Employment authorization document

Example EAD cards from 2017 (left) and 2011 (right)

A Form I-766 employment authorization document (EAD; [1]) or EAD card, known popularly as a work permit, is a document issued by the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) that provides temporary employment authorization to noncitizens in the United States.

Currently the Form I-766 Employment Authorization Document is issued in the form of a standard credit card-size plastic card enhanced with multiple security features. The card contains some basic information about the immigrant: name, birth date, sex, immigrant category, country of birth, photo, immigrant registration number (also called "A-number"), card number, restrictive terms and conditions, and dates of validity. This document, however, should not be confused with the green card.

Obtaining an EAD

A Form I-766, Employment Authorization Document, issued to an applicant for adjustment of status by USCIS in November 2018, and noting at the bottom that the card also serves as a Form I-512 providing for Advance Parole (EAD-AP combo card).

To request an Employment Authorization Document, noncitizens who qualify may file Form I-765, Application for Employment Authorization. Applicants must then send the form via mail to the USCIS Regional Service Center that serves their area. If approved, an Employment Authorization Document will be issued for a specific period of time based on alien's immigration situation.

Thereafter, USCIS will issue Employment Authorization Documents in the following categories:

• Renewal Employment Authorization Document: the renewal process takes the same amount of time as a first-time application so the noncitizen may have to plan ahead and request the renewal 3 to 4 months before expiration date.
• Replacement Employment Authorization Document: Replaces a lost, stolen, or mutilated EAD. A replacement Employment Authorization Document also replaces an Employment Authorization Document that was issued with incorrect information, such as a misspelled name.^[1]

For employment-based green card applicants, the priority date needs to be current to apply for Adjustment of Status (I-485) at which time an Employment Authorization Document can be applied for. Typically, it is recommended to apply for Advance Parole at the same time so that visa stamping is not required when re-entering US from a foreign country.

Interim EAD

An interim Employment Authorization Document is an Employment Authorization Document issued to an eligible applicant when U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services has failed to adjudicate an application within 90 days of receipt of a properly filed Employment Authorization Document applicationwithin 90 days of receipt of a properly filed Employment Authorization Document application^{[citation needed]} or within 30 days of a properly filed initial Employment Authorization Document application based on an asylum application filed on or after January 4, 1995.^[1] The interim Employment Authorization Document will be granted for a period not to exceed 240 days and is subject to the conditions noted on the document.

An interim Employment Authorization Document is no longer issued by local service centers. One can however take an INFOPASS appointment and place a service request at local centers, explicitly asking for it if the application exceeds 90 days and 30 days for asylum applicants without an adjudication.

Restrictions

The eligibility criteria for employment authorization is detailed in the Federal Regulations section 8 C.F.R. §274a.12.^[2] Only aliens who fall under the enumerated categories are eligible for an employment authorization document. Currently, there are more than 40 types of immigration status that make their holders eligible to apply for an Employment Authorization Document card.^[3] Some are nationality-based and apply to a very small number of people. Others are much broader, such as those covering the spouses of E-1, E-2, E-3, or L-1 visa holders.

Qualifying EAD categories

The category includes the persons who either are given an Employment Authorization Document incident to their status or must apply for an Employment Authorization Document in order to accept the employment.^[1]

• Asylee/Refugee, their spouses, and their children
• Citizens or nationals of countries falling in certain categories
• Foreign students with active
  • F-1 status who wish to pursue
    • Pre- or Post-Optional Practical Training, either paid or unpaid, which must be directly related to the students' major of study
    • Optional Practical Training for designated science, technology, engineering, and mathematics degree holders, where the beneficiary must be employed for paid positions directly related to the beneficiary's major of study, and the employer must be using E-Verify
    • The internship, either paid or unpaid, with an authorized International Organization
    • The off-campus employment during the students' academic progress due to significant economic hardship, regardless of the students' major of study
  • M-1 status who wish to pursue practical training which is directly related to the students' vocational training from the school
• J-1 Summer Work/Travel visa holders
• Spouses of exchange visitors with certain regulation
• Eligible dependents of employees of diplomatic missions, International Organization, or NATO
• Certain employment-based nonimmigrants; limits may apply
• Certain family-based nonimmigrants
• Persons within the adjustment-of-status categories
• Other eligible categories

Employment Authorization Document Categories^[4]^[5]

Employment Authorization Document Category	Description
A1	Lawful Permanent Resident
A2	Lawful Temporary Resident
A3	Refugee
A4	Paroled Refugee
A5	Asylee (Granted Asylum)
A6	K-1 or K-2 Nonimmigrant
A7	N-8 or N-9 Nonimmigrant
A8	Citizen of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, or Palau
A9	K-3 or K-4 Nonimmigrant
A12	Temporary Protected Status
A15	V Nonimmigrant
A16	T-1 Nonimmigrant
A17	Spouse of an E-1 or E-2 Treaty, Trader, or Investor
A18	Spouse of an L-1 Intra-company Transferee
A19	U-1 Nonimmigrant
A20	U-2, U-3, U-4, or U-5 Nonimmigrants
C1	Spouse or Dependent of A-1 or A-2 Nonimmigrant
C2	Spouse or Dependent of Coordination Council for North American Affairs (E-1)/Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office
C3A	F-1 Nonimmigrant, Pre-Completion Optional Practical Training
C3B	F-1 Nonimmigrant, Post-Completion Optional Practical Training
C3C	F-1 Nonimmigrant, 24-month Extension for STEM Students
C4	Spouse or Dependent of G-1, G-3, or G-4 Nonimmigrant
C5	J-2 Spouse or Child of J-1 Nonimmigrant
C6	M-1 Nonimmigrant, Practical Training
C7	Dependent of NATO-1 through NATO-7 Nonimmigrant
C8	Asylum Application Pending filed before January 4, 1995, and applicant is not in exclusion/deportation proceedings
C9	Pending Adjustment of Status
C10	Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act Section 203 Applicants who are Eligible to Apply for Relief
C14	Deferred Action
C16	Creation of Record (Adjustment Based on Continuous Residence since January 1, 1972)
C17i	B-1 Domestic of a Nonimmigrant
C17ii	B-1 Domestic of a United States Citizen
C17iii	Employee of a Foreign Airline
C19	Temporary Treatment Benefits Based on 8 CFR 244.5 (Extension of TPS)
C21	S Nonimmigrant
C23	Irish Peace Process (Q-2)
C24	V visa who are Eligible for Family Unity in Accordance with the Legal Immigration Family Equity Act
C25	T Visa Dependent
C33	Consideration of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals

Persons who do not qualify for an Employment Authorization Document

The following persons do not qualify for an Employment Authorization Document, nor can they accept any employment in the United States, unless the incident of status may allow.

• Visa waived persons for pleasure
• B-2 visitors for pleasure
• Transiting passengers via U.S. port-of-entry

The following persons do not qualify for an Employment Authorization Document, even if they are authorized to work in certain conditions, according to the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Service regulations (8 CFR Part 274a).^[6] Some statuses may be authorized to work only for a certain employer, under the term of 'alien authorized to work for the specific employer incident to the status', usually who has petitioned or sponsored the persons' employment. In this case, unless otherwise stated by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, no approval from either the U.S. Department of Homeland Security or U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services is needed.

• Temporary non-immigrant workers employed by sponsoring organizations holding following status:
  • H (Dependents of H immigrants may qualify if they have been granted an extension beyond six years or based on an approved I-140 perm filing)
  • I
  • L-1 (Dependents of L-1 visa are qualified to apply for an Employment Authorization Document immediately)
  • O-1
• Foreign student holding F-1 nonimmigrant student status, with certain working-hour limitations, who is pursuing:
  • on-campus employment, regardless of the students' field of study
  • curricular practical training for paid (can be unpaid) alternative study, pre-approved by the school, which must be the integral part of the students' study
• Exchange visitor employed by sponsoring organizations; limits may apply
• Crew members, only for the carrier who has employed the persons

Background: immigration control and employment regulations

Undocumented immigrants have been considered a source of low-wage labor, both in the formal and informal sectors of the economy. However, in the late 1980s with an increasing influx of un-regulated immigration, many worried about how this would impact the economy and, at the same time, citizens. Consequently, in 1986, Congress enacted the Immigration Reform and Control Act "in order to control and deter illegal immigration to the United States" resulting increasing patrolling of U.S. borders.^[7] Additionally, the Immigration Reform and Control Act implemented new employment regulations that imposed employer sanctions, criminal and civil penalties "against employers who knowingly [hired] illegal workers".^[8] Prior to this reform, employers were not required to verify the identity and employment authorization of their employees; for the very first time, this reform "made it a crime for undocumented immigrants to work" in the United States.^[9]

The Employment Eligibility Verification document (I-9) was required to be used by employers to "verify the identity and employment authorization of individuals hired for employment in the United States".^[10] While this form is not to be submitted unless requested by government officials, it is required that all employers have an I-9 form from each of their employees, which they must be retain for three years after day of hire or one year after employment is terminated.^[11]

I-9 qualifying citizenship or immigration statuses

• A citizen of the United States
• A noncitizen national of the United States
• A lawful permanent resident
• An alien authorized to work
  • As an "Alien Authorized to Work," the employee must provide an "A-Number" present in the EAD card, along with the expiration day of the temporary employment authorization. Thus, as established by form I-9, the EAD card is a document which serves as both an identification and verification of employment eligibility.^[10]

Concurrently, the Immigration Act of 1990 “increased the limits on lawful immigration to the United States," [...] "established new nonimmigrant admission categories," and revised acceptable grounds for deportation. Most importantly, it brought to light the "authorized temporary protected status" for aliens of designated countries.^[7]

Through the revision and creation of new classes of nonimmigrants, qualified for admission and temporary working status, both IRCA and the Immigration Act of 1990 provided legislation for the regulation of employment of noncitizen.

The 9/11 attacks brought to the surface the weak aspect of the immigration system. After the September 11 attacks, the United States intensified its focus on interior reinforcement of immigration laws to reduce illegal immigration and to identify and remove criminal aliens.^[12]

Temporary worker: Alien Authorized to Work

Undocumented Immigrants are individuals in the United States without lawful status. When these individuals qualify for some form of relief from deportation, individuals may qualify for some form of legal status. In this case, temporarily protected noncitizens are those who are granted "the right to remain in the country and work during a designated period". Thus, this is kind of an "in-between status" that provides individuals temporary employment and temporary relief from deportation, but it does not lead to permanent residency or citizenship status.^[1] Therefore, an Employment Authorization Document should not be confused with a legalization document and it is neither U.S. permanent resident status nor U.S. citizenship status. The Employment Authorization Document is given, as mentioned before, to eligible noncitizens as part of a reform or law that gives individuals temporary legal status

Examples of "Temporarily Protected" noncitizens (eligible for an Employment Authorization Document)

• Temporary Protected Status (TPS)
  • Under Temporary Protected Status, individuals are given relief from deportation as temporary refugees in the United States. Under Temporary Protected Status, individuals are given protected status if found that "conditions in that country pose a danger to personal safety due to ongoing armed conflict or an environmental disaster". This status is granted typically for 6 to 18 month periods, eligible for renewal unless the individual's Temporary Protected Status is terminated by U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. If withdrawal of Temporary Protected Status occurs, the individual faces exclusion or deportation proceedings.^[13]
• Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)
  • Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals was authorized by President Obama in 2012; it provided qualified undocumented youth "access to relief from deportation, renewable work permits, and temporary Social Security numbers".^[14]
• Currently Blocked and Awaiting Implementation
  • Deferred Action for Parents of Americans (DAPA): If enacted, Deferred Action for Parents of Americans would provide parents of Americans and Lawful Permanent Residents, protection from deportation and make them eligible for an Employment Authorization Document.^[15]

See also

• Work permit

References

1. "Instructions for I-765, Application for Employment Authorization" (PDF). U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. 2015-11-04. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-15. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
2. "Classes of aliens authorized to accept employment". Government Printing Office. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
3. "Employment Authorization". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
4. "8 CFR 274a.12: Classes of aliens authorized to accept employment". via Legal Information Institute, Cornell University Law School. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
5. "Employment Authorization Document (EAD) Chart: Proof of Legal Presence". via Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
6. "TITLE 8 OF CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS (8 CFR) | USCIS". www.uscis.gov. Archived from the original on 2010-01-13. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
7. "Definition of Terms | Homeland Security". www.dhs.gov. 2009-07-07. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
8. Ngaio, Mae M. (2004). Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 266. ISBN 9780691124292.
9. Abrego, Leisy J. (2014). Sacrificing Families: Navigating Laws, Labor, and Love Across Borders. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804790574.
10. "Employment Eligibility Verification". USCIS. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
11. Rojas, Alexander G. (2002). "Renewed Focus on the I-9 Employment Verification Program". Employment Relations Today. 29 (2): 9–17. doi:10.1002/ert.10035. ISSN 1520-6459.
12. Mittelstadt, M.; Speaker, B.; Meissner, D. & Chishti, M. (2011). "Through the prism of national security: Major immigration policy and program changes in the decade since 9/11" (PDF). Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
13. "§ Sec. 244.12 Employment authorization". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
14. Gonzales, Roberto G.; Terriquez, Veronica; Ruszczyk, Stephen P. (2014). "Becoming DACAmented Assessing the Short-Term Benefits of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)". American Behavioral Scientist. 58 (14): 1852–1872. doi:10.1177/0002764214550288. S2CID 143708523.
15. Capps, R., Koball, H., Bachmeier, J. D., Soto, A. G. R., Zong, J., & Gelatt, J. (2016). "Deferred Action for Unauthorized Immigrant Parents"

External links

• I-765, Application for Employment Authorization, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services.
• 8 CFR 274a.12 - Classes of aliens authorized to accept employment