George Armistead

George Armistead
George Armistead
	Sketch of Armistead
Born	10 April 1780; Newmarket plantation, Caroline County, Virginia, U.S.
Died	25 April 1818 (aged 38); Fort McHenry, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.
Allegiance	United States of America
Service/branch	United States Army
Years of service	1799–1800, 1801–1818
Rank	Brevet Lieutenant Colonel
Commands held	Fort McHenry
Battles/wars	War of 1812 Battle of Fort George; Battle of Baltimore; ;
Relations	Lewis Addison Armistead (nephew – Confederate general from Virginia mortally wounded in "Pickett's Charge" at Battle of Gettysburg – July 1863)

George Armistead (April 10, 1780 – April 25, 1818) was an American military officer, best known as the commander of Fort McHenry during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812.^[1]

Early life and education

Armistead was born to the former Lucinda Baylor Page and her husband John Armistead at his Newmarket Plantation in Caroline County, Virginia (now in Milford).^[2] His ancestors had emigrated from Britain to Gloucester County in the Virginia colony, and moved to what was then the frontier before the American Revolutionary War, during which they aligned with the Patriot cause. The family included five brothers, who also served as military officers during the War of 1812. John Baylor Armistead (d. after 1844) was captain of the U.S. Light Dragoons (1799-1800); William Armistead moved to Prince William County, Addison Bowles Armistead (D. Feb. 10, 1813) was lieutenant of the 7th U.S. Infantry (1799-1800) and an artillery and engineering captain after 1806, Lewis Gustavus Adlphyus Armistead would become a captain of rifleman in the Army and die Sept 17;, 1814 in a sortie from fort Erie, and Walker Keith Armstrond (1785-1845) a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy of would become a breveted brigadier general in 1828.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] While all five brothers served in the War of 1812, the most distinguished (other than this man) was Walker Keith Armistead, who graduated from West Point in 1803 and served for 42 years as a commissioned officer, including as the Army's chief engineer (from 1818 to 1821), then as colonel of the 3d Artillery Regiment until his death in 1845.

Career

This man's military career began during the Quasi War with France, as he accepted a commission as an ensign in the 7th U.S. Infantry Regiment on January 14, 1799. Although promoted to 2nd lieutenant on March 3 of the same year and to 1st lieutenant on May 14, 1800, he was discharged from the Army on June 15, 1800 as the Quasi War ended.

However, this lapse in service lasted for less than a year, as on February 16, 1801, Armistead accepted a commission as a lieutenant in the 2nd Regiment of Artillerists and Engineers. He was promoted to captain on November 1, 1806.^[7]

War of 1812

Five Armistead brothers served in the War of 1812, three in the regular army and two in the Virginia militia.^[8]

As hostilities with Britain escalated, Armistead was promoted to major of the 3rd Artillery Regiment on March 3, 1813. He served as an artillery officer at Fort Niagara. Within months, on May 27, 1813, Armistead distinguished himself at the capture of Fort George (near the mouth of Niagara River in Canada) from the British, and received a brevet promotion to lieutenant colonel.^[9] Armistead would later carry the captured British flags to President James Madison. Upon his arrival in Washington, Armistead was ordered to "take command of Fort McHenry."^[10]

When he arrived at Fort McHenry, located in the outer harbor of Baltimore, Maryland, Armistead ordered "a flag so large that the British would have no difficulty seeing it from a distance".^[11] That flag, known as the Star-Spangled Banner Flag, measured 42' × 30', and was made by Baltimore resident Mary Pickersgill, her daughter, and seven seamstresses, and would be later memorialized by Francis Scott Key in the poem "The Star-Spangled Banner", which became the American national anthem in 1931.

During the nearly 25-hour bombardment of Fort McHenry, commencing before dawn on September 13 until the morning of September 14, 1814, Armistead alone knew the fort's magazine was not bombproof. When a shell crashed through the roof of the magazine but failed to explode, Armistead ordered the powder barrels cleared out and placed under the rear walls of the fort. Remarkably, only four men were killed, when two shells smashed into the fort's southwest bastion, despite a deadly rain of some 2,000 mortar shells that the British bombardment fleet fired at the fort. Because the Royal Navy proved unable to capture or reduce the fort in order to enter Baltimore harbor to bombard the main American defense line east of the city, British commander-in-chief Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane wrote to British Army commander Colonel Arthur Brooke that it was up to him whether to decide to attack or withdraw. Brooke, who had taken over from Major-General Robert Ross, who was mortally wounded just before the Battle of North Point on September 12, decided to withdraw.

Personal life

On October 26, 1810, he married Louisa Hughes, whose grandfather had emigrated from County Wexford in Ireland, and whose mother had been born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.^[12] The couple had two daughters and a son and owned several enslaved people.^[13]

Death and legacy

Following the battle, Armistead was soon promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel, but was much weakened by the arduous preparations for the battle. He died at age 38, while still in command at Ft. McHenry only three years later. Historian Benson Lossing, wrote "the tax upon his nervous system during that bombardment left him with a disease of the heart ... on the 25 of April, 1818 he expired, at the age of thirty eight years."^[14] His funeral procession was described as "immense". He buried in the graveyard of Old St. Paul's Church in Baltimore. Baltimore constructed a marble monument which overlooks the city mentioning his role in the defense of Fort McHenry, and which with a later-erected building across from the Baltimore City Hall define a plaza near the harbor.^[15] Following his death, his widow inherited the Star-Spangled Banner (the larger of two flags displayed at the historic fort during the battle), which the family said was given to Armistead following the bombardment of Fort McHenry. Not only was the flag displayed during significant events (such as Lafayette's visit to Baltimore, which happened after this man's death), his widow and later family members distributed pieces as souvenirs, damaging the historic object. Nonetheless, generations of the family treasured the flag, and unlike the smaller battle flag, it survives to this day. His grandson, Ebenezer Appleton, lent it to the Smithsonian Institution in 1907 and made the loan permanent in 1912, with provisos requiring its maintenance and display.

Dates of rank

Ensign, 7th U.S. Infantry – January 14, 1799
2nd lieutenant – March 3, 1799
1st lieutenant – May 14, 1800
Discharged – June 15, 1800.
1st lieutenant, 2nd Regiment of Artillerists and Engineers – February 16, 1801
Captain – November 1, 1806
Major, 3rd Artillery Regiment – March 3, 1813
Brevet Lieutenant Colonel – September 14, 1814

References

Notes

^ Lyon Gardiner Tyler, Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography (1915) vol. 2, p. 197
^ Tyler
^ John F. Dorman, Adventures of Purse and Person vol. 1 pp. 279-280
^ Tom McMullen, Our Flag was still There (Simon and Schuster, 2023 ISBN 978-1-63758-733-1)
^ Armistead's family name is an English habitational meaning someone who lived by a hermit's cell. The Armistead surname, ancestry.com
^ Nicoll, Kurt (24 March 2002). "Historic plantation". Fredericksburg.com. Retrieved 2017-12-03.
^ Tyler
^ Tyler
^ Tyler
^ Encyclopedia Smithsonian: Star Spangled Banner and the War of 1812: Making the Star Spangled Banner
^ Davenport, Misha. "A Nation's History," Chicago-Sun Times, 2002-06-02.
^ Colonial Families of the USA, 1607-1775< vol 5 p. 16, also citing Vol. 1 pp. 12-12, as available on ancestry.com
^ slaveholdings mentioned in audiobook but not readily available on ancestry.com
^ Lossing, Benson John (1868). The Pictorial Field-book of the War of 1812: Or, Illustrations, by Pen and Pencil, of the History, Biography, Scenery, Relics, and Traditions of the Last War for American Independence. ISBN 9780665243844.
^ Fort McHenry, Baltimore MD. http://www.nps.gov/fomc/index.htm

Bibliography

George, Christopher T., Terror on the Chesapeake: The War of 1812 on the Bay, Shippensburg, Pa., White Mane, 2001, ISBN 1-57249-276-7
Pitch, Anthony S.The Burning of Washington, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2000. ISBN 1-55750-425-3
Whitehorne, Joseph A., The Battle for Baltimore 1814, Baltimore: Nautical & Aviation Publishing, 1997, ISBN 1-877853-23-2
Lord, Walter, The Dawn's Early Light, New York, N.Y., 1972, ISBN 0-393-05452-7