This article is about the municipality in Norway. For the town within this municipality, see Larvik (town). For other uses, see Larvik (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Lerwick, chief port in Shetland also called Larvik.
The 813-square-kilometre (314 sq mi) municipality is the 140th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Larvik is the 21st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 48,246. The municipality's population density is 62.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (162/sq mi) and its population has increased by 5.9% over the previous 10-year period.[6][7]
Larvik is known as the hometown of Thor Heyerdahl.[9]: 30 It is also home to Bøkeskogen, the northernmost beech tree forest in the world. Larvik is the home of Norway's only natural mineral water spring, Farriskilden.[8][10]Farris Bad, located in Larvik, has been described as one of the best spas in Europe.[11] It has the largest spa department in Scandinavia.[12]
General information
The town of Larvik was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law). On 1 January 1875, a small area of Brunlanes Municipality (population: 4) and a different area of Hedrum Municipality (population: 46) were both transferred into the town of Larvik. In 1937, another area of Hedrum Municipality (population: 69) was transferred into Larvik. In 1948, an area of Hedrum Municipality (population: 296) was transferred into Larvik. On 1 January 1974, the unpopulated Tagtvedt area of Hedrum was transferred to Larvik. On 1 January 1986, part of the Åsveien 3 property in Hedrum was transferred to the neighboring town of Larvik.[13]
On 1 January 1988, the city of Larvik was part of a major municipal merger which consolidated the municipalities of Brunlanes (population: 8,138), Hedrum (population: 10,449), and Tjølling (population: 7,878) with the towns of Larvik (population: 8,045) and Stavern (population: 2,538) to create a new, much larger Larvik Municipality with a population of 37,048 people.[13]
On 1 January 2018, Lardal Municipality was merged the neighboring Larvik Municipality as part of a nationwide municipal reform.[14] After merging, Larvik was the largest municipality in Vestfold by area and the second-most populous municipality in Vestfold.[15]
Etymology
The municipality (originally the town of Larvik) is named after the small cove at the end of the Larviksfjorden, which was historically called Lagarvík in Old Norse. The first element is the genitive case of lǫgr 'water, river' (here referring to the Numedalslågen River). The last element is vík 'cove, inlet'. Thus, the meaning of the name is 'cove at the mouth of a river'. Prior to 1889, the name was written Laurvik or Laurvig.[16]
Arms from 1899 to 1989Arms from 1989 to 2018Arms since 2018
Larvik has had three different coats of arms since 1889.
The first coat of arms was granted in 1889 and it was in use until 20 January 1989 when a new coat of arms was granted. The official blazon was "Argent, a leaved tree issuant from a mountvert". This means the arms have a field (background) has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. The charge is a green tree growing out of a green hill. The green color in the field and the tree design symbolize the local beech forest around the town. This design may have been chosen because for a couple of reasons. A beech tree had been used by the 18th century governor of the area, Jens Kielman. Also this beech tree design was part of a seal of a local guild in the early 19th century.[17]
The second coat of arms was granted on 17 March 1989 and it was in use until 1 January 2018. The official blazon was "Azure, a mast with three sails argent" (Norwegian: I blått en sølv mast med tre seil). This means the arms have a blue field (background) and the charge is a ship's mast with three sails. The charge has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. The blue color in the field and the design were chosen to represent the maritime traditions of the municipality. The arms were designed by Kjell Ronald Hansen. The municipal flag had the same design as the coat of arms.[17][18][19][20]
The current coat of arms was adopted for use starting on 1 January 2018. The blazon is "Azure, a tree with seven droplet-shaped leaves, of which six are opposite two and two, issuant from a mount argent" (Norwegian: I blått et oppvoksende tre med syv dråpeformede blader hvor av seks er motstående to og to, alt i sølv). This means the arms have a blue field (background) and the charge is a tree design with six leaves shaped like water droplets that are arranged symmetrically, three on each side and one on top. The charge has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. The arms have a complex symbolism. The seven drops symbolize forest water that flows into streams and further into the main Numedalslågen and Farriselva rivers. The tree design symbolizes the importance of the local beech forests and forestry industry. The six water drops also symbolized the ports spread along the coast as well as the six former municipalities that are now together as one large municipality. The arms were designed by Tormod Henriksen from Svarstad. The municipal flag had the same design as the coat of arms.[17][21][22][23]
Various remains from the Stone Age have been discovered throughout the municipality of Larvik, for instance by Torpevannet near the village of Helgeroa. Raet goes through all of Vestfold County before peaking out of the ocean in Mølen in Larvik. Ancient peoples have carried rocks from Raet and constructed vast numbers of burial mounds at Mølen. During the Roman Iron Age, ancient peoples erected a stone monument resembling a ship at Istrehågan, one of Norway's greatest remains (oldtidsminne) from prehistoric times.[25]: 8
About 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) southeast of the town is Skiringssal, an archaeological site where archaeologists first discovered burial mounds and an ancient Viking hall, and later uncovered the nearby remains of an ancient town, Kaupang. This is now known as the oldest known merchant town in Norway. There was international trade from this area, over 1,200 years ago.[25]: 12 Skiringssal has remains from the oldest town yet discovered in the Nordic countries,[26] and it was one of Scandinavia's earliest urban sites.[27]
Larvik (which historically used the Danish spelling: Laurvig) was an old coastal village. In 1671, the village received kjøpstad (market town) status in 1671 when Ulrik Fredrik Gyldenløve bought the Fritsø estate. He later became the first Count of Laurvig. The count built a new residence in 1674, "Herregården", which can still be visited today.[28][5] The whole Larvik area was owned by a Danish Count (grevskap) until 1817. Since the rest of Norway had come under Swedish rule in 1814, the county was purchased by four local businessmen in 1817.[29] Then in 1821, it became part of the newly created Jarslberg og Laurvigs amt (county).
Larvik is also the site of the Treschow estate, "Fritzøehus", which is currently owned by the heirs of Mille-Marie Treschow, reportedly "Norway's richest woman". The Treschow estate was created in 1835 when Willum Frederik Treschow bought the county from the Danish crown, who in turn had bought the county from the local consortium "grevlingene", four local entrepreneurs who proved unable to manage the ownership financially (the consortium had bought the county from the Danish crown in 1817 originally, the crown taking over the county when the last of the counts had to sell it because of debt).
Larvik, along with neighbouring cities of Sandefjord and Tønsberg, were the three dominant whaling cities of Norway in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[30]
The municipal council(Kommunestyre) of Larvik is made up of representatives that are elected to four year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by political party.
Larvik's population is primarily centred along the coast. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Larvik, is one of two cities in the municipality; the other one being Stavern. The city's residential areas are first and foremost in the hills between the fjord and Bøkeskogen.[5]
The municipality had a total population of 48,396 as of 2023, with 4,159 of them being immigrants to Norway from other countries.[64] Figures from a census held at the beginning of the 19th century indicate that Larvik's population has quadrupled in approximately 200 years. Its population however is spread through the municipality, and about 50% of the people reside in the city of Larvik. The majority of the population is found along and around the Larviksfjorden, from Stavern in the west to Gon in the east.[9]: 32 The population sometimes doubles during summer weeks due to tourism.[9]: 48 Larvik is home to 4,886 vacation homes as of 2023.[64]
Economy
Larvik is the most important agricultural municipality in Vestfold county. Besides grains, other crops grown include potatoes and vegetables. It has the county's largest production of cucumbers and tomatoes. Important industries are commerce, hotel management, and restaurant management. The fishing industry in Larvik is the second-largest in Vestfold, only smaller than the fishing industry in Færder Municipality. Important fishing harbours include Stavern, Helgeroa, and Nevlunghavn. Furthermore, Larvik has the biggest logging industry in the county. Norway Spruce is the most important tree species.[5] The mined mineral Larvikite is exported from Larvik to countries in Europe and to the United States.[25]: 64
Larvik is first and foremost known as a summer vacation community. Due to its stable climate and one of Norway's highest median temperatures, Larvik experiences significant summer tourism.[9]: 97 [25]: 70 Larvik's climate is among the mildest in Norway, with one of the nation's highest number of annual sunshine days. It is home to nearly 5,000 holiday homes.[64][9]: 64
Kaupang has been described as the "chief attraction" for visitors in Larvik.[67] Kapuang is also known as Norway's most important monument from the Viking Age.[9]: 14 Another source describes Mølen Geopark as Larvik's most visited tourist attraction.[9]: 64 Other attractions include the Maritime Museum, Fritzøehus, Herregården, the home of Thor Heyerdahl, and Bøkeskogen. Larvik is also home to Farris Bad, the largest spa in the Nordic countries, which has been described as one of Europe's best spa facilities.[11]
Larvik occupies the southwestern corner of Vestfold county, between Sandefjord Municipality in the east and the Langesundsfjorden in the west. The coastline of Larvik stretches from the entrance to the Sandefjordsfjord and to the Langesundsfjord, with the Larviksfjorden in the middle. The coastline consists of various beaches, bays, islets, and skerries. The land is relatively flat along the coast and by the many bays, while the interior parts consist of large and hilly woodlands. Larger mountains are found along the border with Telemark County in the west.[25]: 6 The municipality has a 110 kilometres (68 mi) coastline, a listtle shorter than that of neighbouring Sandefjord Municipality.[68]
The municipality is located approximately 105 kilometres (65 mi) southwest of the Norwegian capital, Oslo. The municipality covers an area of 813 square kilometres (314 sq mi), making it the largest municipality in Vestfold county. By population, however, Larvik is the third-most populous municipality, only smaller than neighbouring Tønsberg and Sandefjord municipalities.[9]: 32 Larvik has its own fjord which connects to the Lågen River.[69]
Larvik is also noted for its natural springs of mineral water, Farriskildene, which have been commercially exploited under the brand name Farris. At Kaupang in Tjølling lies the remains of the medieval Skiringssal trading outpost. Larvik is also home to the world's northernmost natural occurrence of Fagus sylvaticaforests (European Beech tree), known as Bøkeskogen ("The Beech Tree Forest").
Larvik panorama
Villages
Harbour in Nevlunghavn, a small fishing village and the southernmost point in mainland Vestfold.[9]: 67
The municipality is home to two cities and seven larger urban villages:[5][70]
Himberg is an exclave which is part of Sandefjord Municipality, although it is completely surrounded by Larvik Municipality in all directions.[71][72][73] Attempts at annexing Himberg into Larvik Municipality have largely been met with protests from Himberg residents. A 1995 attempt at annexing Himberg was cancelled due to protests from local residents.[74] There are only four such enclaves in Norway, and Himberg is the most populous enclave in Norway, with a population of approximately 40 people. Himberg is 1.4 square kilometres (0.54 sq mi).[75]
Hiking trails can be found throughout the municipality, including in the city forest Bøkeskogen, Norway's largest beech tree forest.[9]: 23 [25]: 58 This forest is home to various trails, starting at 2.6 kilometres (1.6 mi) in length up to 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) in length.[83] Hiking trails can also be found at Mølen, which is an UNESCO GeoPark and home of Norway's largest stone beach.[84][85] The Coastal Path (Kyststien) is a 35-kilometre (22 mi) path through Brunlanes to the town Stavern. Additional hiking trails can be found by the lakes Goksjø and Farris. Farris Lake is the largest lake in Vestfold County.[9]: 99
Due to the municipality's many rural areas, Larvik is known for its game hunting, and large forests are open for hunting. There are great stocks of moose; Larvik has among Norway's highest number of moose.[5] Between 700 and 800 moose are annually slaughtered in the county.[86] Other important species of game are Roe deer, Red deer, Mountain hare, European beaver, and Common wood pigeon.[87]
Beaches
Batteristranda in Larvik city centre.Beach in the village of Ula.
Larvik Maritime Museum is housed in Larvik's oldest brick building.
The Larvik Museum Society was founded in 1916. The museum is now associated with the Vestfold Museum (Vestfoldmuseene). Larvik Museum was established with the purpose of preserving, and restoring the city's collection of historic buildings.[88][89][90]
Verkensgården houses geological exhibitions of Larvikite, a locally quarried 500-million-year-old granite type.[91]
The Treschow-Fritzøe Museum (Verkensgården) houses exhibitions from the former Treschow-Fritzøe ironworks. Verkensgarorden displays tools, equipment, drawings, and models illustrating the iron-production era in Larvik, which dated from 1670 to 1870. The exhibition shows various aspects; from the geological process of creation to production, and use of the stone larvikite, the area's main export product. The Iron Works was closed during 1868.[92]
Herregården is one of Norway's best preserved wooden structures.[69]Fritzøehus is the largest privately owned estate in Norway.[93][94]
Manor House (Herregården) was built by Ulrik Fredrik Gyldenløve for his third wedding in 1677. It is a large wooden structure with well-preserved baroque interiors from the 1730s. Herregården manor house is a large Baroque wooden building with classic elements. The interior design is mainly Baroque and Regency style. The house is filled with 17th- and 18th-century antiques.[95] Herregården from 1677 is considered one of Norway's finest secular Baroque structures.[8] It is one of few baroque architectural monuments representing nobility in Norway.[96] Furthermore, it is one of Norway's largest wooden buildings from 17th century.[25]: 22
The Larvik Maritime Museum (Larvik Sjøfartsmuseum) is housed in Larvik's oldest brick building, dating from 1730. Larvik Maritime Museum is located in the old customs house, and is the residence of the local building inspector. This museum displays models of ships, paintings of sailing vessels, and other nautical artifacts to bring the port's maritime history alive. One section of the museum is devoted to the expeditions of Larvik-born Thor Heyerdahl.[97][98]
Fritzøehus is a private estate located in Larvik. The estate has traditionally been associated with various members of the Treschow family and is presently owned by Mille-Marie Treschow. It is Norway's largest privately owned estate.[93][94]
Bøkeskogen, Norway's largest and the world's northernmost beech tree forest.[11][10]
Larvik Maritime Museum, museum dedicated to Larvik's nautical history. It is home to several models by Colin Archer, and has its own exhibition dedicated to Thor Heyerdahl.[8]
^Nickel, Phyllis; Valderhaug, Hans Jakob (2017). Norwegian Cruising Guide—Vol 2: Sweden, West Coast and Norway, Swedish Border to Bergen. Attainable Adventure Cruising Ltd. p. 98. ISBN9780995893962.
^Engel, Lyle Kenyon (1963). Scandinavia: A Simon & Schuster Travel Guide. Cornerstone Library. p. 147.
^Larsen, Erlend (2011). På Tur i Vestfold del 2 (in Norwegian). E-forlag. p. 238. ISBN9788293057222.
^ abFerguson-Kosinski, Laverne (2015). Europe by Eurail 2016: Touring Europe by Train. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 386. ISBN9781493012763.
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