KTX-I

KTX-I (한국고속철도)
KTX-I trainset 24 leaving Daejeon Station
Refurbished 2nd class interior
Manufacturer	Alstom (trainsets 01–12) Rotem (trainsets 13–46)
Family name	TGV[1]
Constructed	1997–2000 (trainsets 01–12)[2] 2002–2003 (trainsets 13–46)[3]
Entered service	2004
Number built	46
Number in service	46
Formation	PC+MT+16IT+MT+PC[2] PC: power car (traction head) MT: motorized trailer (passenger car with one bogie powered) IT: intermediate trailer (passenger car)
Fleet numbers	001-046
Capacity	935+30[2] 127 First Class (2+1) 808 Standard Class (2+2) +30 folding seats
Operators	Korail
Depots	Goyang
Lines served	Gyeongbu High Speed Railway Honam High Speed Railway Gyeongbu Line Honam Line Gyeongjeon Line Jeolla Line Donghae Line AREX (Former)
Specifications
Car body construction	steel[2]
Train length	388.104 m (1,273 ft 3+11⁄16 in)[4]
Car length	traction heads: 22.607 m (74 ft 2+1⁄16 in)[4] powered passenger cars: 21.845 m (71 ft 8+1⁄16 in)[4] unpowered passenger cars: 18.7 m (61 ft 4+1⁄4 in)[4]
Width	traction heads: 2.814 m (9 ft 2+13⁄16 in)[4] passenger cars: 2.904 m (9 ft 6+5⁄16 in)[4]
Height	traction heads: 4.062 m (13 ft 3+15⁄16 in)[4] powered passenger cars: 4.1 m (13 ft 5+7⁄16 in)[4] unpowered passenger cars: 3.484 m (11 ft 5+3⁄16 in)[4]
Doors	1,835 mm (6 ft 1⁄4 in) high 700 mm (27+9⁄16 in) wide[5]
Maximum speed	service: 305 km/h (190 mph)[6] (orig. 300 km/h (186 mph)) design: 330 km/h (205 mph)
Weight	701 t (690 long tons; 773 short tons) (empty)[2] 771 t (759 long tons; 850 short tons) (max load)[2]
Traction system	12 x SM47 three-phase self-commuting synchronous motors thyristor inverters[2]
Power output	12 x 1,130 kW (1,520 hp) total 13.56 MW (18,180 hp)[2]
Acceleration	from 0 to 300 km/h (0 to 186 mph) in 365 seconds and 20 km (12 mi)[7]
Deceleration	1.04 m/s^2 (3.4 ft/s^2)[4] from 300 to 0 km/h (186 to 0 mph) in 74 seconds and 3.3 km (2.1 mi)[7]
Auxiliaries	GTO[4]
Electric system(s)	catenary[2] 25 kV AC, 60 Hz
Current collector(s)	pantograph (type: single-arm, Faiveley GPU-25K)[8]
UIC classification	Bo'Bo' + Bo'(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)Bo' + Bo'Bo'
Bogies	Jacobs bogies between intermediate cars[2]
Braking system(s)	regenerative, rheostatic (power system)[2] wheel tread (powered axles)[9] disc (unpowered axles)[9]
Safety system(s)	ATS, ATP (Bombardier), TVM-430
Coupling system	Scharfenberg (emergency)[10]
Track gauge	1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge[2]

The KTX-I, also known as the TGV-K or Korail Class 100000, is a South Korean high speed train class based on the French TGV Réseau. The 20-car formation of the trainsets without a restaurant car is optimized for high capacity. The 46 trainsets were built partly in France and partly in South Korea in the framework of a technology transfer agreement, which was the basis for further domestic high-speed train development in South Korea.

Korail uses the name of KTX as the official name of KTX-I.^[11] The name of KTX-I is derived to distinguish KTX-Sancheon, which was formerly called as KTX-II, but it is not the official name for this rolling stock.

The high-speed rail service of South Korea's national rail carrier Korail, Korea Train Express (KTX), started with the KTX-I. The operational reliability of the trains was improved over time with better maintenance and minor modifications. As of 2011, the KTX-I remains Korail's main workhorse in KTX service with a maximum scheduled speed of 305 km/h (190 mph).

History

See also: Korea Train Express

In 1991, bids were called for the supply and technology transfer of the core system technology,^[12] encompassing the catenary, signalling and rolling stock,^[13] for a South Korean high speed train service. On August 26, 1991, three competitors submitted initial bids: consortia led by GEC-Alstom (today Alstom), one of the builders of France's TGV/LGV system; Siemens, one of the builders of Germany's ICE; and Mitsubishi, one of the builders of Japan's Shinkansen.^[14] After five rounds of evaluation, the French and German consortia submitted final bids on June 15, 1993.^[12] The Korea High Speed Rail Construction Authority (KHSRCA) announced that the GEC-Alstom-led consortium was the preferred bidder on August 20, 1993, and the contract was signed on June 14, 1994.^[12]

Part of the core system contract won by GEC-Alstom and its South Korean subsidiary Eukorail were the first high-speed trains in South Korea, the KTX-I, which were based on the TGV Réseau.^[2] The carbody of the first end car was manufactured in January 1996, the first full train was completed and began testing in France in December 1997, and was shipped to South Korea in March 1998.^[3] The first test run in South Korea took place in December 1999.^[3] In June 2000, the speed of 300 km/h (186 mph) had been achieved, regular testing at that speed started in November 2000, after all of the 12 sets built by Alstom in France have been delivered to South Korea.^[3] In line with the core system contract condition that over 50% of the added value has to come from South Korea after technology transfer, the remaining 34 of the 46 trainsets ordered were built under license by Rotem in South Korea itself.^[12] The first carbody manufactured in Korea was completed in October 1999, the first complete train was rolled out in April 2002, and all trains were delivered by December 2003.^[3]

From the beginning of January 2004 until the start of regular service on April 1, 2004, 25–28 of the trains were in operation each day when the KTX system was put under intensive test operation to prepare all system components and personnel for regular service.^[15]

Technical details

Jacobs bogie of a KTX-I train. The two trailers rest on the large air spring of the secondary suspension (partially covered by the mud flaps), below it the inter-trailer and the bogie-trailer yaw dampers.

Like all TGV variants, the KTX-I is a permanently coupled trainset that consists of two traction heads, that is powered end cars carrying no passengers, flanking a fixed set of passenger cars or trailers that are articulated with Jacobs bogies between them. Though the KTX-I is based on the TGV Réseau,^[1] it has 18 instead of 8 passenger cars, making them the longest member of the TGV family with a monobloc configuration, that is a single set of articulated cars.^[1] The two normal (non-Jacobs) bogies next to the traction heads under the two extreme passenger cars are motorised, like on the TGV Sud-Est. Further traits differentiating the KTX-I from all European variants are the supply voltage frequency of 60 Hz (instead of 50 Hz), rotating seats in the First Class sections, the lack of any bar or restaurant cars.^[2] Original plans in 1993 proposed a new "showel nose" design, with the underside of the nose closer to the track, for better aerodynamics in tunnels; however, the final design was only a slightly modified version of another TGV export version, the AVE Class 100 for Spain.^[16]

The trains are pressure-sealed to reduce passenger discomfort from pressure variations during tunnel passages.^[2] Windows are triple-glazed, with a thickness of 29 mm (1.1 in).^[17] Seat distance is 930 mm (36.6 in) in Standard Class cars, 1,120 mm (44.1 in) in First Class cars.^[5] All passenger compartments are equipped with ceiling-mounted video displays, on-board audio systems,^[2] phones and vending machines.^[5]

Train details

Each set is formed of two power cars and 18 coaches:

Coach No.	Description	Seating
		1st	2nd	Toilets
Power car
1	Standard Class with theater equipment	0	52	1
2	First Class with wheelchair access	23 + 2	0	2
3	First Class	35		0
4		32		2
5	Standard Class	0	55	0
6			56	2
7			60	0
8			56	2
9			60	0
10
11			56	2
12			60	0
13			56	2
14			60	0
15			56	2
16			60	0
17	Standard Class (open seating at selected trains)		56	2
18				1
Power car

Operation

Services

The KTX was launched with KTX-I trains starting revenue service on April 1, 2004 on two routes: the Seoul–Busan Gyeongbu KTX, then using the completed sections of the Gyeongbu High Speed Railway until Daegu, and the upgraded old Gyeongbu Line from there; and the Seoul–Mokpo or Seoul–Gwangju Honam KTX, using the Gyeongbu HSR until Daejeon and the upgraded old Honam Line from there.^[2] From June 2007 until October 2010, some trains in Gyeongbu KTX service ran along an alternative route leaving the Gyeongbu HSR between Daejeon and Dongdaegu to serve Gimcheon and Gumi before the opening of an extra station for the two cities on the high-speed line.^[18] From November 1, 2010, most Gyeongbu KTX services began to use the new Daegu–Busan section of the Gyeongbu HSR, some trains remained on the Gyeongbu Line on that section, and additional trains began to use the Gyeongbu Line on the Seoul–Daejeon section to serve Suwon.^[19]

The KTX-I started service with a maximum operating speed of 300 km/h (186 mph). In response to frequent passenger complaints regarding speeds on the video display staying just below the advertised 300 mark, operating top speed was raised to 305 km/h (190 mph) on November 26, 2007.^[6][20]

From 2006, the first car of KTX-I trains functions as a moving cinema during selected services.^[21]

Technical issues

Annual number of breakdowns and failure rate

Most of the operation irregularities after the start of KTX service concerned the rolling stock, but also signalling, power glitches and track problems.^[13] From the first month of service to the fifth, the number of all operation irregularities decreased from 28 to 8, among which the number of rolling stock related incidents decreased from 18 to 5.^[13] Causes for breakdowns in the first years of operation involved inexperienced staff and insufficient inspection during maintenance.^[22][23] The failure rate decreased sharply by the fifth year of operation.^[24]

In an investigation report released in October 2006, representatives from the Grand National Party expressed concern about the practice to use parts from other trains for spare parts,^[25] but Korail stated that that is standard practice in case of urgency with no safety effect, and the supply of spare parts is secured.^[26] Korail is also conducting a localisation program to develop replacements for various imported parts, starting with auxiliary inverters and brake cylinders, and continuing with other auxiliary electrical equipment in the passenger cars and yaw dampers.^[24]

On June 13, 2007, near Cheongdo on the upgraded Daegu–Busan section, a damper acting between two cars of a KTX-I train got free at one end due to a loose screw and hit the trackbed, throwing up ballast that hit cars and caused bruises to two people on the parallel road, and generating smoke inside the train's passenger compartment.^[27] The train was stopped by emergency braking when passengers noticed the smoke.^[27] On November 3, 2007, an arriving KTX-I train collided with a parked KTX-I train inside Busan Station, resulting in material damage^[28] of 10 billion won^[29] to the two trains and light injuries to two persons.^[30] The accident happened because the driver has fallen asleep and disabled the train protection system,^[31] while the station dispatcher was absent from his observation point without notice.^[29] The driver was tried, convicted and fined 10 million won.^[32] The railway union noted that the driver had 2 hours and 29 minutes for sleeping between two shifts, and criticised single driver operation in conjunction with short rest times.^[30]

The noise level in the trains during tunnel passages was subject to passenger complaints.^[33] Tests in August 2005 showed that noise level reductions of 3–4 dB can be achieved with an increase of the so-called mud flaps, the rubber bands attached to the end of the intermediate cars to smooth the airflow at the articulated car joints, from a width of 100 to 143 mm (3+15⁄16 to 5+5⁄8 in).^[33] Korail then retrofitted all trains with the wider mud flaps until May 2006.^[33]

Successive types with localised technology

Main articles: HSR-350x and KTX-II

The Korean rail industry used the know-how gained in the technology transfer for the KTX-I as the basis to develop the experimental train HSR-350x,^[34] which in turn led to orders for a Rotem-built commercial high speed train, the KTX-II.^[35]

See also

• List of high speed trains
• Eurotrain
• HEMU-400X
• Tilting Train Express
• Train to Busan - a 2016 action horror film which mostly takes place within KTX-I.

References

1. "SNCF International in South Korea" (PDF). SNCF. May 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
2. "The High Speed Rail System in Korea" (PDF). Alstom. March 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-09-12. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
3. "Project milestones". Alstom. March 2004. Archived from the original on 2004-04-20. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
4. "국내•외 고속철도차량 현황" (PDF). Woosong University. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
5. "차량 발달사: 객차제원". Korea Railroad Research Institute. Archived from the original on 2012-03-14. Retrieved 2010-11-22.
6. "KTX 속도 시속 5km 빨라진다" (in Korean). JoongAng Ilbo. 2008-11-26. Archived from the original on 2013-01-26. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
7. "차량 발달사: 열차 편성". Korea Railroad Research Institute. Archived from the original on 2012-03-14. Retrieved 2010-11-22.
8. "G7 판도그라프의 요구사양 및 시작품의 성능". Korean Rail Technology (in Korean) (29). May–June 2001. Retrieved 2010-11-19.^{[dead link‍]}
9. "차량 발달사: 차량 제원: 일반제원". Korea Railroad Research Institute. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-11-22.
10. "20 Front-End Modules for 10 Trains – More to Come". railway-technology.com. 2007-08-03. Archived from the original on 2007-08-19. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
11. "빠른 고속철도".
12. "차량 발달사: 차량 선정". Korea Railroad Research Institute. Archived from the original on 2012-03-14. Retrieved 2010-11-22.
13. D. Suh, Sunduck; Yang, Keun-Yul; Lee, Jae-Hoon; Ahn, Byung-Min; Kim, Jeong Hyun (2005). "EFFECTS OF THE KOREAN TRAIN EXPRESS (KTX) OPERATION ON THE NATIONAL TRANSPORT SYSTEM" (PDF). Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies. 5: 175–189. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
14. "Korea Catches Its A-Train, KTX". OhmyNews. 2004-03-31. Archived from the original on 2012-02-29. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
15. "Systems integration with TGV* Technology". Alstom. March 2004. Archived from the original on 2004-04-07. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
16. "TGV KTX (Korea)". TGVweb. TrainWeb. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
17. "RAIL 로 이 어 지 는" (PDF) (in Korean). Korail. March 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-13.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
18. "'KTX가 뭐기에'…김천·구미 끝없는 대립". JoongAng Ilbo. 2010-07-18. Archived from the original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2010-10-23.
19. "KTX Time Table 2010.11.01" (in Korean). Korail. Retrieved 2010-10-31.
20. "KTX 최고속도를 300km에서 305km로 변경한 사연은?". www.kimchi39.com. 2008-02-02. Retrieved 2010-09-01. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
21. "Bullet Train to Feature Latest Films". The Chosun Ilbo. 2006-09-21. Retrieved 2010-11-01.
22. "KTX '터널안 정차' 기관사 조치미숙으로 최종 결론" (in Korean). OhmyNews. 2005-02-16. Retrieved 2010-10-29.
23. "고속철 '불안한 질주' 언제까지…'터널속 정차' 원인 못밝혀". The Dong-a Ilbo. 2005-02-11. Retrieved 2010-10-29.
24. "KTX 개통 5주년 보도자료" (in Korean). Rail Safety Information System. 2009-04-01. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
25. "KTX 고장나면 다른 차량 부품 떼어 "땜질"" (in Korean). Prime Business Journal. 2006-10-13. Retrieved 2006-12-15.
26. "[이슈] KTX 부품 ‘대체사용’에 대한 논란". The Railroad News (in Korean). Korail. 2009-01-23. Retrieved 2010-09-03. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)^{[permanent dead link‍]}
27. "KTX 열차 사고…차량 파손, 주민 부상" (in Korean). YTN. 2007-06-14. Retrieved 2010-09-22.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
28. "Head-on Collision". The Dong-a Ilbo. 2007-11-05. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
29. "부산 KTX 충돌사고 기관사 등 사전영장" (in Korean). The Korea Economic Daily. 2007-11-15. Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2011-01-13.
30. "KTX열차 정면충돌, 대형참사로 이어질뻔" (in Korean). Korea Broadcasting Network. 2007-11-03. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
31. "KTX 부산역 구내 충돌사고 원인은" (in Korean). Busan Ilbo. 2007-11-05. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
32. "부산역 KTX 충돌사고 기관사 벌금형" (in Korean). Maeil Business Newspaper. 2008-06-13. Archived from the original on 2009-01-24. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
33. "KTX터널소음 개선". Korail. 2005-10-06. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
34. Lee, Hisung; Moon, Dae-Seop (2005). "NEXT GENERATION OF KOREA TRAIN EXPRESS (KTX) : PROSPECT AND STRATEGIES" (PDF). Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies. 5: 255–262. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
35. "First KTX-II unveiled in Korea". Railway Gazette International. 2008-11-26. Archived from the original on 2009-10-27. Retrieved 2010-09-01.

External links

• About KTX-I (Korail) (in Korean)