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Hugo Riesenfeld
Hugo Riesenfeld
	Riesenfeld in 1920
Born	January 26, 1879; Vienna, Austria-Hungary
Died	September 10, 1939 (aged 60); Los Angeles, California, United States
Nationality	American
Education	Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde
Occupation(s)	violinist, conductor, composer
Known for	film scoring
Spouse	Mabel Gertrude Dunning
Children	Janet Alcoriza
Awards	Oscar nominations for Musical Director and Best Music for Make a Wish (1937)

Hugo Riesenfeld (January 26, 1879 – September 10, 1939) was an Austrian-American composer. As a film director, he began to write his own orchestral compositions for silent films in 1917, and co-created modern production techniques where film scoring serves an integral part of the action. Riesenfeld composed about 100 film scores in his career.

His most successful compositions were for Cecil B. DeMille's Joan the Woman (1917), The Ten Commandments (1923) and The King of Kings (1927); D. W. Griffith's Abraham Lincoln (1930); and the original scores to F. W. Murnau's Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans (1927) and Tabu (1931).

Life and work

Born in Vienna, Riesenfeld's musical career began at the age of seven with a violin study at the Conservatory of the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde in his city of birth, where he graduated at the age of 17 in piano, violin and composition degrees. He briefly played in the Vienna Philharmonic. By the end of the 19th century, he was playing with Arnold Schoenberg, Arthur Bodanzky, and Edward Falck in a local string quartet.

In 1907, Riesenfeld emigrated to New York City, where he worked until 1911 as concert-master for Oscar Hammerstein's Manhattan Opera Company. He served three seasons as conductor of musical comedy companies for Klaw & Erlanger, followed by a stint as concertmaster and conductor at the Century Opera. He did his first work in film when he conducted the accompaniment for Jesse L. Lasky's production of Carmen (1915).

Samuel Lionel Rothafel—later known as "Roxy" Rothafel—hired Riesenfeld in 1916 as conductor of, successively, the Rialto, the Rivoli, and the Criterion theatres until 1925, introducing the practice of long-run resident film musicians. These cinemas were among the first where runs of longer than a week became commonplace. In 1923, an article about Riesenfeld stated, "occasionally ten weeks the same piece with undiminished force – so knows he his audience" in a New York City article wrote the Viennese magazines about Riesenfeld. "He says, know the audience and know what you must show him, ever the secret of success at the theater and cinema." [...] "just customize and know what's there and what 'draws'."

Phonofilm and Red Seal Pictures

On 15 April 1923, with inventor Lee de Forest, Riesenfeld co-presented a show at the Rivoli Theater in New York City of 18 short films made in the Phonofilm sound-on-film process.

In 1923, Riesenfeld formed The Red Seal Pictures Corporation, partnered with Edwin Miles Fadiman, Dr. Lee deForest, and Max Fleischer to distribute American and foreign films through their chain of 36 theaters that extended as far as Cleveland, Ohio. In May 1926, Max Fleischer began producing a series of sound versions of their popular "Bouncing Ball" Song CarTunes, using the Lee de Forest Phonofilm sound-on-film process. Red Seal Pictures Corporation filed for bankruptcy in late 1926; shortly afterward, the DeForest Phonofilm Corporation filed for bankruptcy in September 1927.

Movie theaters and live orchestras

Most large movie theaters in the U.S. had their own orchestras for silent film accompaniment, with smaller theaters having just a theatre organ, photoplayer or piano. The musicians often relied on an already existing repertoire of opera and excerpts from other compositions. Riesenfeld began as one of the first to write original compositions for films. As an example, the "Brother's Theme" was a mainstay of the 1926 release of Beau Geste (published by Robbins-Engel Inc.).

Next to Albert William Ketèlbey and Ernö Rapée, Riesenfeld was a pioneer of modern, high-quality production of music. He also co-founded the cinema library music—topical collections of music for silent film orchestra and musicians also. "Mr. Riesenfeld puts much emphasis on the music in the movies", in an article about Riesenfeld and film music. "Orchestra with organ varies in its two large theatres. His organist gets $250 a week, 70 orchestra musicians are well-paid because the lowest wage is 70 dollars a week. [...] Of course, the business costs in America are quite different than ours. Mr. Riesenfeld explains that he must have a dose of 50,000 dollars per week to reach its expenses and to this purpose otherwise it zahle weekly 120,000 spectators as he. [...] News always appear in the first week in its theatres. [...] "Mr. Riesenfeld paid up to 6000 dollars a week for the presentation rights for a good movie."

When he wrote the music for the Western movie The Covered Wagon (1923), Riesenfeld was one of the most frequently employed film composers in Hollywood. From 1928 to 1930, he was General Music Director of United Artists. After that time, Riesenfeld worked mostly for independent productions.

Away from the film industry, he was orchestra conductor of the Los Angeles Symphony and as a composer in the classical sector. He composed the ballet Chopin's Dances (1905), the comic opera Merry Martyr (1913), the musical Betty Be Good (1921), Children's Suite (1928) and overtures, orchestral music, and songs.

Illness and death

Riesenfeld died in 1939 in Los Angeles after a severe illness. His daughter Janet starred in some Mexican movies as a dancer and actress under the pseudonym Raquel Rojas and Janet Alcorzia and later became a screenwriter.

Filmography

A selection of film compositions, unless otherwise noted:

1915: Carmen (as conductor) directed by Raoul Walsh
1917: Joan the Woman directed by Cecil B. DeMille
1918: A Christmas Fantasy (producer, director) short film
1919: Sahara directed by Arthur Rosson
1920: Humoresque directed by Frank Borzage
1921: La Tosca (new composition) directed by Edward José
1921: Reputation directed by Stuart Paton
1923: The Ten Commandments directed by Cecil B. DeMille
1923: The Covered Wagon directed by James Cruze
1923: The Hunchback of Notre Dame directed by Wallace Worsley
1925: Beggar on Horseback directed by James Cruze
1925: The Wanderer directed by Raoul Walsh
1926: The Volga Boatman directed by Cecil B. DeMille
1926: Old Ironsides directed by James Cruze
1926: Beau Geste directed by Herbert Brenon
1926: The Sorrows of Satan directed by D. W. Griffith
1927: Chang directed by Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack
1927: Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans directed by F. W. Murnau
1927: The Cat and the Canary directed by Paul Leni
1927: The King of Kings directed by Cecil B. DeMille
1927: Uncle Tom's Cabin directed Harry A. Polard
1927: Old San Francisco directed by Alan Crosland
1928: The Battle of the Sexes directed by D. W. Griffith)
1928: The Cavalier directed by Irvin Willat
1928: The Awakening directed by Victor Fleming
1928: Two Lovers directed by Fred Niblo
1928: Looping the Loop directed by Arthur Robison
1929: Lucky Boy directed by Norman Taurog and Charles C. Wilson
1929: Condemned directed by Wesley Ruggles
1929: Bulldog Drummond directed by F. Richard Jones
1929: The Iron Mask directed by Allan Dwan
1929: Eternal Love directed by Ernst Lubitsch
1929: Coquette directed by Sam Taylor
1930: Abraham Lincoln directed by D. W. Griffith
1930: Hell's Angels (Höllenflieger) directed by Howard Hughes
1931: Tabu directed by F. W. Murnau
1932: White Zombie directed by Victor Halperin
1933: The Wandering Jew directed by Maurice Elvey
1934: The President Vanishes directed by William Wellman
1934: Little Men directed by Phil Rosen
1935: The Phantom Empire (serial) directed by Otto Brower and B. Reeves Eason
1935: Hard Rock Harrigan (music arranger) directed by David Howard
1936: Robinson Crusoe of Clipper Island (serial) directed by Ray Taylor and Mack V. Wright
1936: Daniel Boone (stock music) directed by David Howard
1937: The Painted Stallion (serial) directed by Alan James, Ray Taylor, and William Witney
1937: Make a Wish (music department) directed by Kurt Neumann
1938: Tarzan's Revenge directed by D. Ross Lederman
1938: Wide Open Faces directed by Kurt Neumann

Posthumous works:

1940: The Return of Frank James (stock music) directed by Fritz Lang
2003: The Making of 'The Last Man' (short documentary) directed by Luciano Berriatúa

Awards: