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Gymnadenia conopsea
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Order:	Asparagales
Family:	Orchidaceae
Subfamily:	Orchidoideae
Genus:	Gymnadenia
Species:	G. conopsea
Binomial name
	Gymnadenia conopsea; (L.) R.Br.

Gymnadenia conopsea, commonly known as the fragrant orchid or chalk fragrant orchid, is a herbaceous plant of the family Orchidaceae native to northern Europe.

Etymology

The name of the genus Gymnadenia is formed from Greek words γυμνός (gymnós, "nude") and ἀδήν (adēn, "gland") and refers to the characteristics of the organs for secreting nectar. The specific Latin name "conopsea" derives from the Greek κώνωψ (kónops), literally meaning "mosquito-like", probably because of the similarity of the long spur of the flower with the mouthparts of a mosquito.

The scientific binomial name of this plant was initially Orchis conopsea, proposed by the Swedish naturalist and botanist Carl von Linné (1707–1778) in his Species Plantarum of 1753. The name has been subsequently amended to the one currently accepted (Gymnadenia conopsea), by the British botanist Robert Brown (1773–1858) in 1813. In German, this plant is called Mücken-Händelwurz or Mücken Nacktdrüse; in French, is called gymnadénie moucheron or orchis moucheron; in Italy, it is called manina rosea ("pink hand"); in Croatian, it is known under mrežasti vranjak.

Description

Gymnadenia conopsea reaches on average 20–60 centimetres (7.9–23.6 in) of height, with a maximum of 80 centimetres (31 in). These plants are tuberous geophytes, as they bring their buds in underground tuber, organs that annually produce new stems, leaves and flowers. These orchids are "terrestrial" because unlike "epiphytic" species, they do not grow on other plants of major sizes.

The stem is leafy and robust, with a striated surface. The leaves are long, narrow and lanceolate and vary from 3 to 7. The leaf color is gray-green. Size of leaf: width 1 to 2 cm, length 10 – 25 cm.

These orchids have two ovoidal bulbs, deeply webbed and with many small and short lobes. Size of tubers: 1 to 3.5 cm.

The inflorescence is 5–25 centimetres (2.0–9.8 in) long and it is composed of flowers gathered in dense cylindrical spikes (up to 50 flowers per spike). These inflorescences are scented and genes underlying eugenol (a volatile scent compound) production have been identified in Gymnadenia conopsea, G. odoratissima and G. densiflora.^[1] The flowers are petiolated, placed in the axils of long bracts and reach on average 0.8–1.4 centimetres (0.31–0.55 in). They have a distinctive three lobed lip and long spurs. Their light scent is similar to cloves. Their colors vary from white and pink to pink-purple, more rarely white. These flowers bloom in the Summer, from June to July. They are hermaphrodite and pollinated by insects (entomophily), including moths.

Ecology

The species is almost exclusively pollinated by moths (Lepidoptera). The most common pollinators are the small elephant hawk-moth (Deilephila porcellus), hummingbird hawk-moth (Macroglossum stellatarum), silver Y (Autographa gamma), burnished brass (Diachrysia chrysitis) and large yellow underwing (Noctua pronuba). Fruit set is high with an average of 73%.

The seed's germination is conditioned by the presence of mycorrhizal fungi. Gymnadenia conopsea is held to be a mycorrhizal generalist, able to form associations with a variety of different fungal species including species in the Tulasnellaceae, Ceratobasidiaceae and Pezizales.^[2]^[3]

Distribution

This plant is quite common throughout northern Europe with the exception of the Dinaric Alps. In Asia it is common in areas to the north of the Himalayas. Gymnadenia conopsea ssp. borealis has been recorded from Co. Donegal, Ireland in 2004.^[4]

Habitat

This species' habitat includes mountain meadows and pastures, grassland and fens. They grow on siliceous and calcareous substrate, mildly damp and with low nutritional value, at an altitude of 0–2,400 metres (0–7,874 ft) above sea level.

Subspecies

Gymnadenia conopsea subsp. conopsea
Gymnadenia conopsea subsp. montana Bisse

Synonyms

Gymnadenia alpina (Turcz. ex Rchb.f.) Czerep. 1981
Gymnadenia anisoloba Peterm. 1849
Gymnadenia comigera Rchb. 1830
Gymnadenia gracillima Schur 1871
Gymnadenia ibukiensis Makino 1912
Gymnadenia orchidis var. pantlingii Renz 2001
Gymnadenia ornithis Rich. 1818
Gymnadenia pseudoconopsea Gren. Rouy 1912
Gymnadenia pyrenaica Giraudias 1882
Gymnadenia sibirica Turcz. ex Lindl. 1835
Gymnadenia splendida Dworschak 2002
Gymnadenia splendida subsp. odorata Dworschak 2002
Gymnadenia transsilvanica Schur 1866
Gymnadenia vernalis Dworschak 2002
Gymnadenia wahlenbergii Afzel. ex Rchb.f. 1851
Habenaria conopsea (L.) Benth. (1880)
Habenaria gymnadenia Druce 1897
Orchis conopea Gras 1862
Orchis conopsea L. 1753
Orchis cornopica Mill. 1768
Orchis ornithis Jacq. 1774
Orchis peloria Foucault ex Poir. 1816
Orchis pseudoconopea Gren. 1869
Orchis pseudo-conopsea Gren. 1865
Orchis pseudoconopsea J.Parm. 1894
Orchis setacea Gilib. 1792
Orchis suaveolens Salisb. 1796
Satyrium conopseum (L.) Wahlenb. 1826^[5]

References

^ Gupta A K, Schauvinhold I, Pichersky E, and Schiestl F P.2014. Eugenol synthase genes in floral scent variation in Gymnadenia species.14(4)779-788.doi10.1007/s10142-014-0397-9
^ "Journal of Ecology - Orchid coexistence and mycorrhizal associations". doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2012.01998.x. S2CID 82584331. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Stark, Christiane; Babik, Wiesław; Durka, Walter (2009). "Fungi from the roots of the common terrestrial orchid Gymnadenia conopsea". Mycological Research. 113 (9): 952–959. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2009.05.002. PMID 19486943.
^ Ennis, T. 2018 . A cream yellow form of the Heath Fragrant Orchid Gymnadenia conopsea ssp. borealis (Druce) F.Rose in Co. Donegal Irish Naturalist' Journal 35(2) pp 119 - 120
^ Synonyms in The Internet Orchid Species Photo Encyclopedia at Orchidspecies

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