ 9] Clytia hummelincki [ 9] Clytia latitheca [ 9] Clytia linearis [ 9] Clytia macrogonia [ 9] Clytia paradoxa [ 9] Clytia paulensis [ 9] Clytia phosphorica Clytia simplex Clytia warreni [ 9] Gonothyraea loveni [ 9] Laomedea calceolifera [ 9] Obelia bidentata [ 9] Obelia dichotoma [ 9] Obelia geniculata [ 9] Orthopyxis everta [ 9] Orthopyxis integra [ 9]
Family Eirenidae
Eirene ceylonensis Eirene hexanemalis Eirene menoni Eirene palkensis Eirene viridula Eutima curva Eutima gegenbauri Eutima hartlaubi Eutima japonica Eutima levuka Eutima mira Phialopsis diegensis Tima bairdii
Family Hebellidae
Family Laodiceidae
Family Lineolariidae
Family Lovenellidae
Family Malagazziidae
Family Mitrocomidae
Family Phialellidae
Family Sertulariidae
Abietinaria laevimarginata [ 9] Amphisbetia maplestonei [ 9] Amphisbetia minima [ 9] Amphisbetia operculata [ 9] Calamphora campanulata [ 9] Crateritheca acanthostoma [ 9] Dictyocladium coactum [ 9] Diphasia digitalis [ 9] Diphasia heurteli [ 9] Diphasia tetraglochina [ 9] Dynamena crisioides [ 9] Dynamena disticha [ 9] Dynamena obliqua [ 9] Dynamena quadridentata [ 9] Idiellana pristis [ 9] Salacia desmoides [ 9] Salacia disjuncta [ 9] Sertularella africana [ 9] Sertularella agulhensis [ 9] Sertularella arbuscula [ 9] Sertularella areyi [ 9] Sertularella capensis [ 9] Sertularella congregata [ 9] Sertularella diaphana [ 9] Sertularella distans [ 9] Sertularella dubia [ 9] Sertularella flabellum [ 9] Sertularella fusiformis [ 9] Sertularella gilchristi [ 9] Sertularella goliathus [ 9] Sertularella leiocarpa [ 9] Sertularella marginata Sertularella mediterranea [ 9] Sertularella megista [ 9] Sertularella natalensis [ 9] Sertularella polyzonias [ 9] Sertularella pulchra [ 9] Sertularella striata [ 9] Sertularella xantha Sertularia loculosa [ 9] Sertularia marginata [ 9] Sertularia turbinata [ 9] Staurotheca echinocarpa [ 9] Stereotheca elongata [ 9] Symplectoscyphus amphoriferus Symplectoscyphus arboriformis [ 9] Symplectoscyphus macrogonus [ 9] Symplectoscyphus paulensis [ 9] Symplectoscyphus secundus [ 9] Thuiaria articulata [ 9] Thyroscyphus aequalis [ 9] Thyroscyphus fruticosus [ 9]
Family Syntheciidae
Family Thyroscyphidae
Family Tiarannidae
Family Tiaropsidae
Aglaophenia cupressina [ 9] Aglaophenia latecarinata [ 9] Aglaophenia pluma [ 9] Cladocarpus crepidatus [ 9] Cladocarpus distomus [ 9] Cladocarpus dofleini [ 9] Cladocarpus inflatus [ 9] Cladocarpus leloupi [ 9] Cladocarpus lignosus [ 9] Cladocarpus millardae [ 9] Cladocarpus natalensis Cladocarpus paries [ 9] Cladocarpus sinuosus [ 9] Cladocarpus tenuis [ 9] Cladocarpus unicornus [ 9] Cladocarpus valdiviae [ 9] Gymnangium africanum [ 9] Gymnangium allmani [ 9] Gymnangium arcuatum [ 9] Gymnangium exsertum [ 9] Gymnangium ferlusi [ 9] Gymnangium gracilicaule [ 9] Gymnangium hians [ 9] Gymnangium longirostre [ 9] Gymnangium montagui [ 9] Lytocarpia brevirostris [ 9] Lytocarpia delicatula [ 9] Lytocarpia flexuosa [ 9] Lytocarpia formosa [ 9] Macrorhynchia filamentosa [ 9] Macrorhynchia philippina [ 9] Macrorhynchia phoenicea [ 9]
Family Haleciidae
Halecium beanii [ 9] Halecium delicatulum [ 9] Halecium dichotomum [ 9] Halecium dyssymetrum [ 9] Halecium halecinum [ 9] Halecium inhacae [ 9] Halecium lankesterii [ 9] Halecium muricatum [ 9] Halecium sessile [ 9] Halecium tenellum [ 9] Hydrodendron cornucopiae [ 9] Hydrodendron gardineri [ 9] Hydrodendron gracillis [ 9] Hydrodendron mirabile [ 9] Hydrodendron sympodiformis [ 9]
Family Halopterididae
Antennella quadriaurita [ 9] Antennella secundaria [ 9] Corhiza bellicosa [ 9] Corhiza complexa [ 9] Corhiza pannosa [ 9] Corhiza scotiae [ 9] Gattya conspecta [ 9] Gattya heurteli [ 9] Gattya humilis [ 9] Gattya multithecata [ 9] Halopteris gemellipara [ 9] Halopteris glutinosa [ 9] Halopteris polymorpha [ 9] Halopteris pseudoconstricta [ 9] Halopteris rostrata [ 9] Halopteris tuba [ 9] Monostaechas faurei [ 9] Monostaechas natalensis [ 9] Monostaechas quadridens [ 9] Schizotricha frutescens [ 9]
Family Kirchenpaueriidae
Family Lafoeidae
Acryptolaria conferta [ 9] Acryptolaria crassicaulis Acryptolaria rectangularis [ 9] Cryptolarella abyssicola [ 9] Cryptolaria pectinata [ 9] Filellum antarcticum [ 9] Filellum serpens [ 9] Filellum serratum [ 9] Lafoea benthophila [ 9] Lafoea dumosa [ 9] Zygophylax africana [ 9] Zygophylax antipathes [ 9] Zygophylax armata [ 9] Zygophylax biarmata [ 9] Zygophylax geminocarpa [ 9] Zygophylax geniculata [ 9] Zygophylax infundibulum [ 9] Zygophylax sibogae [ 9]
Family Plumulariidae
Dentitheca bidentata [ 9] Nemertesia antennina [ 9] Nemertesia ciliata [ 9] Nemertesia cymodocea [ 9] Nemertesia ramosa [ 9] Plumularia antonbruuni [ 9] Plumularia filicaulis [ 9] Plumularia floridana [ 9] Plumularia lagenifera [ 9] Plumularia mossambicae [ 9] Plumularia obliqua [ 9] Plumularia pulchella [ 9] Plumularia setacea [ 9] Plumularia spinulosa [ 9] Plumularia strictocarpa [ 9] Plumularia warreni [ 9] Plumularia wasini [ 9]
Subfamily Abylopsinae
Family Clausophyidae
Chelophyes appendiculata Chelophyes contorta Dimophyes arctica Diphyes bojani Diphyes chamissonis Diphyes dispar Eudoxoides mitra Eudoxoides spiralis [ 10] Lensia achilles Lensia ajax Lensia campanella Lensia conoidea Lensia cossack Lensia exeter Lensia fowleri Lensia gnanamuthui Lensia grimaldii Lensia hardy Lensia havock Lensia hostile Lensia hotspur Lensia hunter Lensia lelouveteau Lensia meteori Lensia multicristata Lensia pannikari Lensia subtilis Lensia subtiloides Muggiaea atlantica [ 10] Muggiaea kochi
Subfamily Sulculeolariinae
Family Hippopodiidae
Subfamily Nectopyramidinae
Subfamily Prayinae
Family Sphaeronectidae
Suborder Cystonectae
Family Physaliidae
Family Rhizophysidae
Suborder Physonectae
Family Agalmatidae
Family Apolemiidae
Family Forskaliidae
Family Physophoridae
Family Pyrostephidae
Subclass Trachylinae
Order Limnomedusae
Family Olindiidae
Order Narcomedusae
Family Aeginidae
Family Cuninidae
Family Solmarisidae
Order Trachymedusae
Family Geryoniidae
Family Halicreatidae
Family Rhopalonematidae
Aglantha elata Aglaura hemistoma [ 10] Amphogona apicata Colobonema sericeum Crossota alba Crossota brunnea Pantachogon haeckeli Persa incolorata Rhopalonema funerarium Rhopalonema velatum Sminthea eurygaster Tetrorchis erythrogaster
Class Scyphozoa
Order Coronatae
Family Atollidae
Family Nausithoidae
Family Periphyllidae
Order Carybdeida
Family Carybdeidae
Family Cassiopeidae
Family Cepheidae
Suborder Daktyliophorae
Familu Catostylidae
Family Rhizostomatidae
Order Semaeostomeae
Family Cyaneidae
Family Pelagiidae
Family Ulmaridae
Class Staurozoa
Family Depastridae
Family Lipkeidae
Notes
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv Branch, G.M.; Branch, M.L.; Griffiths, C.L.; Beckley, L.E. (2010). Two Oceans: a guide to the marine life of southern Africa (2nd ed.). Cape Town: Struik Nature. ISBN 978 1 77007 772 0 ^ a b c d King, Dennis. 1996. Reef fishes and corals: East coast of southern Africa. Struik, Cape Town. ISBN 1 86825 981 1
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch Schleyer 2008, To be cited
^ a b Schleyer MH, Celliers L (2003) Biodiversity on the marginal coral reefs of South Africa: What does the future hold? Zool Ver 345:387–400
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Williams, Gary C. (1992). "The Alcyonacea of Southern Africa. Stoloniferous Octocorals and Soft Corals (Coelenterata, Anthozoa)". Annals of the South African Museum . 100 (3). ISSN 0303-2515 . ^ McFadden, C.S. & L.P. van Ofwegen 2012. A revision of the soft coral genus, Eunephthya Verrill, 1869 (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Nephtheidae), with a description of four new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 3485: 1-25
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba Williams, Gary C. (July 1992). "The Alcyonacea of Southern Africa. Gorgonian Octocorals (Coelenterata. Anthozoa)". Annals of the South African Museum . 101 (8). ISSN 0303-2515 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Williams, Gary C. (1990). "The Pennatulacea of Southern Africa (Coelentera, Anthozoa)". Annals of the South African Museum . 99 (4). ISSN 0303-2515 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx Millard, N.A.H. (December 1975). "Monograph on the Hydroida of South Africa". Annals of the South African Museum . 68 . ISSN 0303-2515 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gibbons, Mark J. An introduction to the Zooplankton of the Benguela Current Region . ISBN 0 620 24225 6 ^ a b c d e f Jones, Georgina (2008). A field guide to the marine animals of the Cape Peninsula . Cape Town: SURG. ISBN 978-0-620-41639-9
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Butterflies and moths
Caddisflies
Cockroaches and termites
Dragonflies and damselflies
Earwigs
Fleas
Flies
Jumping bristletails
Lice
Mantises
Mayflies
Net-winged insects
Notoptera
Orthoptera
Sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants
Scorpionflies
Silverfish and firebrats
Stick and leaf insects
Stoneflies
Strepsiptera
Termites
Thrips
True bugs
Webspinners
Molluscs Vertebrates
Seaweeds Fungi Related
Regional taxon checklists and other minor lists
Biodiversity research in SA
Research Research Citizen science Botanical Taxonomists
Related
Regional biodiversity Legislation Publications
