Ibn Furak was born in around 941 CE (330 AH) in Isfahan. He studied Ash'arite creed and kalam under Abu 'l-Hasan al-Bahili along with Al-Baqillani and Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini in Basra and Baghdad, and also Prophetic traditions under 'Abd Allah bin Ja'far al-Isbahani. From 'Iraq he went to Rayy, then to Nishapur, where a madrasa was built for him beside the Khanqah of the Sufi al-Bushandji. He was in Nishapur before the death of the Sufi Abu 'Uthman al-Maghribi in 373/983, and the saint would instruct Ibn Furak to lead the burial prayer over him prior to his death.[6][5][7]
Scholarly Career
Ibn Furak was the teacher and master of al-Qushayri and al-Bayhaqi who both would frequently cite in their popular works Al-Risala and Al-Asma' wa al-Sifat, respectively. He debated and won against the anthropomorphist Karramiyya in Rayy, then he travelled to Nishapur where he trained and taught the next generation of jurists at a school established in his honour, which was an extension of the previous Sufi school (Khanqah) built by Abû al-Hasan al-Bushanji. In Nishapur, he brought the transmissions of the narrators of Basra and Baghdad, both from Iraq, and also authored a number of books in various fields and Islamic sciences.[5][8]
Dispute and Death
The Karramiyya tried to initially have him executed by the Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni but failed after the Sultan summoned him to Ghazni and questioned him then exonerated him of the erroneous charges they had brought against him as Ibn Furak was found innocent from the false accusations laid out by his enemies. However, upon returning from Ghazni, he was poisoned by the angered Karramiyya, fell on the road, and died in 1015 CE (406 AH) while another version says that he was attacked from behind from them. He was carried back to Nishapur and buried in al-Hira. According to Ibn Asakir, the grave of Ibn Furak is a place where people go to seek healing (istishfâ') and have their prayers granted.[8]
Controversy over Ibn Furak
Al-Dhahabi mentions Ibn Furak in a short reference stating some inaccurate and defaming reports from Ibn Hazm, without questioning their intent where Ibn Furak was unjustly accused of claiming the prophethood ends after the death of Muhammad and other slanders that accuse him of disbelief. Despite this, Al-Dhahabi goes on to say: "Ibn Furak was better than Ibn Hazm, of a greater stature (rank among scholars) and better belief (creed)."[9]
Ibn al-Subki provided evidence that this statement by Ibn Hazm were "anti-Ash'ari fabrications and forgeries" falsely attributed to Ibn Furak. He showed how these reports were refuted by Al-Qushayri and Ibn al-Salah. Ibn al-Subki then quotes Ibn Furak's own words testifying his true creed. Ibn Furak says:[9]
“The Ash'ari belief (creed) is that our prophet (ﷺ) is alive in his Blessed Grave and is the Messenger of Allah (God), forever until the End of times, this is literally, not metaphorically or symbolically, and the correct Belief is that he (Prophet Muhammad ﷺ) was a Prophet when Adam (ﷺ) was between Water and Clay, and his Prophethood remains until now, and shall ever remain.”
Character
According to the martyred Imam Abu al-Hajjaj Yusuf ibn Dunas al-Findalawi al-Maliki, Ibn Furak would always sleep elsewhere out of reverence for a house that cantained a volume of the Qur'an.[10]
Works
Ibn Furak's works in "Usul al-Din" (foundation of religion), "Usul al-fiqh" (foundation of jurisprudence), and the meanings of the Quran count nearly one hundred volumes. Among them are Mujarrad Maqalat al-Ash'ari and Kitab Mushkil al-hadith wa-bayanihi (with many variants of the title), in which he refuted both the anthropomorphist tendencies of karramis and the over-interpretation of the Mu'tazila. Ibn Furak said that he embarked on the study of kalam because of the hadîth reported from the Prophet.[11]
His main work in the eyes of later generations is Tabaqat al-mutakallimin which is the main source to study al-Ash'ari theology.[7]
Key: Travelled extensively collecting the sayings of Muhammad and compiled books of hadith
Key: Worked in Persia
References
^ abLewis, B.; Menage, V.L.; Pellat, Ch.; Schacht, J. (1986) [1st. pub. 1971]. Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. III (H-Iram) (New ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 767. ISBN9004081186.
^ abLewis, B.; Menage, V.L.; Pellat, Ch.; Schacht, J. (1986) [1st. pub. 1971]. Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. III (H-Iram) (New ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 766. ISBN9004081186.
^Adang, Camilla; Fierro, Maribel; Schmidtke, Sabine (2012). Ibn Hazm of Cordoba: The Life and Works of a Controversial Thinker (Handbook of Oriental Studies) (Handbook of Oriental Studies: Section 1; The Near and Middle East). Vol. I (A-B). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 384. ISBN978-90-04-23424-6.
IBN Ibn Tufayl Ibn Arabi Ibn Yunus Ibn Khaldun Ibn Hazm Ibn Tumart Ibn Taymiyya Ibn Majah Muhammad ibn Abd Allah ibn Ja'far Ibn Battuta Ibn Ishaq Ibn Qutaybah Ibn Wahshiyya Ibn Abbas Ibn Juljul Ibn Khafaja Ibn Muqla Ibn Asakir Ibn Mada' Ibn Saud Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya Ibn Hawqal Ibn Kathir Ibn al-Nafis Ibrahim ibn Sinan Ibn Butlan Ahmad ibn Tulun Jonah ibn Janah Ibn Qudamah Ibn Jurayj Ibn Khordadbeh Ibn Nubata Ibn Jubayr Ahmad ibn Fadlan Ibn al-A'rabi Ibn Zaydun Awn ibn Abd Allah ibn Ja'far Ibn Iyas Ibn Manda Abd Allah ibn Amr ibn al-As Ibn al-Jawzi Ibn Hajar al-Haytami Yazid ibn Umar ibn H…
ubayra Hamdawayh ibn Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan Ubayd Allah ibn Yahya ibn Khaqan Ibn al-Farid Al-Walid ibn Utba ibn Abi Sufyan Ibn al-Qutiyya Ibn Umayl Sufyan ibn ʽUyaynah Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab Abdallah ibn Yasin Ibn al-Muqaffa' Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani Ibn Abd Rabbih Ibn Abi Usaybi'a Ibn 'Idhari Ibn Kiran Ibn al-Rumi Ahmad ibn Rustah Ibn al-Athir Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya Ahmad ibn Hanbal Ibn al-Nadim Ibn Taghribirdi Hunayn ibn Ishaq Ibn Bayhas al-Kilabi Samuel ibn Naghrillah Ali ibn Ridwan Abd Allah ibn Sa'd Ibn Manzur Ali ibn Yusuf Mus'ab ibn Umayr Ishaq ibn Rahwayh Al-Qasim ibn Hasan ibn Ali Ibn Kammuna Wasil ibn Ata Yahya ibn Ma'in Ibn Zamrak Ibn al-Faradi Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr Ibn Jazla Ibn Sab'in Abd Allah ibn Ja'far Ibn Hibban Ibn Shihab az-Zuhri Ubayy ibn Ka'b Abraham ibn Ezra Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya Muslim ibn Aqil Sulayman ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir Ibn al-Baytar Ahmad ibn Mājid Ibn Jumayʿ Ahmad ibn Ajiba Wahb ibn Abd Manaf Rabia ibn Nasr Isaac ibn Ghiyyat Ibn Abi'l-Hadid 'Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Quraysh Abbas ibn Firnas Solomon ibn Gabirol Ibn Kemal Ibn al-Khatib Ibn Sa'd Ibn Zuhr Abd Allah ibn Saba' Usama ibn Munqidh Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad