Hypersalivation

Hypersalivation
Other names	Ptyalism,[1] sialorrhea,[2] water brash
Specialty	Oral and maxillofacial surgery

Hypersalivation or hypersialosis is the excessive production of saliva.^[3] It has also been defined as increased amount of saliva in the mouth, which may also be caused by decreased clearance of saliva.^[4]

Hypersalivation can contribute to drooling if there is an inability to keep the mouth closed or difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia) the excess saliva, which can lead to excessive spitting.

Hypersalivation also often precedes emesis (vomiting), where it accompanies nausea (a feeling of needing to vomit).^[5]

Causes

Excessive production

Conditions that can cause saliva overproduction include:^[4]

• Rabies
• Pellagra (niacin or vitamin B₃ deficiency)^[6]
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease, in such cases specifically called a water brash (a loosely defined lay term), and is characterized by a sour fluid or almost tasteless saliva in the mouth^[7]
• Gastroparesis (main symptoms are nausea, vomiting, and reflux)
• Pregnancy
• Fluoride therapy
• Excessive starch intake
• Anxiety (common sign of separation anxiety in dogs)
• Pancreatitis
• Liver disease
• Serotonin syndrome
• Mouth ulcers^{[medical citation needed]}
• Oral infections
• Sjögren syndrome (an early symptom in some patients)^[8]

Medications that can cause overproduction of saliva include:^[4]

• aripiprazole
• clozapine
• pilocarpine
• ketamine
• potassium chlorate
• risperidone
• pyridostigmine

Substances that can cause hypersalivation include:^[4]

• mercury
• copper
• organophosphates (insecticide)
• arsenic
• nicotine
• thallium

Decreased clearance

Causes of decreased clearance of saliva include:^[4]

• Infections such as tonsillitis, retropharyngeal and peritonsillar abscesses, epiglottitis and mumps.
• Problems with the jaw, e.g., fracture or dislocation
• Radiation therapy
• Neurologic disorders such as Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, rabies, bulbar paralysis, bilateral facial nerve palsy, and hypoglossal nerve palsy

Treatment

Hypersalivation is optimally treated by treating or avoiding the underlying cause.^[4] Mouthwash and tooth brushing may have drying effects.^[4]

In the palliative care setting, anticholinergics and similar drugs that would normally reduce the production of saliva causing a dry mouth could be considered for symptom management: scopolamine, atropine, propantheline, hyoscine, amitriptyline, glycopyrrolate.^[9]

As of 2008, it is unclear if medication for people who have too much saliva due to clozapine treatment is useful.^[10]

References

1. thefreedictionar.com > ptyalism Citing:
   • Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. 2007
   • Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. 2009
   • Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 3 ed. 2007
2. thefreedictionary.com > sialorrhea Citing:
   • The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, Updated in 2009.
3. "hypersalivation". Merriam-Webster's Medical Desk Dictionary. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster. 1986. p. 371 – via Internet Archive.
4. Medscape > Hypersalivation By Erica Brownfield. Posted: 05/19/2004(registration required)
5. Kumar, Parveen J.; Clark, Michael L., eds. (2005). Clinical medicine (6th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier Saunders. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-7020-2763-5.
6. Reynolds, Gretchen. "Well". The New York Times.
7. thefreedictionary.com > water brash Citing: Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. 2007
8. [1] Rheumatology
9. Medical Care of the Dying, 4th Edition, 2006, Edited by G.Michael Downing MD and Wendy Wainwright, MEd
10. Syed, R; Au, K; Cahill, C; Duggan, L; He, Y; Udu, V; Xia, J (16 July 2008). Syed, Rebecca (ed.). "Pharmacological interventions for clozapine-induced hypersalivation". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD005579. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005579.pub2. PMC 4160791. PMID 18646130.

External links