Gavialinae

Gavialinae Temporal range: Early Miocene-recent, 20–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Possible Late Cretaceous records, but see[1]
Indian gharial, Gavialis gangeticus
Hanyusuchus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Clade:	Archosauromorpha
Clade:	Archosauriformes
Order:	Crocodilia
Family:	Gavialidae
Subfamily:	Gavialinae Nopcsa, 1923
Genera
†Aktiogavialis †Argochampsa? †Dadagavialis †Eogavialis? †Eosuchus? †Eothoracosaurus? Gavialis †Gavialosuchus? †Gryposuchus †Hanyusuchus †Harpacochampsa? †Hesperogavialis †Ikanogavialis †Maomingosuchus? †Ocepesuchus †Paratomistoma? †Penghusuchus †Piscogavialis †Rhamphosuchus †Siquisiquesuchus †Sutekhsuchus †Thoracosaurus? †Toyotamaphimeia

Gavialinae is a subfamily of large semiaquatic crocodilian reptiles, resembling crocodiles, but with much thinner snouts. Gavialinae is one of the two major subfamilies within the family Gavialidae - the other being the subfamily Tomistominae, which contains the false gharial and extinct relatives.

Classification

Gavialinae was first proposed by Nopcsa in 1923, and was cladistically defined by Brochu in 2003 as Gavialis gangeticus (the gharial) and all crocodylians more closely related to it than to Tomistoma schlegelii (the false gharial).^[2] This is a stem-based definition for gavialinae, and means that it includes more basal extinct gavialine ancestors that are more closely related to the gharial than to the false gharial.

The false gharial was once thought to be only distantly related to the gharial despite its similar appearance. The false gharial and other tomistomines were traditionally classified within the superfamily Crocodyloidea as close relatives of crocodiles, based solely on morphological evidence.^[3] However, recent molecular studies using DNA sequencing have found that they are in fact more closely related to each other than any other extant (living) crocodilian.^{[3][4][5][6][7]}

The placement of extinct gavialids between Gavialinae and Tomistominae is unresolved.

The below cladogram is from the 2022 Iijima et al. study:^[8]

Crocodyloidea Gavialoidea †Maroccosuchus zennaroi †Megadontosuchus arduini †Dollosuchoides densmorei †Xaymacachampsa kugleri †Kentisuchus astrei †Kentisuchus spenceri Gavialidae †Tomistoma cairense †Tomistoma coppensi †Maomingosuchus petrolica Tomistominae Tomistoma schlegelii, false gharial †Tomistoma lusitanicum †Gavialosuchus eggenburgensis †Melitosaurus champsoides †Tomistoma calaritanum †Tomistoma gaudense †Thecachampsa carolinensis †Thecachampsa antiqua Gavialinae †Paratomistoma courti †Penghusuchus pani †Toyotamaphimeia machikanensis †Hanyusuchus sinensis †Eosuchus lerichei †Eosuchus minor †Ocepesuchus eoafricanus †Eothoracosaurus mississippiensis †Thoracosaurus macrorhynchus †Thoracosaurus neocesariensis †Aktiogavialis puertoricensis †Eogavialis africanum †Argochampsa krebsi †Piscogavialis jugaliperforatus †Ikanogavialis gameroi †Siquisiquesuchus venezuelensis †Dadagavialis gunai †Gryposuchus neogaeus †Gryposuchus croizati †Aktiogavialis caribesi †Gryposuchus pachakamue †Gryposuchus colombianus †Rhamphosuchus crassidens †Myanmar gavialid †Gavialis lewisi †Gavialis bengawanicus Gavialis gangeticus, gharial †Siwalik Gavialis

References

1. Brochu, Christopher A. (2004). "A new Late Cretaceous gavialoid crocodylian from eastern North America and the phylogenetic relationships of thoracosaurs". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (3). Christopher A. Brochu: 610. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0610:ANLCGC]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 131176447. Retrieved May 3, 2003.
2. Rio, Jonathan P.; Mannion, Philip D. (6 September 2021). "Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem". PeerJ. 9: e12094. doi:10.7717/peerj.12094. PMC 8428266. PMID 34567843.
3. Gatesy, Jorge; Amato, G.; Norell, M.; DeSalle, R.; Hayashi, C. (2003). "Combined support for wholesale taxic atavism in gavialine crocodylians" (PDF). Systematic Biology. 52 (3): 403–422. doi:10.1080/10635150309329. PMID 12775528.
4. Harshman, J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Bollback, J. P.; Parsons, T. J.; Braun, M. J. (2003). "True and false gharials: A nuclear gene phylogeny of crocodylia" (PDF). Systematic Biology. 52 (3): 386–402. doi:10.1080/10635150309323. PMID 12775527. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
5. Gatesy, J.; Amato, G. (2008). "The rapid accumulation of consistent molecular support for intergeneric crocodylian relationships". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 48 (3): 1232–1237. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.009. PMID 18372192.
6. Michael S. Y. Lee; Adam M. Yates (27 June 2018). "Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 285 (1881). doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.1071. PMC 6030529. PMID 30051855.
7. Hekkala, E.; Gatesy, J.; Narechania, A.; Meredith, R.; Russello, M.; Aardema, M. L.; Jensen, E.; Montanari, S.; Brochu, C.; Norell, M.; Amato, G. (2021-04-27). "Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene "horned" crocodile of Madagascar, Voay robustus". Communications Biology. 4 (1): 505. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02017-0. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 8079395. PMID 33907305.
8. Iijima M, Qiao Y, Lin W, Peng Y, Yoneda M, Liu J (2022). "An intermediate crocodylian linking two extant gharials from the Bronze Age of China and its human-induced extinction". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 289 (1970): Article ID 20220085. doi:10.1098/rspb.2022.0085. PMC 8905159. PMID 35259993. S2CID 247295536.