In the 19th century, the advance of the Russian Empire troops pushed the Kazakhs to neighboring countries. Russian settlers on traditional Kazakh land drove many over the border to China, causing their population to increase in China.[2]
During the Russian Revolution, when Muslims faced conscription, Xinjiang again became a sanctuary for Kazakhs fleeing Russia.[3] During the 1920s, hundreds of thousands of Kazakh nomads moved from Soviet Kazakhstan to Xinjiang to escape Soviet persecution, famine,[note 1] violence, and forced sedentarization.[4] Kazakhs that moved to China fought for the Soviet Communist-backed Uyghur Second East Turkestan Republic in the Ili Rebellion (1944–1949).
Toops[who?] estimated that 326,000 Kazakhs, 65,000 Kirghiz, 92,000 Hui, 187,000 Han, and 2,984,000 Uyghur (totaling 3,730,000) lived in Xinjiang in 1941. Hoppe[who?] estimated that 4,334,000 people lived in Xinjiang in 1949.[5]
In 1936, after Sheng Shicai expelled 30,000 Kazakhs from Xinjiang to Qinghai, Hui Chinese led by General Ma Bufang massacred Kazakhs, until there were only 135 of them left.[6]
Kazakh claims against other ethnic groups
From 1934 to 1938, Qumil Elisqan led about 18,000 Kerey Kazakhs to migrate to Gansu and Qinghai.[7] Over the span of 2 years of battles, 5,000 Kazakhs were killed by Hui Muslim Chinese and Tibetans in Gansu. Led by Eliskhan Batur Elifuglu (1919–1943), the 13,000 survivors fled towards India in September 1940.[8]
Tibetan troops robbed and killed Kazakhs 400 miles east of Lhasa at Chamdo when the Kazakhs were entering Tibet.[9][8] To stop the migrants, a Tibetan cavalry numbering 1,000 attacked and fought the Kazakhs for three days in north Tibet, but ultimately lost.[8] Afterwards, the Tibetan government sent the Kazakhs to the Ladakh region of Kashmir in British India.[10] When they arrived at the Kashmir border, many Kazakhs died when the British ordered Indian guards to shoot. Once it was realized that they were civilians, the 3,039 surviving Kazakhs were let into India via Chuchul checkpoint in September 1941. Over these 3 years, 15,000 Kazakhs were killed.[8]
Upon crossing the border, however, the Kazakhs were unwelcome in Kashmir, and were confined to an open mountainous camp on the outskirts of Muzaffarabad. Due to poor living conditions and the monsoon rains, more Kazakhs and their livestock died daily. In April 1942, with the help of local Muslims, the Kazakhs were allowed to move to Gari Habibullah, and then Ternova village, where Indian Muslims hosted them. Nevertheless, additional Kazakhs died from illness, poor diet, and the warm climate. The remaining Kazakhs were granted residence permits, and with the help of regional nawabs, resettled elsewhere, with most eventually ending up in Pakistan after the Partition of India in 1947.[8]
Distribution
By province
By county
(Only includes counties or county-equivalents containing >1% of county population.)
County-level distribution of Kazakhs (2000)
Сounty/City
% Kazakh
Kazakh pop
Total pop
Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region
6.74
1,245,023
18,459,511
Aksay Kazakh autonomous county
30.5
2,712
8,891
Ürümqi city
2.34
48,772
2,081,834
Tianshan district
1.77
8,354
471,432
Saybag district
1.27
6,135
482,235
Xinshi district
1.06
4,005
379,220
Dongshan district
1.96
1,979
100,796
Ürümqi county
8.00
26,278
328,536
Karamay city
3.67
9,919
270,232
Dushanzi district
4.24
2,150
50,732
Karamay district
3.49
5,079
145,452
Baijiantan district
3.35
2,151
64,297
Urko district
5.53
539
9,751
Hami city
8.76
43,104
492,096
Yizhou district
2.71
10,546
388,714
Barkol Kazakh autonomous county
34.01
29,236
85,964
Yiwu county
19.07
3,322
17,418
Changji Hui autonomous prefecture
7.98
119,942
1,503,097
Changji city
4.37
16,919
387,169
Fukang city
7.83
11,984
152,965
Midong district
1.94
3,515
180,952
Hutubi county
10.03
21,118
210,643
Manas county
9.62
16,410
170,533
Qitai county
10.07
20,629
204,796
Jimsar county
8.06
9,501
117,867
Mori Kazakh autonomous county
25.41
19,866
78,172
Bortala Mongol autonomous prefecture
9.14
38,744
424,040
Bole city
7.10
15,955
224,869
Jinghe county
8.27
11,048
133,530
Wenquan county
17.89
11,741
65,641
Ili Kazakh autonomous prefecture
1.78
5,077
285,299
Kuytun city
1.78
5,077
285,299
Ili prefecture direct-controlled territories
22.55
469,634
2,082,577
Ghulja city
4.81
17,205
357,519
Ghulja county
10.30
39,745
385,829
Qapqal Xibe autonomous county
20.00
32,363
161,834
Huocheng county
7.96
26,519
333,013
Gongliu county
29.69
45,450
153,100
Xinyuan county
43.43
117,195
269,842
Zhaosu county
48.43
70,242
145,027
Tekes county
42.25
56,571
133,900
Nilka county
45.15
64,344
142,513
Tacheng prefecture
24.21
216,020
892,397
Tacheng city
15.51
23,144
149,210
Usu city
9.93
18,907
190,359
Emin county
33.42
59,586
178,309
Shawan county
16.23
30,621
188,715
Toli county
68.98
55,102
79,882
Yumin county
32.42
15,609
48,147
Hoboksar Mongol autonomous county
22.59
13,051
57,775
Altay prefecture
51.38
288,612
561,667
Altay city
36.80
65,693
178,510
Burqin county
57.31
35,324
61,633
Koktokay county
69.68
56,433
80,986
Burultokay county
31.86
24,793
77,830
Kaba county
59.79
43,889
73,403
Qinggil county
75.61
40,709
53,843
Jiminay county
61.39
21,771
35,462
Culture
Some Kazakhs are nomadic herders and raise sheep, goats, cattle, and horses. These nomadic Kazakhs migrate seasonally in search of pasture for their animals. During the summer the Kazakhs live in yurts, while in winter they settle and live in modest houses made of adobe or cement blocks. Others live in urban areas and tend to be highly educated and hold much influence in integrated communities. The Islam practiced by the Kazakhs in China contains many elements of shamanism, ancestor worship, and other traditional beliefs and practices.[11]
Notable people
Osman Batur (1899–1951) – Kazakh chieftain who fought both for and against the Nationalist Chinese government in the 1940s and early 1950s
Dalelkhan Sugirbayev (1906–1949) – Kazakh chieftain who fought against the Nationalist Chinese government and sought to join the Chinese Communists in 1949
Qazhyghumar Shabdanuly (Kazakh: Қажығұмар Шабданұлы) (1925–2011) – Kazakh Chinese political activist and author writing in Kazakh language. For more than forty years, Shabdanuly was imprisoned by the People's Republic of China for his political views.
Mukhtar Kul-Mukhammed (Мұхтар Абрарұлы Құл-Мұхаммед) – politician and public figure of Kazakhstan; First Deputy Chairman of "Nur Otan" party
Janabil Jänäbil Smağululı (Жәнәбіл Смағұлұлы) – Chinese politician
Mayra Muhammad-kyzy (Kazakh: Maıra Muhamedqyzy; Maira Kerey) – opera singer. She was the first Kazakh at the Parisian Grand Opera, and is an Honored Artist of the Republic.
Mamer – folk singer
Rayzha Alimjan (Риза Әлімжан; رايزا ٴالىمجان) – Kazakh Chinese actress and model
^"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science". American Academy of Political and Social Science. 277. A.L. Hummel: 152. 1951. Retrieved 28 June 2010. A group of Kazakhs, originally numbering over 20000 people when expelled from Sinkiang by Sheng Shih-ts'ai in 1936, was reduced, after repeated massacres by their Chinese coreligionists under Ma Pu-fang, to a scattered 135 people.
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