After the breakup of the Soviet Union in December 1991, most of the formerly Soviet republics attempted to maintain a common currency. Some politicians hoped to at least maintain "special relations" among former Soviet republics (the "near abroad"). Other reasons were the economic considerations for maintaining the ruble zone. The wish to preserve strong trade relations between former Soviet republics was considered the most important goal.[4]
The break-up of the Soviet Union was not accompanied by any formal changes in monetary arrangements. The Central Bank of Russia took over the State Bank of the USSR (Gosbank) on 1 January 1992. It continued to ship Soviet notes and coins to the central banks of the eleven newly independent countries, which had formerly been the main branches of Gosbank in the republics.
The political situation, however, was not favourable for maintaining a common currency.[4] Maintaining a common currency requires a strong political consensus in respect to monetary and fiscal targets, a common institution in charge of implementing these targets, and some minimum of common legislation (concerning the banking and foreign-exchange regulations).[citation needed] These conditions were far from being met amidst the turbulent economic and political situation.
During the first half of 1992, there existed a monetary union where 15 independent states all used the ruble. Since it was clear that the situation would not last, each of them was using its position as "free-riders" to issue huge amounts of money in the form of credit.[5] As a result, some countries were issuing coupons in order to "protect" their markets from buyers from other states. The Russian central bank responded in July 1992 by setting up restrictions to the flow of credit between Russia and other states. The final collapse of the ruble zone began when Russia pulled out with the exchange of banknotes by the Central Bank of Russia on Russian territory at the end of July 1993.
As a result, Kazakhstan and other countries still in the ruble zone were "pushed out".[5] On 12 November 1993, the President of Kazakhstan issued a decree "On introducing national currency of Republic of Kazakhstan". The tenge was introduced on 15 November 1993 to replace Soviet currency at a rate of ₸ 1 = Rbls 500. In 1991 a "special group" of designers was set up: Mendybay Alin, Timur Suleymenov, Asimsaly Duzelkhanov and Khayrulla Gabzhalilov. Thus 15 November is celebrated as the "Day of National Currency of Republic of Kazakhstan". In 1995 a tenge-printing factory opened in Kazakhstan. The first consignment of tenge banknotes were printed in the United Kingdom and the first coins were struck in Germany. In February 2019, Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev signed a bill into law that will remove all Russian captions from future tenge banknotes and coins.[6]
Etymology
The word tenge in Kazakh and in most other Turkic languages means a set of scales (cf the old Uzbektenga or the Tajik borrowed term tanga). The origin of the word is the Mongolic word teng (ᠲᠡᠩ) originating from Chinese děng (等 or 戥) which means "being equal, balance". The name of this currency is thus similar to the pound, lira, peso, taka, and shekel. The name of the currency is also related to the Russian word for money Russian: деньги/ den'gi, which the Old Russian language borrowed from Turkic sources.[7]
Originally a simple letter "Т" was used to denote amounts in tenge, this is still recommended when the tenge symbol is not available.[8] In autumn 2006 the National Bank of Kazakhstan organised a competition for a unique symbol for the currency and received over 30,000 applications.
On 20 March 2007, two days before the Nauryz holiday, the National Bank of Kazakhstan approved a graphical symbol for the tenge: ₸.
On 29 March 2007, the Bank announced two designers from Almaty, Vadim Davydenko and Sanzhar Amirkhanov, as winners for the design of the symbol of the Kazakhstani tenge. They shared a prize of ₸1,000,000 and the title of "parents" of the tenge symbol.[9]
The character was included in Unicode 5.2.0 (August 2009) at code point U+20B8.[10]
Coins
While older coins were struck in Germany, current coins are struck domestically, by the Kazakhstan Mint in Oskemen.
First series (1993)
In 1993, the first series of coins were introduced in denominations of 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 tiyin featuring the national arms and were struck in bronze. The coins of ₸ 1, ₸ 3, ₸ 5, ₸ 10, and ₸ 20 were struck in cupro-nickel and depicted stylized and mythical animals. The coins of this period circulated alongside tiyin and low denomination tenge notes of equal value. Tiyin coins were withdrawn as of 7 February 2001 and lost their effect as legal currency as of 31 December 2012.[11][12]
₸1, ₸2, ₸5, ₸10, ₸20, ₸50 and ₸100 coins of the second series.
In 1998, a new series of coins was introduced. After the withdrawal of tiyin denominated coins ₸ 1 became the smallest denomination. ₸ 100 were later introduced in 2002 replacing the equivalent notes. A ₸ 2 coin was introduced in 2005. In 2013 the alloy of lower denomination coins was altered.
Second series coins of the Kazakh tenge (1997–2018)[13]
Image
Value
Technical parameters
Description
Date of
Diameter
Mass
Thickness
Composition
Edge
Obverse
Reverse
minting
issue
withdrawal
lapse
₸1
15 mm
1.63 g
1.3 mm
Alloy of "nickel silver", yellow color (since 2013 - carbon steel, galvanic coating yellow metal)
Inner disk: alloy of "nickel silver", white color Outer disk: alloy of "nibrass", yellow color.
Grooved with the note - «СТО ТЕНГЕ - ЖYЗ ТЕҢГЕ» (one hundred tenge)
2002~2007
1 July 2002
These images are to scale at 2.5 pixels per millimetre. For table standards, see the coin specification table.
Third series (2019)
In 2019, a new series of coins was introduced into circulation, with the same coin specifications and metallic compositions as the second series. But with the inscriptions of the coins now rendered in Latin-based Kazakh instead of Kazakh-based Cyrillic.
The coins were issued as part of the efforts of the presidential decree issued by former President Nursultan Nazarbayev of its transition of switching from a Cyrillic-based alphabet to a Latin-based alphabet and emphasizing Kazakh culture and distance the country from Russian influence. The designs of the coins were approved by Interim President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev on 20 March 2019. Previously issued coins bearing the Kazakh Cyrillic script will remain legal tender alongside the new Kazakh Latin inscribed coins.
In 2019, the National Bank of Kazakhstan announced the issuance of new ₸200 coins, which were issued into circulation in 2020. This new denomination features inscriptions in Latin-based Kazakh, and like the ₸100 coin, is bi-metallic.[14]
Third series coins of the Kazakh tenge (2019–present)[15]
Inner disk: alloy of "nickel silver", white color Outer disk: alloy of "nibrass", yellow color.
Grooved with the note - «JÚZ TEŃGE» (one hundred tenge)
₸200
26 mm
7.5 g
1.9 mm
Aluminium-brass center in copper-nickel ring
Sixteen indentations ('Spanish flower') with alterned plain and reeded sections
2020~present
28 January 2020
These images are to scale at 2.5 pixels per millimetre. For table standards, see the coin specification table.
Commemorative coins
Commemorative coins are issued in denominations of ₸20, ₸50, ₸100, ₸500, ₸1,000, ₸2,500, ₸5,000 and ₸10,000. Silver and gold bullion coins exist in denominations of ₸1, ₸2, ₸5, ₸10, ₸20, ₸50 and ₸100. Many of the ₸20 and ₸50 commemoratives are also struck in cupro-nickel and occasionally make it out into general circulation as a side coinage with face value.
New symbol of tenge (₸) used on info-board of a currency exchange office in Almaty
Banknotes
200 tenge (old design)
1993 series
On 15 November 1993, the National Bank of Kazakhstan issued notes in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 tiyn, T 1, T 3, T 5, T 10, T 20, and T 50; T 100 notes followed shortly thereafter. These were followed in 1994 by T 200, T 500, and T 1,000 notes. T 2,000 notes were introduced in 1996, with T 5,000 in 1999 and T 10,000 on 28 July 2003.[16] Notes currently in circulation are:
Some ₸2,000 notes spelled the word банкі (bank) incorrectly as банқі.
The National Bank of Kazakhstan issued a new series of tenge banknotes in 2006. This was not a currency reform as they replaced existing notes at face value.
The 2006 series is far more exotic than its predecessors. The obverse is vertical and the denomination is written in Kazakh. All denominations depict the Bayterek monument, the flag of Kazakhstan, the Coat of arms, the handprint with a signature of presidentNursultan Nazarbayev and fragments of the national anthem. The main differences across each denomination are only the colours, denominations and underprint patterns.
On the contrast, the reverse side of the notes are more different. The denomination is written in Russian, and each denomination shows a unique building and geography of Kazakhstan in the outline of its borders.
The first printing of the ₸2,000 and ₸5,000 notes issued in 2006 had misspellings of the word for "bank" (the correct spelling "банкі" bankı was misspelled "*банқі" banqı). The misspelling was a politically sensitive issue due to the cultural and political importance of the Kazakh language.[17]
On 3 October 2016, the ₸2,000, ₸5,000 and ₸10,000 banknotes of the 2006 series lost their legal tender status and are no longer valid. From 4 October 2016 to 3 October 2017, these notes could be exchanged without commission at any second tier bank and branches of the National Bank of Kazakhstan.[18]
2006 Series
Image
Value
Main Colour
Description
Date of issue
Obverse
Reverse
Obverse
Reverse
₸200
orange
Astana Bayterek monument, Kazakhstan flag, Kazakhstan coat of arms, handprint with a signature of Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev, fragments of the national anthem, value in numerals and Kazakh words, issuing bank in Kazakh, inscription in Kazakh stating that counterfeiting banknotes is against the law
Transport and Communication Ministry and a winged snow leopard on the bridge over River Ishim, outline map of Kazakhstan with Ministry of Defense and the steppes in the background, value in Russian, name of issuing in Kazakh, logo of issuing bank, inscription in Russian stating that counterfeiting banknotes is against the law
Ministry of Finance and Akimat (City Hall) of Astana, outline map of Kazakhstan with gulls over the sea in background, value in Russian, name of issuing in Kazakh, logo of issuing bank, inscription in Russian stating that counterfeiting banknotes is against the law
₸1,000
brown
President Culture Center, outline map of Kazakhstan with mountains in background, value in Russian, name of issuing in Kazakh, logo of issuing bank, inscription in Russian stating that counterfeiting banknotes is against the law
₸2,000
green
Abai Opera House, outline map of Kazakhstan with mountain lake in background, value in Russian, name of issuing in Kazakh, logo of issuing bank, inscription in Russian stating that counterfeiting banknotes is against the law
₸5,000
red
Independence Monument and the Kazakhstan Hotel, outline map of Kazakhstan with mountains in background, value in Russian, name of issuing in Kazakh, logo of issuing bank, inscription in Russian stating that counterfeiting banknotes is against the law
₸10,000
purple
Residence Akorda (presidential palace), outline map of Kazakhstan with canyons in the background, value in Russian, name of issuing in Kazakh, logo of issuing bank, inscription in Russian stating that counterfeiting banknotes is against the law
2011–2017 series
The National Bank of Kazakhstan issued a new series of tenge banknotes dated 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 in denominations of ₸1,000, ₸2,000, ₸5,000, and ₸10,000.[19][20][21][22] The designs for this series feature the "Kazakh Eli" monument on the front of the notes. On 1 December 2015, a new ₸20,000 banknote was introduced. It contains the issue date of 2013, and is a commemorative note to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the introduction of its national currency, but was not issued until 2015.[23] In 2017, the National Bank of Kazakhstan issued a ₸500 banknote as part of this series, but has caused controversy over an image of a gull on the reverse side of the note and the image of the Moscow business center in Kazakhstan's capital of Astana.[24]
Flag, skyscrapers, "Kazakh Eli" monument in Astana (representing the "Independence of Kazakhstan" and the "Continuation of Generations"), Emblem of Kazakhstan and Flag of Kazakhstan
"Kazakh Eli" monument in Astana (representing the "independence of Kazakhstan" and the "Continuation of Generations"), Palace of Independence, pigeons, Emblem of Kazakhstan and Flag of Kazakhstan
Outline of Kazakhstan, Monument of Independence, Hotel "Kazakhstan" (Almaty/Alma Ata), Zailijsky Alatau ridge of Tjan-Shan mountain range
"Kazakh Eli" monument in Astana (representing the "independence of Kazakhstan" and the "Continuation of Generations"), Palace of Independence, pigeons, Emblem of Kazakhstan and Flag of Kazakhstan
"Kazakh Eli" monument in Astana (representing the "independence of Kazakhstan" and the "Continuation of Generations"), pigeons, Emblem of Kazakhstan, Flag of Kazakhstan and the Mangilik El triumphal arch
The National Bank of Kazakhstan announced a new series of banknotes set for issue from 2023 to 2025. Named "Saka", the series will introduce notes issued in a reduced size, drop the Russian language, and incorporate many new security features for all six denominations. Banknotes of the previous series will cease to be legal tender after the release of each denomination, and will be redeemable at banks and post offices for up to three years. The National Bank of Kazakhstan will redeem all previous issues without limit.[26]
Commemorative banknotes
Since 2008, a number of commemorative designs have been issued, including notes celebrating the 2011 Asian Winter Games hosted in Astana. Commemoratives can typically be found in these denominations: ₸1,000, ₸2,000, ₸5,000, and ₸10,000.
Digital tenge
The National Bank of Kazakhstan publicly released plans to develop a national digital currency.[27]
Commemorative banknotes
T 5,000 (2001)
5,000 tenge banknote issued in 2001 with overprint to commemorate the tenth anniversary of independence from the Soviet Union (front).
5,000 tenge banknote issued in 2001 with overprint to commemorate the tenth anniversary of independence from the Soviet Union (back).
₸5,000 (2008)
5,000 tenge banknote issued in 2008 to commemorate 15 years of the Kazakhstani tenge (front).
5,000 tenge banknote issued in 2008 to commemorate 15 years of the Kazakhstani tenge (back).
₸1,000 (2010)
1,000 tenge banknote issued in 2010 to commemorate the Chairmanship of Kazakhstan in the OSCE (front).
1,000 tenge banknote issued in 2010 to commemorate the Chairmanship of Kazakhstan in the OSCE (back).
The National Bank of Kazakhstan issued a 10,000 tenge commemorative banknote to commemorate the 25th anniversary of independence from the Soviet Union. The commemorative note contains an image of Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev,[28] and was launched into circulation on the Day of the First President, 1 December 2016.
₸20,000 (2021)
The National Bank of Kazakhstan issued a 20,000 tenge commemorative banknote to commemorate the 30th anniversary of independence from the Soviet Union. The commemorative note features images of the first president of Kazakhstan, "Elbasy" Nursultan Nazarbayev, the Akorda Presidential Palace, a view of the capital city of Astana and the official logo for the celebrations. The commemorative note is also the first to feature inscriptions in Kazakh-based Latin instead of Kazakh-based Cyrillic. The commemorative note was issued on 16 December 2021.[29]
Exchange rates and inflation
On 2 September 2013, the National Bank of Kazakhstan moved the tenge from a managed float and pegged it to the US dollar and the Russian ruble.[30]
On 11 February 2014, the Kazakh National Bank chose to devalue the tenge by 19% against the U.S. dollar in response to a weakening of the Russian ruble.[31]
On 20 August 2015, the Kazakhstan National Bank did away with the currency band with respect to conversion rate of tenge. Now, the tenge is a free-floating currency and its exchange rate against the major currencies are determined by demand and supply in the market. Due to this change, the tenge lost 30% of its value in a single day.[32]
← 2002 • • 2010 → Elecciones generales de 2006Presidente y Vicepresidentes de la República57 escaños en la Asamblea Legislativa500 Regidores municipales Fecha Domingo 5 de febrero de 2006 Tipo Presidencial, Legislativas y Municipal Período 8 de mayo de 2006 al 8 de mayo de 2010 Demografía electoral Población 4,284,495 Hab. registrados 2,550,613 Votantes 1,663,248 Participación 65.21 % 5 % Votos válidos 1,623,992 ...
22а Нагорода АГП 22 січня 2011 Найкращий продюсер — Кінофільм: Промова короля Найкращий продюсер — Анімаційний фільм: Історія іграшок 3 22 церемонія вручення нагород Американської гільдії продюсерів пройшла 22 січня 2011 року в Беверлі Хілтон у Лос-Анджелесі. Окрім конкурс
Самаррська культура Місце розташування Межиріччя Наступник Убейдська культура Час/дата початку 56 століття до н. е. Час/дата закінчення 48 століття до н. е. Самаррська культура у Вікісховищі Жіноча статуетка, Самарра, 6000 до н. е. Стародавнє Межиріччя Стародавнє Межиріччя
Cumbrian town in England For other uses, see Kendal (disambiguation). Town in EnglandKendalTownView of Kendal, with the clock tower of the Town Hall (centre)KendalLocation in South LakelandShow map of the former South Lakeland districtKendalLocation within CumbriaShow map of CumbriaPopulation29,593 (2021 Census)[1]OS grid referenceSD5192• London223 miles (358.9 km) SSECivil parishKendal[2]Unitary authorityWestmorland and FurnessCeremonial c...
Mechanical stress created by change in temperature of a material Not to be confused with Thermal stress on humans. In mechanics and thermodynamics, thermal stress is mechanical stress created by any change in temperature of a material. These stresses can lead to fracturing or plastic deformation depending on the other variables of heating, which include material types and constraints.[1] Temperature gradients, thermal expansion or contraction and thermal shocks are things that can lea...
Кафедральний собор-базиліка Святого Станіслава та Святого Владиславалит. Vilniaus Šv. Stanislovo ir Šv. Vladislovo arkikatedra bazilika Собор вночі, 2014 54°41′09″ пн. ш. 25°17′16″ сх. д. / 54.68583° пн. ш. 25.28778° сх. д. / 54.68583; 25.28778Координати: 54°41′09″ пн. ш. 25°17′16″ сх. ...
Fictional character in DC Comics Not to be confused with Batman: The Man Who Laughs. Comics character The Batman Who LaughsThe Batman Who Laughs and his Robins as depicted in The Batman Who Laughs #1 (January 2018).Publication informationPublisherDC ComicsFirst appearanceDark Days: The Casting #1 (September 2017)Created byScott Snyder (writer)Greg Capullo (artist)In-story informationAlter egoBruce WayneSpeciesMetahumanPlace of originEarth -22 (Dark Multiverse)Team affiliationsDark Knights of ...
Fictional character created by Hayao Miyazaki For the Greek character from the Odyssey, see Nausicaa. For other uses, see Nausicaa (disambiguation). This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (June 2010) Click [show] for im...
German film series (1984 - 2004) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Heimat film series – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (Jan...
For other car models of the same name, see Daihatsu Taft. Motor vehicle Daihatsu Taft (LA900)2020 Daihatsu Taft G Turbo (LA900S)OverviewManufacturerDaihatsuProductionJune 2020 – presentAssemblyJapan: Nakatsu, Ōita (Daihatsu Motor Kyushu)[1]DesignerShun Ohoka and Yuji Misaki[2]Body and chassisClassKei carBody style5-door hatchbackLayoutFront-engine, front-wheel-driveFront-engine, four-wheel-drivePlatformDaihatsu New Global Architecture (DNGA)[3]RelatedDaihatsu T...
Ethnic group in Albania Maqedonasit në ShqipëriMacedonians in AlbaniaМакедонци во АлбанијаMakedonci vo AlbanijaTotal population 5,512 (2011 Albanian census)[1] 10,000–20,000 (non Albanian and Macedonian estimate)[2] Regions with significant populationsMunicipalities: Kukës, Dibër, Bulqizë, Librazhd, Pogradec, Pustec, Devoll, KorçëLanguagesMacedonian and AlbanianReligionMacedonian Orthodoxy and IslamRelated ethnic groupsMacedonians Part of a series o...
Николай Иванович Жужома Дата рождения 10 января 1922(1922-01-10) Место рождения Константиновка, Донецкая область Дата смерти 24 сентября 1981(1981-09-24) (59 лет) Место смерти Глухов, Сумская область Принадлежность СССР Род войск артиллерия Годы службы 1939—1945 Звание Часть 130...
Village in County Armagh, Northern Ireland Human settlement in Northern IrelandForkhill/ForkillIrish: FoircealLocation within Northern IrelandPopulation498 (2011)Irish grid referenceJ013158• Belfast41 mi (66 km)DistrictNewry and MourneCountyCounty ArmaghCountryNorthern IrelandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townNEWRYPostcode districtBT35Dialling code028, +44 28UK ParliamentNewry and ArmaghNI AssemblyNewry and Armagh List of places UK ...
For other uses, see Hyde (disambiguation). Human settlement in EnglandThe HydeThe big switching centre buildings of the BT Colindale telephone exchange in The HydeThe HydeLocation within Greater LondonOS grid referenceTQ213885London boroughBarnetCeremonial countyGreater LondonRegionLondonCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townLONDONPostcode districtNW9Dialling code020PoliceMetropolitanFireLondonAmbulanceLondon UK ParliamentHendonLondon ...
2014 video gameGuns and RobotsDeveloper(s)Masthead StudiosEngineUnityPlatform(s)Microsoft WindowsRelease4 August 2014Genre(s)Online shooterMode(s)Multiplayer Guns and Robots is a cartoon-style online shooter developed by Masthead Studios for Microsoft Windows. The focus on the game is construction of gunfighters[1] and team-based gameplay. Gameplay The gameplay of GAR is divided between two main activities – robot construction and arena combat. Robot Construction Screenshot from the...
American television newsmagazine/reality legal series For the Australian television current affairs program, see Dateline (Australian TV program). For other uses, see Dateline (disambiguation). Dateline NBCAlso known asDatelineGenreNewsmagazinePresented byLester Holt(for past anchors, see section)ComposerMichael Karp (1992–2007)Country of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons31ProductionExecutive producersDavid CorvoLiz ColeCamera setupSingle-cameraRunning time3 hours (i...
American actress This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (August 2023) Portrait by the Mathew Brady studio (c. 1860–70) Josephine Hoey (née Shaw; c. 1822–1896) was an Anglo-American stage actress. Life Josephine was born in Liverpool, England, in June, 1824. She was the eldest of four sisters, whose maiden names were Shaw, and together with them and her ...
British television actor This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Roger Rowland – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear...
Folio 5 verso from Necrologium Lundense, one of two inhabited initials in the manuscript. It shows influences derived from Viking art. Necrologium Lundense (Lund, UB Mh 6) is a 12th-century illuminated manuscript probably made in Lund (then part of Denmark, today part of Sweden) to serve as a book of rules for the canons of Lund Cathedral, with texts used by them in their daily life. Its oldest parts date from around 1123, and it is considered the oldest still intact manuscript written in Sca...
MahakamBelayanJembayanTelenKedang PahuLoa HaurKarang MumusDondang Mulut sungai di Kalimantan Timur Sungai Mahakam dan beberapa anak sungainya. Berikut ini adalah daftar sungai yang mengalir di wilayah provinsi Kalimantan Timur:[1][2] Menurut abjad Sungai Berau Sungai Kelai Sungai Dondang Sungai Mahakam Sungai Belayan Sungai Jembayan Sungai Karang Mumus Sungai Kaso Sungai Kedang Pahu Sungai Lawa Sungai Loa Haur Sungai Telen Lihat pula Daftar sungai di Indonesia Daftar sungai di...
.jpg)
.jpg)
-donatedoy_f.jpg){kind=small}
-donatedoy_b.jpg){kind=small}
-donatedoy_f.jpg){kind=small}
-donatedoy_b.jpg){kind=small}
.jpg)
_r.jpg)
.jpg)
_r.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
_r.jpg)
.svg){kind=small}
