Hubble 12

Hubble 12 (Hb 12) is a bipolar planetary nebula with an hourglass like shape. The nebula has three pairs of bipolar lobes. Hb 12 was discovered by American astr

Hubble 12
Hb 12
Emission nebula
Planetary nebula
Infrared image by the Hubble Space Telescope
Observation data: J2000 epoch
Right ascension23h 26m 14.82s[1]
Declination58° 10′ 54.65″[1]
Distance7,305-46,477[2] ly
Apparent diameter~10"[3]
ConstellationCassiopeia
DesignationsPN G111.8-02.8[1]
See also: Lists of nebulae

Hubble 12 (Hb 12) is a bipolar planetary nebula with an hourglass like shape. The nebula has three pairs of bipolar lobes. Hb 12 was discovered by American astronomer Edwin Hubble in 1921.[4]

Hb 12 has three pairs of bipolar lobes with a faint Hα arc filament.[3] Additionally, the outermost lobe is fainter on the eastern side than on the western side, which may indicate less dense regions on the eastern side of the PN.[5]

The distance of Hb 12 is estimated to be ~2.24 kpc to ~14.25 kpc.[2] A zone with a high electron density of ~5x10⁵ cm-3 corresponds to an electron temperature of ~13,600 K.[5] A shocked [Fe II] line was found in the bipolar structures near the core.[6]

Central Star

The central star of Hb 12 has an estimated temperature of ~35,000 K and a luminosity of ~1200 L⊙.[5] The appearance of highly structured bipolar lobes with two pairs of H² knots[7][8] suggests that multiple pulsed mass-loss episodes have occurred during the AGB or post-AGB phases.[9][10]

References

  1. ^ a b c "PN Hb 12". simbad.cds.unistra.fr.
  2. ^ a b Stanghellini, L.; Haywood, M. (May 2010). "The Galactic Structure and Chemical Evolution Traced by the Population of Planetary Nebulae". The Astrophysical Journal. 714 (2): 1096–1107. arXiv:1003.0759. Bibcode:2010ApJ...714.1096S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/714/2/1096.
  3. ^ a b Kowk, S.; Hsia, C.-H. (May 2007). "Multiple Coaxial Rings in the Bipolar Nebula Hubble 12". The Astrophysical Journal. 660 (1): 341–345. Bibcode:2007ApJ...660..341K. doi:10.1086/513096.
  4. ^ Hubble, E. (June 1921). "Twelve New Planetary Nebulae". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 33 (193): 174. Bibcode:1921PASP...33..174H. doi:10.1086/123070.
  5. ^ a b c Hyung, S.; Aller, L. H. (January 1996). "The optical spectrum of the young planetary nebula Hubble 12". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 278 (2): 551–564. Bibcode:1996MNRAS.278..551H. doi:10.1093/mnras/278.2.551.
  6. ^ Frank, A.; Welch, C. A.; Pipher, J. L.; Woodward, C. E.; Forrest, W. J. (September 1990). "[Fe II] Bubbles in the Young Planetary Nebula Hubble 12". The Astrophysical Journal. 512 (1): L69–L72. Bibcode:1999ApJ...522L..69W. doi:10.1086/312206.
  7. ^ Hsia, C.-H.; Zhang, Y.; Kowk, S.; Chau, W. (February 2019). "A young multipolar planetary nebula in the making—IRAS 21282+5050". Astrophysics and Space Science. 364 (2): 13–32. arXiv:1902.08851. Bibcode:2019Ap&SS.364...32H. doi:10.1007/s10509-019-3523-2.
  8. ^ Fang, X.; Kowk, S.; Zhang, Y.; Hisa, C.-H.; Chau, W.; Ramos-Larios, G.; Guerrero, M. A. (June 2018). "Extended Structures of Planetary Nebula Detected in H² Emission". The Astrophysical Journal. 859 (2): 23–92. arXiv:1804.08840. Bibcode:2018ApJ...859...92F. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aac01e.
  9. ^ Clark, D. M.; Edwards, M. L.; López, J. A.; Winge, C. (November 2014). "A Detailed Study of the Structure of the Nested Planetary Nebula, Hb 12, the Matryoshka Nebula". The Astrophysical Journal. 148 (5): 9–98. Bibcode:2014AJ....148...98C. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/148/5/9898, 9 pp.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  10. ^ Vaytet, N. M. H.; Rushton, A. P.; Lloyd, M.; López, J. A.; Meaburn, J.; O'Brien, T. J.; Mitchell, D. L.; Pollacco, D. (September 2009). "High-speed knots in the hourglass-shaped planetary nebula Hubble 12". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 398 (1): 385–393. arXiv:0905.4625. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.398..385V. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15149.x.

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