Koszul duality for graded modules over Koszul algebras
The simplest, and in a sense prototypical case of Koszul duality arises as follows: for a 1-dimensional vector space V over a field k, with dual vector space, the exterior algebra of V has two non-trivial components, namely
whose differential is induced by natural evaluation map
Choosing a basis of V, can be identified with the polynomial ring in one variable, , and the previous chain complex becomes isomorphic to the complex
whose differential is multiplication by t. This computation shows that the cohomology of the above complex is 0 at the left hand term, and is k at the right hand term. In other words, k (regarded as a chain complex concentrated in a single degree) is quasi-isomorphic to the above complex, which provides a close link between the exterior algebra of V and the symmetric algebra of its dual.
where is the tensor algebra on a finite-dimensional vector space, and is a submodule of . The Koszul dual then coincides with the quadratic dual
where is the (k-linear) dual and consists of those elements on which the elements of R (i.e., the relations in A) vanish. The Koszul dual of is given by , the exterior algebra on the dual of V. In general, the dual of a Koszul algebra is again a Koszul algebra. Its opposite ring is given by the graded ring of self-extensions of the underlying field k, thought of as an A-module:
Koszul duality
If an algebra is Koszul, there is an equivalence between certain subcategories of the derived categories of graded- and -modules. These subcategories are defined by certain boundedness conditions on the grading vs. the cohomological degree of a complex.
Variants
As an alternative to passing to certain subcategories of the derived categories of and to obtain equivalences, it is possible instead to obtain equivalences between certain quotients of the homotopy categories.[5] Usually these quotients are larger than the derived category, as they are obtained by factoring out some subcategory of the category of acyclic complexes, but they have the advantage that every complex of modules determines some element of the category, without needing to impose boundedness conditions. A different reformulation gives an equivalence between the derived category of and the 'coderived' category of the coalgebra .
An extension of the above concept of Koszul duality was formulated by Ginzburg and Kapranov who introduced the notion of a quadratic operad and defined the quadratic dual of such an operad.[9] Very roughly, an operad is an algebraic structure consisting of an object of n-ary operations for all n. An algebra over an operad is an object on which these n-ary operations act. For example, there is an operad called the associative operad whose algebras are associative algebras, i.e., depending on the precise context, non-commutative rings (or, depending on the context, non-commutative graded rings, differential graded rings). Algebras over the so-called commutative operad are commutative algebras, i.e., commutative (possibly graded, differential graded) rings. Yet another example is the Lie operad whose algebras are Lie algebras. The quadratic duality mentioned above is such that the associative operad is self-dual, while the commutative and the Lie operad correspond to each other under this duality.
Koszul duality for operads states an equivalence between algebras over dual operads. The special case of associative algebras gives back the functor mentioned above.
^Joseph Bernstein, Israel Gelfand, and Sergei Gelfand. Algebraic bundles over and problems of linear algebra. Funkts. Anal. Prilozh. 12 (1978); English translation in Functional Analysis and its Applications 12 (1978), 212-214
^Kapranov, Mikhail M. On DG-modules over the de Rham complex and the vanishing cycles functor. Algebraic geometry (Chicago, IL, 1989), 57–86, Lecture Notes in Math., 1479, Springer, Berlin, 1991.
^Positselski, Leonid: arXiv:0905.2621Two kinds of derived categories, Koszul duality, and comodule-contramodule correspondence., Mem. Amer. Math. Soc. 212 (2011), no. 996, vi+133 pp. ISBN978-0-8218-5296-5, see Appendix B