Khunu Lama Tenzin Gyaltsen (Tibetan: ཁུ་ནུ་བླ་མ་བསྟན་འཛིན་རྒྱལ་མཚན, Wylie: khu nu bla ma bstan 'dzin rgyal mtshan; 1894/early 95 – February 20, 1977)[1] was a Tibetan Buddhist scholar and teacher in the Rimé tradition, a Dzogchen master, and a teacher of several important Rinpoches of the late 20th century, including the 14th Dalai Lama. He hailed from Kinnaur, India. He was also known also as Negi Lama Tenzin Gyaltsen (Tibetan: ནེ་གི་བླ་མ་བསྟན་འཛིན་རྒྱལ་མཚན, Wylie: ne gi bla ma bstan 'dzin rgyal mtshan), Tenzin Gyaltsen (bstan 'dzin rgyal mtshan), and various other names like Kunu (khu nu) Rinpoche, Kunu Lama, and Negi Lama (ne gi bla ma).[2]
Biography
Khunu Lama was born in 1894/early 1895 in the village of Sunam which lies in the Kinnaur district of India in the Western Himalaya mountains.[3] For this reason, he later came to be known as 'Khunu Lama' or 'Khunu Rinpoche', 'Khunu' being the native word for Kinnaur. He was also often called 'Negi Lama' after the name of his community, the Negis of Kinnaur. His uncle Rasvir Das taught him how to read and write Tibetan and some basic Buddhist texts. He also received preliminary spiritual instruction in Tibetan Buddhism at village Lippa in Kinnaur, under a student of the famous 19th century teacher Sakya Shri. Between 1913 and the 1940s, Khunu Lama spent 34 years travelling, studying, and teaching in various parts of Tibet and India outside Kinnaur. He studied various fields related to Tibetan Buddhism as well as Tibetan grammar and composition at Rumtek, Tashilhunpo, Lhasa, Derge, and Sanskrit at Kolkatta and Varanasi. He taught at the famed Mentsi Khang of Lhasa for three years (mid-1930s), besides teaching more extensively in Lhasa, Tashilhunpo, and Kham. After 1947, he spent about eight years living and teaching in his native Kinnaur. By the end of the 1950s, he returned to Varanasi, and took up a teaching position at the Sanskrit University there. He also spent some time teaching in Srinagar, Mussourie, Gangtok, Kathmandu, and Kullu-Manali. Khunu Lama died at the age of 82 at Shashur Monastery in the Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachel Pradesh on February 20, 1977, while teaching the final page of Gampopa's Jewel Ornament of Liberation.[1][4]
Works and significance
Khunu Rinpoche was not officially recognized as a tulku and was not an ordained Buddhist monk. He was a layman (Wylie: dge bsnyen, Skt. upāsaka) who had taken lay practitioner's vows before becoming a Tibetan Buddhist master.[3][5] He is renowned as one of the influential teachers in the Rimé (non-sectarian) movement within Tibetan Buddhism,[1] and as a Dzogchen master. The 14th Dalai Lama's "respect for him was profound: He would prostrate to Rinpoche in the dust when they met at the Great Stupa in Bodh Gaya." According to Gene Smith's research on reminiscences, interviews, and writings of H.H. Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche, Sogyal Rinpoche, and Matthieu Ricard, Khunu Lama's profound knowledge of Tibetan Buddhism led him to be recognized by lamas of different schools as one of the "greatest Tibetan lamas of his time although not ethnically Tibetan." He lived the life of a wandering yogi with a devoted female companion, the Drikung Khandro.[6]
A foremost scholar of Sanskrit and Classical Tibetan "as a prerequisite to the study of the religious texts" who "gained a reputation for extraordinary scholarship," Khunu Rinpoche traveled widely in Tibet and India disseminating essential teachings of Buddhist philosophy, and was known for shunning attention. The 14th Dalai Lama found it difficult to locate him, and sent emissaries to Buddhist pilgrimage sites and the places where Khunu Lama was known to have taught. He was accidentally discovered living incognito in a Shiva temple in Varanasi. The Dalai Lama visited him and, after initially being turned away, asked Khunu Lama to teach the younger tulkus who had accompanied him into exile, and to teach him personally as well.[7]
His students include Drikung Khandro, Khenpo Konchok Gyaltsen, Lamkhen Gyalpo Rinpoche and the 14th Dalai Lama.[8] While the Dalai Lama had highly qualified teachers and debate partners, he used to clarify philosophical concepts in discussions with Khunu Lama and called him the "Shantideva of our time."[3] Among several teachings that the Dalai Lama received from Khunu Rinpoche was the celebrated Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra or Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life by Shantideva. Even though Khunu Lama Rinpoché was a lay practitioner, the Dalai Lama "had no hesitation in receiving a thorough explanation of Shantideva's 'Way of the Bodhisattva' from him," and often refers to Khunu Lama as "one of my root gurus" when teaching.[9]
His work on bodhicitta was translated and published under the title of Vast as the Heavens, Deep as the Sea: Verses in Praise of Bodhicitta by Wisdom Publications in 1999.[1]
Reincarnations
Two reincarnations were indentified, both of whom were born in 1979. Jangchhub Nyima (born 1979) was born to a Tibetan father and Danish mother, and was recognised as Khunu Lama's reincarnation by the Dalai Lama and the Sakya Trizin. Tenzin Priyadarshi, born in Bihar to Brahmin parents, teaches at MIT.[4][10]
References
^ abcdRinpoche, Khunu (2000). Vast as the heavens, deep as the sea : verses in praise of bodhicitta. Translated by Sparham, Gareth. Boston: Wisdom Publications. ISBN978-0861711468.
^ abPitkin, Annabella (2022). Renunciation and Longing: The Life of a Twentieth-Century Himalayan Buddhist Saint. University of Chicago Press. pp. xxviii.
^Rinpoche, Kyabje Lama Zopa. "Khunu Lama Rinpoche's Story". lamayeshe.com. Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive, Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
Priyadarshi,Tenzin and Houshmand, Zara (June 22, 2021). "Negi Lama Tenzin Gyaltsen: A preliminary account of the life of a modern Buddhist saint". Running Toward Mystery, The Adventure of an Unconventional Life. New York, New York: Penguin Random House, |isbn= . ISBN9781984819871.
Dodin, Thierry (1993). "Negi Lama Tenzin Gyaltsen: A preliminary account of the life of a modern Buddhist saint". In Osmaston, Henry (ed.). Recent research on Ladakh 6: Proceedings of the Sixth International Colloquium on Ladakh, Leh 1993. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass (published 1997). ISBN8120814320. OCLC243896748.
Pitkin, Anabella (2012). "Lineage, Authority and Innovation: The Biography of Khunu Lama Tenzin Gyaltsen". In Tuttle, Gray (ed.). Mapping the Modern in Tibet. PIATS 2006: Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies. Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies GmbH. ISBN978-3-03809-111-0.
Pitkin, Anabella (2009). "Practicing Philosophy: The Intellectual Biography of Khunu Lama Tenzin Gyaltsen (Ph.D.). Columbia.
