During the 1920s and 1930s, he went by the name Ferdie Grofé.[2]
Early life
Grofé was born in New York City in 1892 to German immigrants.[3][4] He came by his extensive musical interests naturally. His family had four generations of classical musicians. His father, Emil von Grofé, was a baritone who sang mainly light opera; his mother, Elsa Johanna Bierlich von Grofé, a professional cellist, was also a versatile music teacher who taught Ferde to play the violin and piano. Elsa's father, Bernard Bierlich, was a cellist in the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra in New York and Elsa's brother, Julius Bierlich, was first violinist and concertmaster of the Los Angeles Symphony.[5]
Musical education
Ferde's father died in 1899, after which his mother took him abroad to study piano, viola, and composition in Leipzig, Germany. Ferde became proficient on a wide range of instruments including piano (his favored instrument), violin, viola (he became a violist in the LA Symphony), baritone horn, alto horn, cornet and drums. This command of musical instruments and composition gave Ferde the foundation to become, first an arranger of other composers' music, and then a composer in his own right.[6]
Grofé left home at age 14 and variously worked as a milkman, truck driver, usher, newsboy, elevator operator, helper in a book bindery, iron factory worker, and played in a piano bar for two dollars a night, and as an accompanist.[7] He continued studying piano and violin. When he was 15 he was performing with dance bands. He also played the alto horn in brass bands. He was 17 when he wrote his first commissioned work, "Elks' Grand Reunion March & Two-step".[8]
Arranger for Paul Whiteman
Beginning in 1920, he played piano with the Paul Whiteman orchestra.[9] He served as Whiteman's chief arranger from 1920 to 1932. He made hundreds of arrangements of popular songs, Broadway show music, and tunes of all types for Whiteman.[10]
Grofé's most memorable arrangement is that of George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue, which established Grofé's reputation among musicians. Grofé took what Gershwin had written for two pianos and orchestrated it for Whiteman's orchestra. He transformed Gershwin's musical canvas with the colors and many of the creative touches for which it is so well known. He went on to create two more arrangements of the piece in later years.[11] Grofé's 1942 orchestration for full orchestra of Rhapsody in Blue is the one most frequently heard today. In 1928, Gershwin wrote a letter to ASCAP complaining that Grofé had listed himself as a composer of Rhapsody in Blue.[12] The dispute was settled, with Grofé receiving a portion of the music royalties for the piece. Despite this misunderstanding, Grofé served as one of the pallbearers at Gershwin's funeral in 1937.[13]
In 1932, The New York Times called Grofé "the Prime Minister of Jazz".[14] This was an oblique reference to the fact that Whiteman was widely called "King of Jazz", especially after the appearance of the 1930 King of Jazz film which featured Whiteman and his music.
During this time, Grofé also recorded numerous piano rolls for the American Piano Company (Ampico) in New York.[15] Some captured performances were embellished with additional notes after the initial recording took place to attempt to convey the thick lush nature of his orchestra's style. Hence those published rolls are marked "Played by Ferdie Grofé (assisted)".
Not everybody appreciated Grofé's flowery arrangements during this time. In a review of a Whiteman jazz concert in New York, one writer said the music was expected to be pleasing, and "it proved so when it was repeated last night, in spite of the excessive instrumentation of Ferde Grofé."[16] A writer of a later generation said "the Grofé and Gould pieces were the essence of slick commercialism..."[17]
Radio, TV, conducting and teaching
Mardi Gras (from Mississippi Suite) was recorded in the radio transcription series Shilkret Novelties in 1931.[18][19] and again by Nathaniel Shilkret in RCA Victor's transcription series His Master's Voice of the Air in 1932.[20][21][22] "On the Trail" (from Grand Canyon Suite) was also recorded in the His Master's Voice of the Air transcriptions.[22]
During the 1930s, he was the orchestra leader on several radio programs, including Fred Allen's show, the George Burns and Gracie Allen show and his own The Ferde Grofé Show. The "On the Trail" segment of Grand Canyon Suite was used for many years as the "musical signature" for radio and television programs sponsored by Philip Morris cigarettes, beginning with their 1933 radio program featuring Grofé and his orchestra and concluding with I Love Lucy (1951–57). Jon Hendricks wrote lyrics for "On the Trail", and the song was recorded for Hendricks' album To Tell the Truth (1975). The piano version sheet music of the suite includes lyrics to the central section of "On the Trail" by songwriter Gus Kahn.
Several times he conducted orchestral programs in New York's Carnegie Hall.[23] On March 25, 1938, Ferde Grofe and his Symphony Orchestra played a concert at Carnegie Hall for the benefit of "Free Milk Fund for Babies, Inc.", Mrs. William Randolph Hearst, President and Founder. The concert included a number of premieres, with George Gershwin's "Three Preludes" for orchestra (scored by Ferde Grofé) featured.[24]
In January 1933 the premiere of his Tabloid, an orchestral suite in four movements, was presented in Carnegie Hall.[25] In 1937, he conducted a concert tribute to George Gershwin at Lewisohn Stadium. The turnout (20,223 people) was the largest in that stadium's history.[26] In 1934, Grofé announced he was working on an opera, to be based on the Edgar Allan Poe story "The Fall of the House of Usher".[27]
In 1943, he was a guest on Paul Whiteman Presents. In 1944, he was a panelist on A Song Is Born radio show, judging the works of unknown composers. Before that time he had served several times as judge or co-judge in musical contests. Grofé was later employed as a conductor and faculty member at the Juilliard School of Music, where he taught orchestration.
Grofé's compositions
In addition to being an arranger, Grofé was a composer in his own right. While still with Whiteman, in 1926, he wrote Mississippi Suite, which Whiteman recorded in a shortened format in 1927. He wrote a number of other pieces, including a theme for the 1939 New York World's Fair and suites for Niagara Falls and the Hudson River. Possibly as a result of his World's Fair theme, October 13, 1940, was designated "Ferde Grofé Day" at the American pavilion of the World's Fair.[28] In 1961, Grofé conducted his Niagara Falls Suite as part of the ceremony marking the opening of the first stage of the Niagara Falls Power Generation project.[29]
Other notable compositions by Grofé were the Death Valley Suite and a music production about Mark Twain. The Death Valley Suite is a short symphonic suite written by Grofé in 1949, depicting the westward travels of pioneers through the "harsh lands" of Death Valley in California. Grofé was commissioned by the Death Valley 49ers, a nonprofit organization devoted to preserving the pioneering and mining history of the Death Valley region encompassing Death Valley National Monument (now Death Valley National Park) and the surrounding area.[30] The composition and music was part of a pageant performed on December 3, 1949, celebrating the 100th anniversary of the Forty-niners who came by way of Death Valley in search of gold and other riches, as well as celebrating the California state centennial (1850–1950).[31] The 1949 pageant setting was outdoors at Desolation Canyon in Death Valley. Grofé was the conductor, and actor James Stewart was the narrator.[32] In 1960, work was announced on a musical production based on the life of Mark Twain. The music was first assigned to Victor Young, but Grofé was later brought in to complete the work.[33]
Grofé is best known for his composition of the Grand Canyon Suite (1931), a work regarded highly enough to be recorded for RCA Victor with the NBC Symphony conducted by Arturo Toscanini (in Carnegie Hall in 1945, with the composer present). The earlier Mississippi Suite along with the later Death Valley Suite are occasionally performed and recorded. Grofé conducted the Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra in his Grand Canyon Suite and his piano concerto (with pianist Jesús María Sanromá) for Everest Records in 1960; the recording was digitally remastered and issued on CD in 1997.
In 1958, Walt Disney released a live-action, short subject film of the Grand Canyon using the Grand Canyon Suite music. The 30-minute Technicolor and CinemaScope film, entitled Grand Canyon, used no actors or dialogue, simply shots of the Grand Canyon itself and several animals around the area, all shown with Grofé's music accompanying the visuals. The short won an Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Subject,[34] and was shown as a featurette accompanying Disney's 1959 Sleeping Beauty. Today, the Grand Canyon Suite's third movement, "On the Trail", can be heard playing as the Disneyland Railroad passes the Grand Canyon sections of the "Grand Circle Tour" of Disneyland.
Robert Moses, master urban planner, commissioned Grofé to compose the music for the 1964 New York World's Fair. The fair's opening day's big musical performance was Paul Lavalle conducting a 94-piece orchestra in the world premiere of Grofé's "World's Fair Suite". Moses had previously commissioned Grofé to compose the theme for his 1939 New York World's Fair. Mr. Grofé was present, listening from a wheelchair, having suffered a stroke in 1961. His score was in five movements—"Unisphere", "International", "Fun at the Fair", "Pavilions of Industry" and "National".[35]
Films
Grofé began his second career as a composer of film scores in 1930, when he provided arrangements (and perhaps portions of the score) for the film King of Jazz.[36] Published data for this movie do not list Grofé as the score's composer, however.[37] He is also credited with the film score for the 1930 movie Redemption.[38]
A review for the 1944 Joseph Lewis film Minstrel Man stated, "the music, scored by Ferde Grofé, is an outstanding item."[39] Grofé was nominated, along with Leo Erdody, for an Academy Award in the category "Scoring of a Musical Picture" for this film.
Although he spent the first half of his life living in New Jersey and working in and around New York City, by 1945 he had moved to Los Angeles full-time. In 1945 he also sold his Teaneck, New Jersey, home.[40]
Grofé married his first wife, Mildred Fanchette Grizzelle, a lyric soprano singer, in San Francisco, CA on March 14, 1916, and divorced in 1928. In May 1951, he filed for divorce in Las Vegas from his second wife, Ruth, whom he had married in 1929. The day after the divorce was granted, he married his third wife, Anna May Lampton (January 13, 1952).[41]
Rip Van Winkle (1932–1954) Grofé worked on this tone poem for over two decades, before starting over and reworking the thematic material into the Hudson River Suite
Tabloid: Four Pictures of a Modern Newspaper (1933)
A Christmas Story (1983) Several movements of the Grand Canyon Suite were used in the film score
Works for concert band
Elks' Grand Reunion March & Two-step (1909) his first commissioned work, for an Elks Club Convention in Los Angeles
Scalawag (1956)
Valley of Enchantment Suite (1956)
Chamber music and solo works
Four Rags for Piano (1906) Grofé's first compositions, written at the age of 14
I. Harlem
II. Rattlesnake
III. Persimmon
IV. Hobble
Souvenir (1907) for solo cello, written for Grofé's grandfather
Evening Shadows (1907–08, pub. 1915) for solo piano
Wonderful One (1920; pub. 1923) for female vocalist and piano. Music by Paul Whiteman and Ferdie Grofé. Words by Dorothy Terriss. Adapted from a theme by Marshall Neilar
Sonata for Flute and Bicycle Pump
A Sailor's Reward (1926) A Musical Drama of the Sea - for Ukulele in D
Queen of Egypt (1933) for piano. Music by Ferdie Grofé & Peter De Rose, Lyric by Billy Colligan
Ruby (1936) for piano, from the suite "Jewel Tones"
Miss Mischief (1937) for piano, dedicated to Shirley Temple
Diana, for solo saxophone and piano
Templed Hills (pub. 1940) popular song
Table d'Hôte (1945)[46][47] for flute, violin and viola
Festiviana (1949) A Modern Composition for the Piano
Grofe's Serenade (pub. 1949) for piano, dedicated to his wife
Gallodoro's Serenade for Saxophone and Piano (1958) written for the virtuoso Al Gallodoro
Valsanne (1959) for solo saxophone and piano
Lonely Castle (1968) for solo flute
Christine (1969) for cello and piano
Sequoia (1970, Final Opus) for flute, oboe, and strings
Since 2010, the scores Requiem for a Ghost Town, the ballet Café Society and the Ode to the Star-Spangled Banner have been performed in newly published musicological scores based on the manuscripts on file with the Library of Congress.[44][48]
Grofé's Grand Canyon Suite, performed by the New York Philharmonic (with John Corigliano, Sr. as the violin soloist) conducted by Leonard Bernstein. Coupled with Bernstein conducting Gershwin’s Rhapsody in Blue (with Bernstein at the piano) and An American in Paris (Sony 63086)
^Shilkret Novelties Demonstration Disc JGB 531–1 states that the discs were recorded in Byers Recording Laboratory under the supervision of Leonard E. Cox and directed by Nathaniel Shilkret.
^Payroll records in the Nathaniel Shilkret archives show that the Shilkret Novelties transcriptions were recorded in November and December 1931.
^Shilkret, Nathaniel, ed. Shell, Niel and Barbara Shilkret, Nathaniel Shilkret: Sixty Years in the Music Business, Scarecrow Press, Lanham, Maryland, 2005, p. 281. ISBN0-8108-5128-8
^ abR-101 and R-102 are the transcription discs containing Grofé's compositions; dates for airing the transcriptions can be traced by, for example, advertising and themes for Christmas and Washington's birthday.
^New York Times, "Orchestra at Carnegie Hall meets enthusiastic crowd", January 10, 1937.
^New York Times, "Ferde Grofe to Lead Symphony Orchestra on Friday, March 25, 1938.
^49ers, Death Valley. "About Us". deathvalley49ers.org/. Death Valley 49ers. Retrieved 2014-08-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^Grofe, Ferde (1949). Ferde Grofe(PDF). Grofe and State of California. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-09-25.
^Thomas, Danny Ray. "49ers Keepsakes". dannyraythomas.com. Death Valley 49ers. Retrieved 2014-10-01.
Grofé's original published score of the third movement of the Death Valley Suite in collaboration with the State of California and the Death Valley 49ers Organization, pageant pictures and advertising along with additional historical facts can be seen here while the 1949 pageant guide to the December 3, 1949, event featuring the Death Valley Suite can be viewed here.
