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Joseph Hayne Rainey
Joseph Hayne Rainey
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives; from South Carolina's 1st district
	In office; December 12, 1870 – March 3, 1879
Preceded by	Benjamin F. Whittemore
Succeeded by	John S. Richardson
Member of the South Carolina Senate from Georgetown County
	In office; November 24, 1868 – November 28, 1870
Preceded by	Richard Dozier
Succeeded by	John Francis Beckman
Personal details
Born	June 21, 1832; Georgetown, South Carolina, U.S.
Died	August 1, 1887 (aged 55); Georgetown, South Carolina, U.S.
Political party	Republican
Profession	Barber, politician, banker

Joseph Hayne Rainey (June 21, 1832 – August 1, 1887) was an American politician. He was the first black person to serve in the United States House of Representatives and the second black person (after Hiram Revels) to serve in the United States Congress. His service included time as presiding officer of the House of Representatives.

Born into a family of farmers and planters, Rainey was a member of the Republican Party.

Early life and education

Joseph Hayne Rainey was born in 1832 in Georgetown, South Carolina.^[1] His mother Grace was of Indigenous and French descent.^[2] His father, Edward Rainey had been allowed by his master to work independently to earn money and develop a successful business as a barber. He paid a portion of his income to his master as required by law. Edward saved a substantial sum, and by the 1840s, he purchased his freedom and that of his wife and two sons.^[2] With opportunities for education severely limited for black people, Rainey followed his father into the barber's profession as an adult. It was an independent and well-respected trade that enabled him to build a wide social network in his community. By 1850, Edward Rainey had purchased a slave himself. By 1860, he had purchased more slaves, most likely working in his barbershop, along with Joseph. ^[3]

Personal life

In 1859, Rainey traveled to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he met and married Susan, a free woman of color from the West Indies, who was also of African-French descent. They returned to South Carolina, where their three children were born: Joseph II, Herbert and Olivia.^[2]

Career

American Civil War

In 1861, with the outbreak of the American Civil War, Rainey was among the free black people who were conscripted by the Confederates to work on fortifications in Charleston, South Carolina. He also worked as a cook and laborer on blockade runner ships.

In 1862, Rainey and his family escaped to the British Imperial fortress colony of Bermuda, 640 miles off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. They settled in the town of St. George's, Bermuda (from which Charleston and South Carolina had been founded in 1669 under Governor William Sayle). There, Rainey worked as a barber. His shop was accessed from Barber's Alley and was located in the cellar of the "Tucker House", the building on the corner of Water Street and Barber's Alley that had previously been the home of Council President and sometimes acting Governor Henry Tucker of Bermuda.^[4] His wife, on the other hand, became a successful dressmaker with her own shop. In 1865, the couple moved to the town of Hamilton, Bermuda, when an outbreak of yellow fever threatened St. George's. Rainey worked at the Hamilton Hotel as a barber and a bartender, where his customers were mostly white. He became a respected member of the community and he and his wife earned a prosperous living in Bermuda. Bermuda, which had maintained close links with the former colonies in the South of the United States since the 17th Century, profited immensely from the war as the major point from which British and European manufactured weapons and supplies were trans-shipped by Confederate blockade runners into Charleston and other Southern ports, and Bermudian seamen, like Thomas Leslie Outerbridge, crewed blockade runners smuggling arms to the blockaded South. Not all Bermudians supported the Confederates, however. Black Bermudian stevedores brawled with Confederate sailors,^[5] and cargoes of Confederate cotton were burnt by arsonists on the docks of St. George's.^[6] Many black and white Bermudians fought for the Union, mostly in the U.S. Navy. Those who served in the U.S. Army included First Sergeant Robert John Simmons, who served in the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment and died in August 1863 as a result of wounds received in an attack on Fort Wagner, near Charleston, South Carolina, Robert Tappin (who had previously served in the U.S. Navy from 1863 to 1864), John Wilson and Joseph Thomas of the 31st Colored Infantry Regiment, John Thompson of the 26th Colored Infantry, Wate O. Harris, of the 6th Coloured Infantry, and George Smith.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Return to the U.S. and politics

In 1866, following the end of the U.S. Civil War, Rainey and his family returned to South Carolina, where they settled in Charleston. In 1870, 43 percent of the city's population was African American, including many people of color who, like Rainey, had been free and held skilled jobs before the war. His experience and wealth helped establish him as a leader and he quickly became involved in politics, joining the executive committee of the state Republican Party. In 1868, he was a delegate to the state constitutional convention.

In 1870, Rainey was elected to the South Carolina Senate and became chair of the Finance Committee. He served only a short time as that year he won a special election as a Republican to fill a vacancy in the 41st United States Congress. This vacancy had been created when the House refused to seat Benjamin F. Whittemore, the incumbent. He had been censured by the House for corruption but re-elected.

Rainey was seated December 12, 1870 and was re-elected to Congress, serving a total of four terms. Serving until March 3, 1879, he established a record of length of service for a black Congressman that was not surpassed until that of William L. Dawson of Chicago in the 1950s. He supported legislation that became known as the Enforcement Acts, to suppress the violent activities of the Ku Klux Klan. This helped for a time, before white insurgents developed other paramilitary groups in the South, such as the White League and the Red Shirts.

Rainey made three speeches on the floor of Congress in support of what was finally passed as the Civil Rights Act of 1875. In 1873, he said he was not seeking 'social equality' and was content to choose his own circle.

He went on to say,

But we do want a law enacted that we may be recognized like other men in the country. Why is it that colored members of Congress cannot enjoy the same immunities that are accorded to white members? Why cannot we stop at hotels here without meeting objection? Why cannot we go into restaurants without being insulted? We are here enacting laws for the country and casting votes upon important questions; we have been sent here by the suffrages of the people, and why cannot we enjoy the same benefits that are accorded to our white colleagues on this floor?^[10]

With violence against black people increasing in the South, in 1874 Rainey purchased a "summer home" in Windsor, Connecticut. As a U.S. representative from South Carolina, Rainey could not use Windsor as his primary residence, but he moved his family there for their safety. While visiting, he became an active member of the First Church of Windsor. The "Joseph H. Rainey House", a c. 1830 Greek Revival, is located at 299 Palisado Avenue (it is used as a private residence). It was designated as one of 130 stops on the Connecticut Freedom Trail, established in 1996 to highlight the achievements of African Americans in gaining freedom and civil rights.

He also worked to promote the Southern economy. In May 1874, Rainey became the first African American to preside over the House of Representatives as Speaker pro tempore.^[11]

In the closing hours of Congress in 1878, Rainey was one of the few sober members present. He acted to ensure the passage of an $18 million civil service appropriation bill that would not have been passed without his firm presence.^[12]

Beginning in 1874, paramilitary terrorist groups such as the Red Shirts in North and South Carolina and Louisiana had acted openly as the military arm of the Democratic Party to suppress black voting. In July 1876, six black people were murdered in the Hamburg Massacre and, in October, between 25 and 100 were killed by white paramilitary groups in several days of violence in Ellenton, both in contested Aiken County, South Carolina.^[13]

In 1876, Rainey won re-election from the Charleston district against Democratic candidate John Smythe Richardson. Richardson challenged the result as invalid on the grounds of intimidation of Democrats by federal soldiers and black militias guarding the polls, but Rainey retained his seat. The 1876 election was marked by widespread fraud in the state. For instance, votes counted in the upland Edgefield County for the Democratic gubernatorial candidate Wade Hampton III exceeded by 2,000 the total number of registered voters in the county; similar results were counted in Laurens County.^[14] That year Democrats ultimately took control of the state government, and the next year the federal government withdrew its troops from the South as part of a national compromise; Reconstruction was ended.

In mid-1878, Rainey warned President Hayes of increasing violence and rhetoric meant to limit the African-American vote in South Carolina.^[15]

In 1878, Rainey was defeated in a second contest with Richardson, although black men continued to be elected for numerous local offices through much of the 19th century. White Democrats used their dominance of the state legislature to pass laws for segregation, Jim Crow and making voter registration more difficult, effectively disenfranchising black people. In 1895, they passed a new state constitution, that completed the disenfranchisement of most black people, stripping them of political power and excluding them from the political process for the next several decades into the 1960s.

Later life and death

After leaving the U.S. Congress, Rainey was appointed as a federal agent of the US Treasury Department for internal revenue in South Carolina. He held this position for two years, after which he began a career in private commerce. He worked in brokerage and banking in Washington, DC for five years.

Rainey retired in 1886 and returned to South Carolina. At the age of 55, he contracted malaria and died less than a year later, in August 1887^[16] in Georgetown, the city of his birth.

Legacy

In 2018, the Joseph Rainey Center for Public Policy, a post-partisan, 501(c)3 think-tank was founded by Sarah E. Hunt and Bishop Garrison with the goal of empowering the voices of women, minorities and mavericks in public policy.^[17]

References

^ "How He Became 1st Black US Congressman in 1870 | Voice of America – English". www.voanews.com. 2021-02-25. Retrieved 2021-03-04.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Joseph Hayne Rainey" Archived 2012-06-25 at the Wayback Machine, Black Americans in Congress, Office of the Clerk, US Congress, accessed 30 March 2011
^ Koger, Larry. Black Slaveowners, Free Black Masters in South Carolina, 1790-1860. University of South Carolina Press. p. 153.
^ Historic Tucker House . Bermuda National Trust
^ "The Disturbed State of St. Georges: Attempt at Assassination". The Royal Gazette. City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda. 1863-08-11. p. 2. ...and the result has been an unmistakable ill-feeling between the employers and the employed—a feeling which has received some accession of acrimony as far as the clannism of white and coloured is concerned—by some fierce contests between seamen from the ships in port and coloured people. As an instance we may record the case of a young man belonging to one of the steamers, who very foolishly brought a revolver on shore with him one evening, and who was set upon by coloured people and severely beaten—took to the water and swam, as he thought for his life, towards his ship, was pursued, dragged out of the water, taken on shore and again brutally beaten. – In this state of feeling the fires on Wednesday occurred...
^ "Alarming fires at St. Georges". The Royal Gazette. City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda. 1863-08-11. p. 2. ...On Wednesday last two fires of a most alarming character broke out successively in the Town of St. Georges, and, partly from their intrinsically formidable character and partly from concurrent circumstances in a separate article as most convenient for our readers, we propose to give a simple narrative of the facts. The first broke out about midday among the cotton bales on Mr. Penno's wharf. It should be premised that the whole of the extensive wharf that lies between the stores and the harbour was covered with some hundreds of cotton bales piled tier above tier and divided into three large sections corresponding to the divisions of the building and—most fortunately as it turned out—with a clear gangway five feet wide between the piles and the wall of the building. The fire broke out in the easternmost of the three piles and was first observed by Mr. Tudor Tucker who, in the discharge of his official duties, was sitting on a platform leading to the upper story of the building overlooking the whole wharf....
^ "Fighting to save America's soul". The Royal Gazette. August 9, 2008.
^ "Fighting to save America's soul". The Royal Gazette. August 9, 2008. Archived from the original on July 19, 2009. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
^ The Royal Gazette: Unknown soldier is identified May 31, 2002 (Outerbridge.com)
^ Rainey, Joseph (December 19, 1873). "Speech about the Civil Rights Act under consideration, passed 1875" (PDF). Neglected Voices. New York University School of Law. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 9, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
^ "Joseph Rainey" Archived 2012-03-07 at the Wayback Machine, Black History Month, National Treasury Employees Union
^ Ari Hoogenboom, Rutherford B. Hayes: Warrior and President p. 368 ^{[ISBN missing]}
^ Smith, Mark M. (1994). "'All Is Not Quiet in Our Hellish County': Facts, Fiction, Politics, and Race: The Ellenton Riot of 1876". The South Carolina Historical Magazine. 95 (2): 142–155. JSTOR 27570004.
^ Melinda Meeks Hennessy, "Racial Violence During Reconstruction: The 1876 Riots in Charleston and Cainhoy", South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol. 86, No. 2, (April 1985), 104–106 (subscription required)
^ Hoogenboom, Hayes p. 374
^ Knörzer, Bobby J. Donaldson,Christopher Frear, Uli. "Meet Joseph Rainey, the First Black Congressman". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2021-02-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "About Us". www.raineycenter.org.

External links

Congressional biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
"Connecticut Freedom Trail", Official Website
Joseph Rainey, Dec. 19, 1873 speech about the Civil Rights Act under consideration, passed 1875, Neglected Voices, NYU School of Law
Joseph Rainey, Picture History photos

U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Benjamin F. Whittemore	Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina's 1st congressional district 1870–1879	Succeeded by John S. Richardson