King Mu of Zhou

King Mu of Zhou 周穆王
King of the Zhou dynasty
Reign	976 BC–922/18 BC
Predecessor	King Zhao of Zhou
Successor	King Gong of Zhou
Born	Ji Man (姬滿)
Died	922/18 BC
Spouse	Wang Zu Jiang Sheng Ji
Issue	Ji Yihu, King Gong of Zhou Ji Bifang, King Xiao of Zhou Baozong, Viscount of Xu Shuqie
Names Ancestral name: Jī (姬) Given name: Mǎn (滿) Posthumous name King Mu (穆王) or King Miu (繆王)
House	Ji
Dynasty	Zhou (Western Zhou)
Father	King Zhao of Zhou
Mother	Queen Fang

King Mu of Zhou
Posthumous name
Chinese	周穆王
Literal meaning	The Solemn King of Zhou
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōu Mù Wáng Wade–Giles Chou Mu-wang King Mu of Chou

King Mu of Zhou (Chinese: 周穆王; pinyin: Zhōu Mù Wáng), personal name Ji Man, was the fifth king of the Zhou dynasty of China. The dates of his reign are 976–922 BC or 956–918 BC.^[1][2]

Life

Joseon painting Yoji yeondo (요지연도) depicting King Mu visiting the goddess Queen Mother of the West at Yaochi in the mythical mountain Kunlun.

King Mu came to the throne after his father King Zhao’s death during his tour to the South. King Mu was perhaps the most pivotal king of the Zhou dynasty, reigning nearly 55 years, from ca. 976 BC to ca. 922 BC. Mu was more ambitious than wise, yet he was able to introduce reforms that changed the nature of the Zhou government, transforming it from a hereditary system to one that was based on merit and knowledge of administrative skills.^[3]

During Mu’s reign, the Zhou dynasty was at its peak, and Mu tried to stamp out invaders in the western part of China and ultimately expand Zhou’s influence to the east. In the height of his passion for conquests, he led an immense army against the Quanrong, who inhabited the western part of China. His travels allowed him to contact many tribes and swayed them to either join under the Zhou banner or be conquered in war with his army. This expedition may have been more of a failure than a success, judging by the fact that he brought back only four white wolves and four white deer. Unintentionally and inadvertently, he thus sowed the seeds of hatred which culminated in an invasion of China by the same tribes in 771 BC. In his thirteenth year the Xu Rong, probably the state of Xu in the southeast, raided near the eastern capital of Fenghao. The war seems to have ended in a truce in which the state of Xu gained land and power in return for nominal submission.

However, despite his success, traditional historiography viewed him with controversy. While some praise his victories against the Quanrong, others criticized him for from his time, the fourth border state no longer entered into a relationship with the Zhou dynasty. Even still, the Shang Shu credited him with establishing the first systematic legal code in China.

Mu was reputed in narratives to have lived until the age of 105 and to have traveled to the mythical mountain known as Kunlun - a popular later work is the Tale of King Mu, Son of Heaven.

His successor was his son King Gong of Zhou.

In mythology

Main article: Tale of King Mu, Son of Heaven

One Chinese myth tells a story about Mu, who dreamed of becoming an immortal.^[4][5][6] He was determined to visit the divine paradise of Kunlun and taste the Peaches of Immortality. A brave charioteer named Zaofu used his chariot to carry the king to his destination.^[7] The Tale of King Mu, Son of Heaven, a fourth-century BC romance, describes Mu’s visit to the Queen Mother of the West.^[8][9] Late Tang dynasty poet Li Shangyin retold the story in a poem of four lines.^[10]

Automaton

In the 3rd century BC text of the Liezi, there is a curious account on automata involving a much earlier encounter between Mu of Zhou and a mechanical engineer known as Yan Shi, an 'artificer'. The latter proudly presented the king with a life-size, human-shaped figure of his mechanical 'handiwork':

The king stared at the figure in astonishment. It walked with rapid strides, moving its head up and down, so that anyone would have taken it for a live human being. The artificer touched its chin, and it began singing, perfectly in tune. He touched its hand, and it began posturing, keeping perfect time... As the performance was drawing to an end, the robot winked its eye and made advances to the ladies in attendance, whereupon the king became incensed and would have had Yen Shih (Yan Shi) executed on the spot had not the latter, in mortal fear, instantly taken the robot to pieces to let him see what it really was. And, indeed, it turned out to be only a construction of leather, wood, adhesive and lacquer, variously coloured white, black, red and blue. Examining it closely, the king found all the internal organs complete—liver, gall, heart, lungs, spleen, kidneys, stomach and intestines; and over these again, muscles, bones and limbs with their joints, skin, teeth and hair, all of them artificial... The king tried the effect of taking away the heart, and found that the mouth could no longer speak; he took away the liver and the eyes could no longer see; he took away the kidneys and the legs lost their power of locomotion. The king was delighted.^[11]

Family

Queens:

• Wang Zu Jiang, of the Jiang clan (王俎姜 姜姓)

Concubines:

• Sheng Ji, of the Ji clan of Cheng (盛姬 姬姓), a royal of Cheng by birth; buried with queenly honours

Sons:

• Crown Prince Yihu (太子繄扈; d. 900 BC), ruled as King Gong of Zhou from 921–900 BC
• Prince Bifang (王子闢方; d. 886 BC), ruled as King Xiao of Zhou from 891–886 BC
• Prince Baozong (王子寶宗), ruled as the Viscount of Xu

Daughters:

• A daughter whose personal name was Shuqie (叔㛗)

Ancestry

King Cheng of Zhou (1060–1020 BC)

King Kang of Zhou (1040–996 BC)

Wang Si

King Zhao of Zhou (1027–977 BC)

Wang Jiang

King Mu of Zhou (992–922 BC)

Queen Fang

See also

• Family tree of Chinese monarchs (ancient)

Notes

1. Cambridge History of Ancient China
2. Sources of Western Zhou History: Inscribed Bronze Vessels by Edward L. Shaughnessy
3. Chin, Annping. (2007). The Authentic Confucius. Scrubner. ISBN 0-7432-4618-7
4. Mathieu, Rémi. Le Mu Tianzi Zhuan. p. 198.
5. Nienhauser, "Origins of Chinese Literature," p. 201
6. Needham, Joseph (1986). Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth. Science and Civilization in China. Vol. 3. Taipei: Caves Books.
7. Porter, Deborah Lynn (1996). From deluge to discourse: myth, history, and the generation of Chinese fiction. SUNY Press.
8. "Mu Tianzi zhuan 穆天子傳 'The story of King Mu, the Son of Heaven'". CHINAKNOWLEDGE – a universal guide for China studies. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
9. Shaughnessy, Edward L. (2006). Rewriting Early Chinese Texts. SUNY Press.
10. Li Shangyin (1705), "瑤池", in Peng Dingqiu (彭定求); et al. (eds.), Complete Tang Poetry 全唐詩, vol. 卷539, retrieved 2022-08-11^{[user-generated source]}
11. Needham, Volume 2, 53.

References

• Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 2. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.

King Mu of Zhou Zhou dynasty  Died: 922 BC
Regnal titles
Preceded by King Zhao of Zhou	King of China 977–922 BC	Succeeded by King Gong of Zhou