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Haplogroup M8
Haplogroup M8
Possible time of origin	34,400 YBP
Possible place of origin	East Asia
Ancestor	M
Descendants	M8a, CZ
Defining mutations	A4715G C7196a G8584A A15487t T16298C

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup M8 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.^[2]^[3]

Origin

Haplogroup M8 is a descendant of haplogroup M. Haplogroup M8 is divided into subclades M8a, C and Z.

Distribution

It is an East Asian haplogroup. Today, haplogroup M8 is found at its highest frequency in indigenous populations of East Siberia such as Evenk and Yukaghir. Haplogroup M8 is one of the most common mtDNA haplogroups among Yakut, Tuvan. Haplogroup C, the most major one of three subclades, is highly distributed among the Amerindian and Indigenous peoples of East Siberia. Haplogroup Z, another one of three subclades, is highly distributed among Even from Kamchatka (8/39 Z1a2a, 3/39 Z1a3, 11/39 = 28.2% Z total). mtDNA Haplogroup M8a, a not well known one of the three subclades, is highly distributed among Northern Han Chinese from Liaoning (16/317 = 5.0%).

Table of Frequencies by ethnic group

Population	Frequency	Count	Source	Subclades
Yakut	0.407	378	Pakendorf 2006	C=153, Z=1
Mongolian	0.277	47	Jin 2009	M8a=1, C=10, Z=2
Xibe (Xinjiang)	0.145	137	^{[citation needed]}	C=13, Z=7
Han Chinese (Liaoning)	0.120	317	^{[citation needed]}	M8a=16, C=14, Z=8
Korean (Chungcheong)	0.103	117	^{[citation needed]}	-
Han Chinese (Shandong)	0.099	393	^{[citation needed]}	M8a=8, C=14, Z=17
Han Chinese (Shanghai)	0.097	51	^{[citation needed]}	M8a=7, C=5, Z=2
Han Chinese (Henan)	0.086	208	^{[citation needed]}	M8a=9, C=7, Z=2
Korean (Gangwon)	0.079	114	^{[citation needed]}	-
Manchurian	0.075	40	Jin 2009	M8a=1, C=1, Z=1
Korean (Gyeongsang)	0.071	112	^{[citation needed]}	-
Korean (Seoul)	0.067	134	^{[citation needed]}	-
Korean (Jeolla)	0.059	118	^{[citation needed]}	-
Korean (Gwangju)	0.033	60	^{[citation needed]}	M8a=2
Japanese	0.032	1312	Tanaka 2004	M8a=18, C=7, Z=17
Vietnamese	0.029	35	^{[citation needed]}	-
Han Chinese (South)	0.026	78	^{[citation needed]}	-
Korean (Jeju Island)	0.009	113	^{[citation needed]}	-
Okinawan	0.003	326	Umetsu 2005	CZ=1
Taiwan Aboriginal	0.000	640	Trejaut 2005	-
Philippines	0.000	59	Tajima 2004	-

Subclades

Haplogroup C, the most major one of three subclades is highly distributed among the Amerindian and Indigienous peoples of East Siberia. Haplogroup Z, the other one of three subclades is highly distributed among Even from Kamchatka (8/39 Z1a2a, 3/39 Z1a3, 11/39 = 28.2% Z total), mtDNA Haplogroup M8a, not well known one of three subclades is highly distributed among Northern Han Chinese from Liaoning (16/317 = 5.0%).

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup M8 subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation^[1] and subsequent published research.

M8
- M8a
  - M8a1 - Ulch
    - M8a1a - Japanese
  - M8a2'3
    - M8a2 - Japanese, Han Chinese
    - M8a2-a* - Japanese, Russia
      - M8a2a'b (T152C!) - Japanese
        M8a2a - Han Chinese
        M8a2a1 - Japanese, Han Chinese(Hunan)
        M8a2a1a1
        
        M8a2a1b
        
        M8a2a1c - Japanese
        
        M8a2b - Japanese, Han Chinese (Shandong)
        M8a2b1
        
        M8a2b2 - Russia
      - M8a2c - Japanese, Han Chinese
      - M8a2d - Han Chinese
      - M8a2e - Ami(Taiwan Aborigines), Han Chinese (Taiwan)
    - M8a3 - Japanese, Han Chinese
      - M8a3a - Han Chinese
        M8a3a1 - Han Chinese
- CZ
  - C
    - C1
      - C1a - Ulch, Swedish
      - C1b - Amerindian
        C1b1
        
        C1b2
        
        C1b3
        
        C1b4
        
        C1b5
        C1b5a
        
        C1b5b
        
        C1b6
        
        C1b7'10 (T16311C!)
        C1b7
        C1b7a
        
        C1b10
        
        C1b8
        
        C1b9
        
        C1b11
        
        C1b12
        
        C1b13
        C1b13a
        C1b13a1
        
        C1b13b
        
        C1b13c
        C1b13c1
        
        C1b13d
        
        C1b13e
        
        C1b14
      - C1c - Amerindian
        C1c1
        C1c1a
        
        C1c1b
        
        C1c2
        
        C1c3
        
        C1c4
        
        C1c5
        
        C1c6'7
        C1c6
        
        C1c7
        
        C1c8
      - C1d - Amerindian
        C1d1
        C1d1a
        C1d1a1
        
        C1d1b
        C1d1b1
        
        C1d1c
        C1d1c1
        
        C1d1d
        
        C1d2
        C1d2a
        
        C1d3
      - C1e - Amerindian
      - C1f - Amerindian
    - C4 - Siberian, Mongolian, Han Chinese
      - C4a'b'c
        C4a
        C4a1
        C4a1a
        C4a1a1
        C4a1a1a
        
        C4a1a2'3'4
        C4a1a2
        C4a1a2a
        
        C4a1a3
        C4a1a3a
        C4a1a3a1
        
        C4a1a3b
        
        C4a1a3c
        
        C4a1a3d
        
        C4a1a4
        C4a1a4a
        
        C4a1a5
        
        C4a1a6
        
        C4a2
        C4a2a
        C4a2a1
        C4a2a1a
        
        C4a2a1b
        
        C4a2b
        C4a2b1
        
        C4a2b2
        C4a2b2a
        
        C4a2c
        C4a2c1
        
        C4a2c2
        C4a2c2a
        
        C4b
        C4b1
        C4b1a
        
        C4b1b
        
        C4b2
        C4b2a
        
        C4b3
        C4b3a
        C4b3a1
        
        C4b3b
        
        C4b5
        
        C4b6
        
        C4b7
        
        C4b8
        C4b8a
        
        C4c
        C4c1
        C4c1a
        
        C4c1b
        
        C4c2
      - C4d'e
        C4d
        
        C4e
      - C5 - Siberian, Mongolian, Han Chinese
        C5a
        C5a1
        
        C5a2
        C5a2a
        
        C5a2b
        C5a2b1
        
        C5b
        C5b1
        C5b1a
        C5b1a1
        
        C5b1b
        C5b1b1
        
        C5c'd
        C5c
        C5c1
        C5c1a
        
        C5d
        C5d1
        
        C5d2
      - C7 - Han Chinese, Indo-China Peninsulan
        C7a
        C7a1
        C7a1a
        C7a1a1
        
        C7a1a2
        
        C7a1c
        
        C7a1d
        
        C7a2
        C7a2a
        
        C7b
    - Z
      - Z1'2'3'4'7
        Z1 - Tofalar
        Z1a - Tubalar
        Z1a1
        Z1a1a - Saami, Kets
        
        Z1a1b - Nganasan, Estonian
        
        Z1a2 - Ulch
        Z1a2a - Nivkh
        
        Z1a3 - Yakuts, Estonian
        
        Z2 - Japanese
        
        Z3 - Japanese
  - Z3a
    - Z3a1
      - Z3a1a - Han Chinese, Indian
    - Z3a2 - Indian
  - Z3b - Indian
    - Z3c - Persian(Iranian), Japanese
    - Z3d - Han Chinese, Taiwanese
      - Z4 - Han Chinese
        Z4a - Japanese
        Z4a1 - Han Chinese
        Z4a1a
        Z4a1a1 - Japanese
        
        Z7 - Indian
      - Z5 - Japanese

Popular culture

The American figure skater Kristi Yamaguchi is a member of haplogroup M8a.^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. S2CID 27566749.
^ "Figure 1 Kaplan-Meier plot of haplogroup D4 and M8. A: Kaplan-Meier..." ResearchGate. Retrieved 2020-01-17.
^ "Figure 2: Phylogenetic network of C, Z and M8 HVR1 sequences revealed..." ResearchGate. Retrieved 2020-01-17.
^ Gates Jr., Henry Louis (2010). Faces of America: How 12 Extraordinary People Discovered Their Pasts. New York University Press. p. 231.

Bibliography

Gómez-Carballa, Alberto; Catelli, Laura (November 12, 2015). "The complete mitogenome of a 500-year-old Inca child mummy". Scientific Reports. 5: 16462. Bibcode:2015NatSR...516462G. doi:10.1038/srep16462. PMC 4642457. PMID 26561991.
Jin, Han-Jun; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Kim, Wook (2009). Batzer, Mark A (ed.). "The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers". PLOS ONE. 4 (1): e4210. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.4210J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004210. PMC 2615218. PMID 19148289.
Pakendorf, Brigitte; Novgorodov, Innokentij N.; Osakovskij, Vladimir L.; Danilova, Al’bina P.; Protod’jakonov, Artur P.; Stoneking, Mark (October 2006). "Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts". Human Genetics. 120 (3): 334–353. doi:10.1007/s00439-006-0213-2. PMID 16845541. S2CID 31651899.
Atsushi Tajima; et al. (March 2, 2004). "Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages". Journal of Human Genetics. 49 (4): 187–193. doi:10.1007/s10038-004-0131-x. OCLC 110247689. PMID 14997363.
Tanaka, Masashi; Cabrera, Vicente M.; González, Ana M.; Larruga, José M.; Takeyasu, Takeshi; Fuku, Noriyuki; Guo, Li-Jun; Hirose, Raita; Fujita, Yasunori; Kurata, Miyuki; Shinoda, Ken-ichi; Umetsu, Kazuo; Yamada, Yoshiji; Oshida, Yoshiharu; Sato, Yuzo; Hattori, Nobutaka; Mizuno, Yoshikuni; Arai, Yasumichi; Hirose, Nobuyoshi; Ohta, Shigeo; Ogawa, Osamu; Tanaka, Yasushi; Kawamori, Ryuzo; Shamoto-Nagai, Masayo; Maruyama, Wakako; Shimokata, Hiroshi; Suzuki, Ryota; Shimodaira, Hidetoshi (October 2004). "Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan". Genome Research. 14 (10a): 1832–1850. doi:10.1101/gr.2286304. PMC 524407. PMID 15466285.
Trejaut, Jean A.; Kivisild, Toomas; Loo, Jun Hun; Lee, Chien Liang; He, Chun Lin; Hsu, Chia Jung; Lee, Zheng Yuan; Lin, Marie (2005). "Traces of Archaic Mitochondrial Lineages Persist in Austronesian-Speaking Formosan Populations". PLOS Biology. 3 (8). e247. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030247. PMC 1166350. PMID 15984912.
Umetsu, Kazuo; Tanaka, Masashi; Yuasa, Isao; et al. (2005). "Multiplex amplified product-length polymorphism analysis of 36 mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms for haplogrouping of East Asian populations". Electrophoresis. 26 (1): 91–98. doi:10.1002/elps.200406129. PMID 15624129. S2CID 44989190.

External links

General
- Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
Haplogroup M8
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site: Haplogroup M8

[PhyloTree-1] van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. S2CID 27566749.

[2] "Figure 1 Kaplan-Meier plot of haplogroup D4 and M8. A: Kaplan-Meier..." ResearchGate. Retrieved 2020-01-17.

[3] "Figure 2: Phylogenetic network of C, Z and M8 HVR1 sequences revealed..." ResearchGate. Retrieved 2020-01-17.

[Gates_2010-4] Gates Jr., Henry Louis (2010). Faces of America: How 12 Extraordinary People Discovered Their Pasts. New York University Press. p. 231.

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[2]

[3]

[4]

Haplogroup M8