SheikhHamad bin Khalifa bin Hamad bin Abdullah bin Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani (Arabic: حمد بن خليفة آل ثاني; born 1 January 1952) is a member of the ruling Al Thani Qatari royal family. He was the ruling Emir of Qatar from 1995 until 2013 when he abdicated the throne, handing power to his fourth son Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani who was born to his second spouse, Moza bint Nassir.[1][2] The Qatari government refers to him as the Father Emir.[3]
Hamad ruled a sovereign regime in Qatar without any support from opposition political parties.[6][7][8] During Hamad's rule, Qatar hosted two U.S. military bases. It also maintained relations with Iran. The Sheikh founded news media group Al Jazeera. He also played a part in negotiations between the U.S. and the Taliban.[9][10] In June 2013, Hamad, in a brief televised address, announced that he would hand power to his fourth son, Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani.[11]
Early years and education
Hamad was born in 1952. His mother died soon after his birth and he was raised by his uncle.[12]
He graduated from the British Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst in 1971, and was then commissioned as a lieutenant colonel in Qatar's armed forces.[13][14] A few months later he returned to Qatar and was made commander of a mobile brigade, which later became a force called "Hamad Brigade".[14] In 1972, Hamad had the rank of general, and became army chief of staff.[14] Next he was appointed commander-in-chief of Qatar's armed forces with the rank of major general.[4][14] In 1977 he was named minister of defense.[14]
Hamad was appointed Heir Apparent of Qatar in 1977 and held the post until 1995.[15] In the early 1980s, he led the Supreme Planning Council, which sets Qatar's basic economic and social policies. Starting in 1992, Hamad's father began gradually handing over responsibility for the day-to-day running of the country,[16] including the development of Qatar's oil and natural gas resources, rendering him the effective ruler of the country.[17] However, his father ultimately retained control over state finances.[17] On 27 June 1995, he won the throne from his father in a palace coup, Hamad became Emir of Qatar and was crowned on 20 June 2000.[16]
Reign as Emir (1995–2013)
With the support of his family, Hamad staged a bloodless coup d'état in 1995 when his father Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani was on vacation in Geneva, Switzerland, at which point he officially became the Emir of Qatar.[16][18] The deposition came after a falling out between Hamad and his father, who had tried regaining some of the authority that he had bestowed upon Hamad in early 1995.[17] Thereafter, his father lived in exile in France and Abu Dhabi[18] until he returned to Qatar in 2001.
Hamad then engaged an American law firm to freeze his father's bank accounts abroad in order to deter a possible countercoup.[16] However, a counter-coup was attempted against Hamad in February 1996 under the leadership of former Economy Minister Hamad bin Jassim bin Hamad Al Thani. The coup failed, and several of Qatar's traditional Arab allies were implicated in the plot, namely Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Egypt.[19]
In a break with the traditional role, his second wife Sheikha Moza bint Nasser Al-Missned has been a visible advocate for education and children's causes.[16] In 1995, Sheikh Hamad and his wife Sheikha Moza bint Nasser founded the Qatar Foundation.[20][21]
A sportsman[22] and an accomplished diver, Hamad has played an active role in promoting and developing athletics in Qatar.[4] His activism has enhanced the country's involvement and performance in a number of international competitions, including: winning an Olympic medal in track and field; hosting a wide variety of international sporting events such as the 15th Asian Games, GCC, Asian and World Youth soccer championships; and initiating the Qatar Open Tennis Championship which has grown to become one of two premier tennis competitions in the Middle East.
Hamad bin Khalifa in the Kremlin with Russian President Vladimir Putin, December 2001
Under his rule the Qatari government helped to fund the Al Jazeera news network by an emiri decree.[23] In an analysis of Al Jazeera, Hugh Miles said that diplomats from other countries know that the Emir was the real power behind Al Jazeera but he also quotes a network spokesman denying 'countless times' this accusation, adding that many independent news sources also have subsidies from their respective governments without this implying editorial dabbling and explaining that trying to coerce the kind of journalists Al Jazeera has would be like trying to 'herd cats'.[24] Sheik Hamad is a distant cousin of the network chairman, Hamad bin Thamer Al Thani, who was previously Minister of Information in the Emir Al Thani government. Following the initial US$137 million grant from Emir Al Thani, Al Jazeera had aimed to become self-sufficient through advertising by 2001, but when this failed to occur, the Emir agreed to several consecutive loans[24] on a year-by-year basis (US$30 million in 2004,[25] according to Arnaud de Borchgrave). At a 3 October 2001 press conference, Colin Powell tried to persuade Sheik Hamad to shut down Al Jazeera while the New York-based organization Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting commented that in those efforts, "Powell and other U.S. officials were reportedly upset by the channel re-airing old interviews with bin Laden and the inclusion of guests that are too critical of the United States on its programs."[26][27]The Washington Post reported in 2005 that Sheik Hamad was under pressure to privatize the network.[28]
In 2010, Qatar was awarded the right to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup. The country would become the first in the Middle East to host the world's biggest sporting event, beating stiff competition from the United States and Australia.[29]
Autocracy
Hamad ruled an autocratic regime in Qatar.[6] There was no organized political opposition in Qatar.[7] National news outlets exercised self-censorship.[7]
Hamad was able to focus on turning Qatar from a small desert backwater into a major world power by continuing to exploit the country's vast oil fields and discovering and tapping the world's third largest gas reserves.[30] By 2010 liquefied natural gas production had reached 77 million tons, making Qatar the richest country in the world. With fewer than two million inhabitants, the average income in the country shot to a staggering $86,440 per year per person. Qatar expert Olivier Da Lage said: "When he came to power in 1995, Sheikh Hamad had a goal to place Qatar on the world map by exploiting the gas resources which his father did not develop for fear it would change the emirate's society. Eighteen years on, he has finished the job – Qatar has acquired the financial clout to command respect from neighboring countries and Western governments alike".[4]
Hamad with US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, September 2010
Media sources claimed that Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani made a bid for Manchester United on 11 February 2011. Qatari Holdings offered £1.65 billion to Malcolm Glazer, the American owner of the club.[48] This follows a series of endeavors by the Emir and other Qataris into the World Football community, following Qatar's successful bid for the 2022 World Cup, and the Qatar Foundation's recent £125m shirt deal with FC Barcelona. In mid-June 2011, rumours resurfaced that Qatari Holdings were preparing a £2 Billion takeover bid and that the funding, that the club had been using for transfers since the start of June, was actually supplied by the Qataris and not the Glazer Family.[49] In 2012 it was rumoured that Sheik Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani was in bid for Rangers F.C.[50] On 30 March 2012 Sheik Al Thani offered to buy KF Tirana, although the details have yet to be published.[51]
Culture and education
In the arts, Hamad established the Qatar Museums Authority in 2005 which built the I. M. Pei designed Museum of Islamic Art Doha. Since its opening, Qatar has become the world's biggest contemporary art buyer,[52] famously purchasing Cézanne's The Card Playersin 2012 for over US$250 million.[53] The art acquisition efforts were often represented by Sheikh Saud bin Mohammed Al Thani, president of Qatar's National Council for Culture, Arts and the Heritage.[54][55]
Sheikh Hamad with President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev in 2012
On 25 June 2013, Hamad handed over power to his son Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani in a televised speech.[66][67] In regards to the shift in power, Hamad said: "The time has come to open a new page in the journey of our nation that would have a new generation carry the responsibilities".[68]
Hamad is believed to have suffered from poor health for several years. In December 2015, he was flown to Zurich, Switzerland, for treatment after breaking his leg while on holiday in Morocco's Atlas mountains.[69]
Hamad underwent his first kidney transplant in 1997 [70] and at least one more at a later date.[71] The former emir is currently on dialysis.
The Emir made a $100 million donation for the relief of New Orleans following the 2005 Hurricane Katrina.[72] He was a key person in the cease fire during the 2006 Lebanon War and contributed significantly in the relief of damaged areas.
In October 2012, the Emir made a landmark visit to Gaza by being the first head of state to go there since the 2006 election of Hamas and the imposition of a blockade by Israel.[80] He took a flight to Egypt before being driven into Gaza. While there, the emir was thought to be launching a $254 million reconstruction project in the territory, and giving an address to the Palestinian people. Palestine's interior ministry was said to have a "well-prepared plan" to provide security for the emir during his stay.[81] Incidents nevertheless continued.[82]
In October 2012, Hamad made a historic visit to Gaza and pledged US$400 million in humanitarian aid to Hamas, to build infrastructure projects and hospitals.[83] Despite Qatar's ties to Hamas, they maintain diplomatic and business relations with Israel.[84]
In December 2012, The New York Times accused the Qatari government of funding the Al-Nusra Front, a U.S. government designated terrorist organization.[85] Others[who?] have noted the Emir's visit to Gaza and meeting with Hamas, which houses a militant wing, Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades.[86] However, Qatar denies these allegations, stating that its policy is to help facilitate constructive engagement between Hamas and the Palestinian Authority.[87]
In August 2020, the US State Department sent the Coordinator for CounterterrorismNathan Sales to Doha to thank Qatar for their efforts against terrorism and to discuss Qatar's role in combating the financing of terrorism, its new Anti-Money Laundering/Countering the Financing of Terrorism legislation and its participation in the Global Coalition to Defeat ISIS.[89]
Hamad is listed as owner of Afrodille S.A., which had a bank account in Luxembourg and shares in two South African companies. Al Thani also held a majority of the shares in Rienne S.A. and Yalis S.A., which held a term deposit with the Bank of China in Luxembourg. A relative owned 25% of these: Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim Al Thani, Qatar's former prime minister and foreign minister.
Marriages and children
Sheikh Hamad has three wives and twenty-four children, eleven sons and thirteen daughters:[citation needed]
Hamad's first wife is his first cousin, Sheikha Mariam bint Muhammad Al Thani, the daughter of his paternal uncle, Sheikh Muhammad bin Hamad bin Abdullah Al Thani.[91] They have two sons and six daughters, Namely:
Sheikha Sara bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani – Program Coordinator for Reach Out to Asia-Qatar (ROTAQ)
Hamad's second wife is Sheikha Moza bint Nasser Al-Missned (born 8 August 1959, Al-Khor), the daughter of Nasser bin Abdullah Al-Missned. They have five sons and two daughters, Namely:
Hamad's third wife is Sheikha Noora bint Khalid Al Thani, again his first cousin, the daughter of his paternal uncle, Sheikh Khalid bin Hamad Al Thani, who was the minister of the interior. They have four sons and five daughters, Namely:
^ abcdeHarman, Danna (5 March 2007). "Backstory: The royal couple that put Qatar on the map". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 10 November 2010. He was of a new generation, open to the sorts of social, technological, economic, and political ideas from outside that his elders had never known. And, surrounding himself with young, Western-educated advisers, the new emir got right down to the business of remaking the national agenda of this traditional Wahhabi land.
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