Leszno

For other places with the same name, see Leszno (disambiguation).
Leszno
Stary Rynek (Old Market Square) and Ratusz (Town Hall)
Stary Rynek (Old Market Square) and Ratusz (Town Hall)
Flag of Leszno
Flag
Coat of arms of Leszno
Coat of arms
Official logo of Leszno
Brandmark
Motto(s): 
"Leszno — rozwiń skrzydła"
"Leszno — spread your wings"
Leszno is located in Poland
Leszno
Leszno
Coordinates: 51°50′45″N 16°34′50″E / 51.84583°N 16.58056°E / 51.84583; 16.58056
Country Poland
Voivodeship Greater Poland
Countycity county
First mentioned1393
City rights1547
Government
 • City mayorGrzegorz Rusiecki (PO)
Area
 • Total
31.9 km2 (12.3 sq mi)
Population
 (31 December 2021)
 • Total
62,200 Decrease[1]
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
64-100 to 64-110
Area code+48 065
Car platesPL
Websitewww.leszno.pl

Leszno (Polish pronunciation: [ˈlɛʂnɔ], German: Lissa,[a] [ˈlɪsa]) is a historic city in western Poland, seat of Leszno County within the Greater Poland Voivodeship. It is the seventh-largest city in the province with an estimated population of 62,200, as of 2021.[1]

History

Early history

The city's unrecorded history dates to the 13th century. It was first mentioned in historical documents in 1393, when the estate was the property of a noble named Stefan Karnin-Wieniawa. The family eventually adopted the name Leszczyński (literal meaning "of Leszno"), derived from the name of their estate, as was the custom among the Polish nobility.[2]

16th–18th centuries

Sułkowski Palace

In around 1516, a community of Protestants known as the Unity of the Brethren (Unitas fratrum) were expelled from the Bohemian lands by King Vladislaus II and settled in Leszno. They were invited by the Leszczyński family, imperial counts since 1473 and who had converted to Calvinism. The arrival of the Bohemian Protestants, in addition to weavers from nearby Silesia, helped the settlement to grow.

In 1547 it became a town by a privilege according to Magdeburg Law granted by King Sigismund I of Poland. Leszno was a private town, administratively located in the Wschowa County in the Poznań Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province.[3] Leszno became the largest printing center in Greater Poland thanks to the activity of the Protestant community. Their numbers grew with the inflow of refugees from Silesia, Bohemia, and Moravia during the Thirty Years War.

In 1631, Leszno was vested with further privileges by King Sigismund III Vasa, who made it equal with the most important cities of Poland such as Kraków, Gdańsk and Warsaw. By the 17th century, the town had a renowned Gymnasium (school), which was headed by Jan Amos Komenský (known in English as Comenius), an educator and the last bishop of the Unity of the Brethren.[4] Johann Heermann, a German-speaking poet, lived in Leszno from 1638 until his death in 1647. Between 1636 and 1639, the town became fortified and its area increased.[4]

The era of Leszno's prosperity and cultural prominence ended during the Second Northern War, when the town was burnt down on 28 April 1656 by Swedish forces. Quickly rebuilt afterwards, it was set on fire again during the Great Northern War by Russian forces in 1707 and was ravaged by plague in 1709.

The Leszczyński family owned the city until 1738, when King Stanislaus I Leszczynski sold it to Aleksander Józef Sułkowski following his abdication.[2] One of two main routes connecting Warsaw and Dresden ran through Leszno in the 18th century and Kings Augustus II the Strong and Augustus III of Poland often traveled that route.[5]

19th–20th centuries

Przyjaciel Ludu, 19th-century Polish press from Leszno

In the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, Leszno was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia, within which it was referred to as Lissa. In 1807 it was taken by Napoleon's Grand Armee and included within the newly established but short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw.

Following Napoleon's defeat in the Napoleonic Wars, in 1815 the town was reannexed by Prussia, initially as part of the semi-autonomous Grand Duchy of Posen. The town was subjected to Germanisation policies. Nevertheless, Polish press was issued in the town (Przyjaciel Ludu) and in the 1840s, Polish historian, geographer and former officer Stanisław Plater published the Mała Encyklopedia Polska [pl] ("Little Polish Encyclopedia"), one of the pioneering 19th-century Polish encyclopedias, in the town. In 1871 it became part of Germany, and in 1887, it became the administrative seat of the Prussian Kreis Lissa.

German armored train in the station during Grenzschutz in 1919.

After World War I, in November 1918, Poland regained independence. Shortly after the Greater Poland Uprising of 1918–19 broke out, attempting to reintegrate Greater Poland and Leszno with Poland. The first local battles of the uprising took place in the area on December 28, 1918.[6] Afterward the city became part of the newly established Second Polish Republic under the Treaty of Versailles, with effect from 17 January 1920. The local populace had to acquire Polish citizenship. In the interbellum, Leszno was a county seat within the Polish Poznań Voivodeship. In 1924, a monument dedicated to the Polish insurgents of 1918–19 was erected.[6]

World War II

German execution of Poles in Leszno in October 1939

During the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939, the town was annexed by Nazi Germany and incorporated into Reichsgau Wartheland. The Germans carried out mass arrests of Poles accused of "anti-German activities". Attending church services and having private meetings in Polish households were considered suspect activities.[7] A prison for Poles was established in the local monastery, where more than 200 people had already been imprisoned in September 1939 during the Intelligenzaktion.[8] The Polish population was expelled to the General Government (German-occupied central Poland).

Most of the town's Jewish population (which had included such notable rabbis as Leo Baeck and Jacob of Lissa, as well as the writer Ludwig Kalisch) and the remaining Poles were massacred by the Nazi Einsatzgruppen, which entered the town in September 1939.[9] A notable public execution of 20 Poles, members of the "Sokół" Polish Gymnastic Society, former Polish insurgents of 1918–19, a local teacher, and a lawyer, was carried out in Leszno by the Einsatzgruppe VI on October 21, 1939.[10] Poles who were initially imprisoned in Leszno were also murdered in nearby towns and villages of Poniec, Osieczna, Włoszakowice and Rydzyna.[11] Poles from Leszno were also among the victims of the large Katyn massacre committed by the Russians in April–May 1940.[12]

Memorial to the members of the Polish Scouting Association, killed and murdered in World War II

Already in late 1939, the Germans expelled over 1,000 Poles, including families of Poles murdered in various massacres, in addition teachers, local officials, activists, former insurgents, and owners of shops and workshops, which were then handed over to German colonists as part of the Lebensraum policy.[13] A transit camp for Poles expelled from various nearby settlements was established in the local school.[13] Poles were held there several days, their money, valuables and food were confiscated, and then they were either deported to Tomaszów Mazowiecki or Łódź in German-occupied central Poland or sent to local German colonists or to Germany as slave labour.[14]

Despite such circumstances, local Poles organized an underground resistance movement, which included the Ogniwo and Świt organizations, the secret youth organization Tajna Siódemka and structures of the Polish Underground State.[15] Polish underground press was printed in Leszno.[16] The German occupation ended in 1945, and the town returned to Poland.

Post-war history

The pre-war monument of the Greater Poland insurgents was restored in 1957.[6] The town underwent a period of fast development especially between 1975 and 1998 when it was a seat of a voivodeship administrative area.[17] In 1991, a monument to the Constitution of 3 May 1791 and the heroes of the fights for Poland's independence was unveiled,[6] and in 1995, a memorial to the victims of the Katyn massacre was unveiled.[18] From 1975 to 1998, it was the capital of the Leszno Voivodeship. In 2000, the city was awarded "The Golden Star of Town Twinning" prize by the European Commission.[19]

Climate

Leszno has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb) although notably with warm summer continental characteristics (Dfb), typical of inland west and south polish.[20][21]

Climate data for Leszno (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1958–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.9
(62.4) 		20.4
(68.7) 		24.0
(75.2) 		30.0
(86.0) 		31.6
(88.9) 		37.6
(99.7) 		37.0
(98.6) 		37.8
(100.0) 		34.9
(94.8) 		27.5
(81.5) 		20.1
(68.2) 		16.6
(61.9) 		37.8
(100.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.5
(36.5) 		4.2
(39.6) 		8.5
(47.3) 		15.1
(59.2) 		19.7
(67.5) 		23.1
(73.6) 		25.4
(77.7) 		25.1
(77.2) 		19.8
(67.6) 		13.8
(56.8) 		7.6
(45.7) 		3.6
(38.5) 		14.0
(57.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −0.3
(31.5) 		0.6
(33.1) 		3.9
(39.0) 		9.2
(48.6) 		13.8
(56.8) 		17.2
(63.0) 		19.3
(66.7) 		18.9
(66.0) 		14.2
(57.6) 		9.1
(48.4) 		4.3
(39.7) 		0.9
(33.6) 		9.3
(48.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.2
(26.2) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		3.4
(38.1) 		7.8
(46.0) 		11.1
(52.0) 		13.2
(55.8) 		13.1
(55.6) 		9.2
(48.6) 		5.1
(41.2) 		1.4
(34.5) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		4.7
(40.5)
Record low °C (°F) −28.8
(−19.8) 		−26.9
(−16.4) 		−24.4
(−11.9) 		−7.4
(18.7) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		2.2
(36.0) 		0.8
(33.4) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−8.0
(17.6) 		−15.8
(3.6) 		−25.5
(−13.9) 		−28.8
(−19.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 35.5
(1.40) 		31.3
(1.23) 		39.8
(1.57) 		28.8
(1.13) 		53.6
(2.11) 		57.6
(2.27) 		77.5
(3.05) 		70.4
(2.77) 		46.5
(1.83) 		38.2
(1.50) 		34.4
(1.35) 		35.7
(1.41) 		549.2
(21.62)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 4.0
(1.6) 		4.6
(1.8) 		2.5
(1.0) 		0.6
(0.2) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.1) 		1.5
(0.6) 		3.6
(1.4) 		4.6
(1.8)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 17.13 14.60 14.03 10.83 13.23 13.00 14.17 13.10 11.60 13.83 14.73 17.63 167.90
Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) 12.7 11.8 4.9 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.3 8.2 40.7
Average relative humidity (%) 86.7 83.3 78.0 69.6 70.8 71.3 70.8 71.4 78.3 83.7 88.7 88.2 78.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours 53.9 76.2 123.9 204.1 245.0 246.9 255.1 244.0 165.1 113.3 58.5 43.2 1,829.4
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)[30][31][32]

Sport

Tenements at Leszno's Old Town
Saint Mary Church, former Calvinist church dating back to the 17th century
Słowiańska Street
Main Post Office
Tombs and epitaphs around the Holy Cross Church

The Leszno motorcycle club was founded on May 8, 1938. The club was re-established May 2, 1946 after World War II. On July 28, 1949 the Leszno motorcycle club changed its name to Unia Leszno Speedway Club. Some rules and regulations were revised as well. The Unia Leszno has been a very successful club that has won many awards and medals throughout the years. The Unia Leszno Speedway Club has won over 78 different medals since the formation of the club.

The Leszno Aero Club is the largest airfield in the Wielkopolska area. The Aero Club belongs to the Polish Aero Club central gliding school. The Aero Club in Leszno hosted the world gliding championship in 1958, 1969, and 2003. It is the only place that has done so. The Aero Club also has a pilot school called the Central Gliding school. The school has been around for over 50 years and was managed by pilot Irena Kempówna in the 1950s and 1960s.[33]

The Klub Sportowy Polonia Leszno was formed in 1912 in Leszno. It is an indoor soccer field. The first President of the club was Marcin Giera. The club did not gain much popularity until after World War II when official teams started playing there. Prior to World War I most of the people that played there were locals.

Education

Primary schools

  • Szkoła Podstawowa Nr 1
  • Szkoła Podstawowa Nr 2
  • Szkoła Podstawowa Nr 3
  • Szkoła Podstawowa Nr 4
  • Szkoła Podstawowa Nr 5
  • Zespół Szkół Specjalnych Nr 6
  • Szkoła Podstawowa Nr 7
  • Szkoła Podstawowa Nr 8
  • Szkoła Podstawowa Nr 9
  • Szkoła Podstawowa Nr 10
  • Szkoła Podstawowa Nr 12
  • Szkoła Podstawowa Nr 13

Secondary schools

  • Liceum Ogólnokształcące Nr 1 (http://lo1.leszno.edu.pl/)
  • Liceum Ogólnokształcące Nr 2 (http://www.iilo.leszno.pl/)
  • Liceum Ogólnokształcące Nr 3
  • Liceum Ogólnokształcące Nr 4
  • Prywatne Liceum Ogólnokształcące
  • Pierwsze Prywatne Liceum Ogólnokształcące w Lesznie

Technical schools

  • Zespół Szkół Rolniczo-Budowlanych im. Synów Pułku
  • Zespół Szkół Ekonomicznych im. Jana Amosa Komeńskiego (http://www.zse.leszno.pl)
  • Zespół Szkół Technicznych im. 55 Poznańskiego Pułku Piechoty (http://www.zst-leszno.pl)
  • Zespół Szkół Elektroniczno-Telekomunikacyjnych
  • Zespół Szkół Ochrony Środowiska
  • Zespół Szkół Specjalnych

Colleges

Notable people

Haym Solomon

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Twin towns – Sister cities

Leszno is twinned with:

Notes

  1. ^ Also called Polnisch Lissa as opposed to Deutsch Lissa.

References

  1. ^ a b "Local Data Bank". Statistics Poland. Retrieved 16 August 2022. Data for territorial unit 3063000.
  2. ^ a b "Historia miejscowości". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  3. ^ Atlas historyczny Polski. Wielkopolska w drugiej połowie XVI wieku. Część I. Mapy, plany (in Polish). Warszawa: Instytut Historii Polskiej Akademii Nauk. 2017. p. 1a.
  4. ^ a b c "Leszno - miasto niebanalne". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  5. ^ "Informacja historyczna". Dresden-Warszawa (in Polish). Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d "Leszno (miasto powiatowe i powiat grodzki)". Instytut Pamięci Narodowej (in Polish). Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  7. ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. pp. 116–117.
  8. ^ Wardzyńska (2009), p. 117
  9. ^ Wardzyńska (2009), pp. 57, 60
  10. ^ Wardzyńska (2009), pp. 196-197
  11. ^ Wardzyńska (2009), pp. 198, 201
  12. ^ Wojciech Bininda. "77 rocznica Zbrodni Katyńskiej". Służba Więzienna (in Polish). Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  13. ^ a b Wardzyńska, Maria (2017). Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939-1945 (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. p. 164. ISBN 978-83-8098-174-4.
  14. ^ Wardzyńska (2017), pp. 164, 210-211, 276
  15. ^ Pietrowicz, Aleksandra (2011). "Konspiracja wielkopolska 1939–1945". Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej (in Polish). No. 5–6 (126–127). IPN. pp. 33, 36. ISSN 1641-9561.
  16. ^ Encyklopedia konspiracji Wielkopolskiej 1939–1945 (in Polish). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. 1998. p. 96. ISBN 83-85003-97-5.
  17. ^ "Ustawa z dnia 28 maja 1975 r. o dwustopniowym podziale administracyjnym Państwa oraz o zmianie ustawy o radach narodowych". prawo.sejm.gov.pl. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
  18. ^ "Leszno - Pomnik Ofiar Katynia". PolskaNiezwykla.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  19. ^ "Summary of applications for the Europe Prize and the Plaque of Honour for 2006". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  20. ^ "Leszno, Poland Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  21. ^ "Leszno Climate". Climate-data.org. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
  22. ^ "Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  23. ^ "Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  24. ^ "Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  25. ^ "Miesięczna suma opadu". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  26. ^ "Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  27. ^ "Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  28. ^ "Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  29. ^ "Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  30. ^ "Leszno Absolutna temperatura maksymalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  31. ^ "Leszno Absolutna temperatura minimalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  32. ^ "Leszno Średnia wilgotność" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  33. ^ "Ś". www.nasza-gazetka.com. Retrieved 2022-11-12.
  34. ^ "Cooperation with Montluçon (France)". Leszno - Rozwiń Skrzydła. 21 February 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  35. ^ "Cooperation with Deurne (The Netherlands)". Leszno - Rozwiń Skrzydła. 22 December 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  36. ^ Urbaniak, Magdalena. "Suhl". www.leszno.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2020-04-23.
  37. ^ Urbaniak, Magdalena. "Dunaújváros". www.leszno.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2020-04-23.
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Jerry SeinfeldSeinfeld pada tahun 2016Nama lahirJerome Allen SeinfeldLahir29 April 1954 (umur 69) Brooklyn, New York, Amerika Serikat.MediaLawakan tunggal, televisi, filmPendidikanMassapequa High SchoolAlma materSUNY OswegoQueens College (BA)Tahun aktif1976–kiniGenreKomedi pengamatan, humor sureal, komedia kulit hitam, cringe comedy, deadpan, satireSubjekKebudayaan Amerika Serikat, Politik Amerika Serikat, kehidupan sehari-hari, perbedaan gender, perilaku manusia, kecanggungan sos...

 

The Spiral Dance

Book by Starhawk For the dance, see Spiral dance. For the band, see Spiral Dance (band). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: The Spiral Dance – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The Spiral Dance AuthorStarhawkCountryUn...

 

Schema for vertical declining dials

A dial constructed using Waugh's schema Vertical declining dials are sundials that indicate local apparent time. Vertical south dials are a special case: as are vertical north, vertical east and vertical west dials. The word declining means that the wall is offset from one of these 4 cardinal points. There are dials that are not vertical, and these are called reclining dials.[1] A sundial schema uses a compass and a straight edge to firstly derive the essential angles for that latitud...

تحليل التسلسل الاجتماعي

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (يناير 2022) هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. ...

 

Цейхгауз (Берлин)

Общий вид Цейхга́уз[1] (нем. Zeughaus, совр. транскрипция Цойгхаус) — бывшее здание арсенала в Берлине, построенное в стиле барокко. Старейшая сохранившаяся постройка на бульваре Унтер-ден-Линден. Первый камень в основание этого арсенала был заложен в 1695 году. Нача...

 

Jeremy Irons

British actor (born 1948) Jeremy IronsIrons in 2014BornJeremy John Irons (1948-09-19) 19 September 1948 (age 75)Cowes, Isle of Wight, EnglandEducationSherborne School[1]Alma materBristol Old Vic Theatre SchoolOccupationActorYears active1969–presentSpouses Julie Hallam ​ ​(m. 1969; div. 1969)​ Sinéad Cusack ​(m. 1978)​ Children2, including Max Irons Jeremy John Irons (/ˈaɪ.ənz/; born 19 Se...

Stothert & Pitt

Former British engineering company Maker's plate of the Fairbairn crane Stothert & Pitt was a British engineering company founded in 1855 in Bath, England. It was the builder of various engineering products ranging from Dock cranes to construction plant and household cast iron items. It went out of business in 1989. The name and intellectual property became part of Clarke Chapman. History George Stothert (n.b. early on the name is sometimes rendered as Stoddard or Stodhert) moved to Bath ...

 

Diving at the 2015 Pan American Games – Women's 3 metre springboard

International sporting eventWomen's 3 metre springboard at the 2015 Pan American GamesVenueCIBC Pan Am/Parapan Am Aquatics Centre and Field HouseDatesJuly 12Competitors15 from 8 nationsWinning score384.70Medalists Jennifer Abel  Canada Pamela Ware  Canada Dolores Hernandez  Mexico«2011 2019» Diving at the2015 Pan American GamesIndividual3 m springboardmenwomen10 m platformmenwomenSynchronized3 m springboardmenwomen10 m platformmenw...

 

Pizza Haven (Australia)

Australian and New Zealand pizza restaurant chain Pizza Haven logo Pizza Haven was an Australian and New Zealand pizza restaurant chain and franchise operation. History Founded in 1984, four brothers Evan, Louis, Bill and Gabriel Christou started Pizza Haven with the aid of a A$24,000 mortgage on their parents' home. The first Pizza Haven outlet was at Glenelg in Adelaide. Employing twelve people, the Christou brothers were active in the running of the business.[1] Pizza Haven evolved...

Eragon (film)

2006 action fantasy film directed by Stefen Fangmeier EragonTheatrical release posterDirected byStefen FangmeierScreenplay byPeter BuchmanBased onEragonby Christopher PaoliniProduced by John Davis Wyck Godfrey Starring Ed Speleers Jeremy Irons Sienna Guillory Robert Carlyle Djimon Hounsou Garrett Hedlund Joss Stone John Malkovich Rachel Weisz CinematographyHugh JohnsonEdited by Roger Barton Masahiro Hirakubo Chris Lebenzon Music byPatrick DoyleProductioncompanies Fox 2000 Pictures Davis Enter...

 

Vilnius–Kaunas Railway

Vilnius–Kaunas RailwayOverviewTerminiVilnius railway stationKaunas railway stationStations9ServiceOperator(s)Lithuanian RailwaysHistoryOpened1862TechnicalLine length104 km (64.62 mi)Track gauge1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) Russian gaugeElectrification1975 Vilnius train station Vilnius – Kaunas Railway (Lithuanian: Geležinkelis Vilnius – Kaunas) is one of the main local railways in Lithuania. This railway connects Lithuanian capital Vilnius with the 2nd...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!