IRAS 17163−3907, also known as Hen 3-1379, is a yellow hypergiant star located 13,000 light years from Earth in the constellation of Scorpius. The star is embedded in thick shells of expelled gases and dust, and owing to its appearance has been nicknamed by astronomers the "Fried Egg Nebula". Yellow hypergiants are in an extremely active phase of their evolution.
Discovery
The star was discovered and catalogued as emission line star Hen 3–1379 in 1976,[7] and classified as a proto-planetary nebula in 2003 after the 2.2 micron infrared sky survey.[4] In 1989, it was analysed as a post-AGB star and assumed to have a luminosity of 9,600 L☉ and a distance around 1,000 pc.[8]
Although IRAS 17163-3907 is one of the brightest mid-IR sources in the sky, very few observations were made until 2011 when it was proposed to be at a much larger distance and hence to be a highly luminous object, probably a yellow hypergiant.[6]
Description
The picture of the star causing it to be dubbed the Fried Egg Nebula was taken in the mid infrared spectrum by the VISIR instrument in the Very Large Telescope in the Atacama Desert in northern Chile. The filters passed light of frequencies 12,810 nm (mapped to red in the image), 11,850 nm (mapped to green), and 8,590 nm (mapped to blue).[9] The star is about 500,000 times the luminosity of the Sun. The photograph pictured is one of the best ever taken of a yellow hypergiant. The star is eventually expected to end its life in a supernova.[6]
Shells
The star is characterized by two visible dusty shells. The inner shell is 4800 AUs in diameter and the outer shell is 12,000 AU wide.[9] The source of materials for the shells is material ejected from the star during ejection events common in hypergiants. The time period between expulsion of materials causing the first and the second outer shells is estimated at 435 years and the total mass in the ejecta is around 4 M☉, of which about 1% is dust. At its most active the star ejects materials equal to the mass of the Sun every few hundred years. The shells are also discovered to be rich in silicates and hence oxygen. The star may contain more outer shells, but they were not detected by the VISIR instrument, as the field of view of the instrument is insufficient. Estimates of the outer shell are that it contains 0.17 solar masses of dust and was produced in an outburst 17,000 years ago that expelled 6-7 solar masses of gas.[6][10]
The properties of these shells are considered similar to those surrounding IRC+10420 (also an evolved massive star suffering heavy mass loss)[9] as well as, for the outer shell, those around luminous blue variables, suggesting both that IRAS 17163−3907 is in a pre-LBV stage and that the ring nebulae that often surround those types of stars may originate with mass loss during the red supergiant stage.[10]
References
^ abZacharias, N.; Urban, S. E.; Zacharias, M. I.; Wycoff, G. L.; Hall, D. M.; Germain, M. E.; Holdenried, E. R.; Winter, L. (2003). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: The Second U.S. Naval Observatory CCD Astrograph Catalog (UCAC2)". CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues. 1289. Bibcode:2003yCat.1289....0Z.
^Siódmiak, N.; Meixner, M.; Ueta, T.; Sugerman, B. E. K.; Van De Steene, G. C.; Szczerba, R. (2008). "Hubble Space Telescope Snapshot Survey of Post-AGB Objects". The Astrophysical Journal. 677 (1): 382–400. arXiv:0801.4612. Bibcode:2008ApJ...677..382S. doi:10.1086/529115. S2CID122941785.
^ abcdefKoumpia, E.; Oudmaijer, R. D.; Graham, V.; Banyard, G.; Black, J. H.; Wichittanakom, C.; Ababakr, K. M.; De Wit, W. -J.; Millour, F.; Lagadec, E.; Muller, S.; Cox, N. L. J.; Zijlstra, A.; Van Winckel, H.; Hillen, M.; Szczerba, R.; Vink, J. S.; Wallström, S. H. J. (2020). "Optical and near-infrared observations of the Fried Egg Nebula. Multiple shell ejections on a 100 yr timescale from a massive yellow hypergiant". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 635: A183. arXiv:2002.02499. Bibcode:2020A&A...635A.183K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936177. S2CID211066271.
^ abcdefCutri, Roc M.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Van Dyk, Schuyler D.; Beichman, Charles A.; Carpenter, John M.; Chester, Thomas; Cambresy, Laurent; Evans, Tracey E.; Fowler, John W.; Gizis, John E.; Howard, Elizabeth V.; Huchra, John P.; Jarrett, Thomas H.; Kopan, Eugene L.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Light, Robert M.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; McCallon, Howard L.; Schneider, Stephen E.; Stiening, Rae; Sykes, Matthew J.; Weinberg, Martin D.; Wheaton, William A.; Wheelock, Sherry L.; Zacarias, N. (2003). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)". CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues. 2246: II/246. Bibcode:2003yCat.2246....0C.
^ abcdeWallström, S. H. J.; Muller, S.; Lagadec, E.; Black, J. H.; Oudmaijer, R. D.; Justtanont, K.; Van Winckel, H.; Zijlstra, A. A. (2015). "Investigating the nature of the Fried Egg nebula. CO mm-line and optical spectroscopy of IRAS 17163-3907". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 574: A139. arXiv:1501.03362v1. Bibcode:2015A&A...574A.139W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321516. S2CID16887902.
^Le Bertre, T.; Heydari-Malayeri, M.; Epchtein, N.; Gouiffes, C.; Perrier, C. (1989). "Optical and infrared observations of four suspected proto-planetary objects". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 225: 417. Bibcode:1989A&A...225..417L.
^ abcLagadec, E.; Zijlstra, A. A.; Oudmaijer, R. D.; Verhoelst, T.; Cox, N. L. J.; Szczerba, R.; Mékarnia, D.; Van Winckel, H. (2011). "A double detached shell around a post-red supergiant: IRAS 17163-3907, the Fried Egg nebula". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 534: L10. arXiv:1109.5947. Bibcode:2011A&A...534L..10L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117521. S2CID55754316.
