Sum

Tämä artikkeli kertoo Mongolian aluejaosta. Šum on musiikkikappale.
Mongolian sumit

Sum (mong. сум) on Mongolian aluejaon yksikkö. Mongolia on jaettu aimageihin eli provinsseihin tai maakuntiin, jotka jakautuvat edelleen sumeihin. Sum on samantyyppinen yksikkö kuin piirikunta.[1] Sumit jakautuvat edelleen bag-nimisiin yksiköihin: jokaisessa sumissa on vähintään yksi sumin keskuspaikkakunnan käsittävä bag ja yksi maaseutu-bag, mutta useimmiten jälkimmäisiä on kolme tai neljä.[2] Mongolia jakautuu nykyään yhteensä 331 sumiin ja 1 671 bagiin (vuonna 2008).[3]

Sum tarkoittaa kirjaimellisesti nuolta, ja alun perin se oli sotilaallinen yksikkö, jota käytettiin jo ennen Tšingis-kaania. Mongolivaltakunnan aikaan sum käsitti noin 150–200 kotitaloutta.[1] Kiinan valtakaudella sum oli Mongolian aluejaon pienin yksikkö hošuun alapuolella. Tällöinkin sillä oli sotilaallinen rooli: sumin täytyi toimittaa vuoden 1789 lain mukaan armeijalle 150 asekuntoista miestä. Mongoliassa oli 239 sumia vuonna 1830, mutta niiden määrä vaihteli suuresti väestönkasvun tai väestön vähenemisen mukaan. ”Puolikkaita” sumeja, jotka olivat liian pieniä toimittamaan tarpeeksi miehiä aseisiin, kutsuttiin nimellä hondogo. Myös sumien määrä khošuu-yksiköissä vaihteli huomattavasti.[4] Nykyinen sum-järjestelmä syntyi vuonna 1931, kun suuremmat piirikunnat jaettiin neuvostokauden alussa 324 sumiin.[3]

Lähteet

  1. ↑ a b Avery, Martha: The Tea Road: China and Russia meet across the Steppe, s. 181. 五洲传播出版社, 2003. ISBN 9787508503806 Teoksen verkkoversio.
  2. ↑ Jaspal Singh Sandhu: Serial hanging out in Mongolia: Information, design & global health, s. 100. ProQuest, 2008. ISBN 9781109097672 Teoksen verkkoversio.[vanhentunut linkki]
  3. ↑ a b Kathleen A. Galvin, Jim Ellis, Robin S. Reid, Roy H. Behnke, N. Thompson Hobbs: Fragmentation in semi-arid and arid landscapes: consequences for human and natural landscapes, s. 181. Springer, 2008. ISBN 9781402049057 Teoksen verkkoversio.
  4. ↑ Bat-Ochiryn Bold: Mongolian nomadic society: a reconstruction of the "medieval" history of Mongolia, s. 105. Palgrave Macmillan, 2001. ISBN 9780312228279 Teoksen verkkoversio.

Read other articles:

Northrop Grumman X-47A Pegasus

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Northrop Grumman X-47A Pegasus – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) X-47A Pegasus X-47A roll out Role Unmanned combat aerial vehicleTechnology demonstrationType of...

 

 

Darmono Susastro

Darmono SusastroAsisten Personil Kepala Staf Angkatan DaratMasa jabatan25 Februari 2022 – 27 April 2023PendahuluWawan RuswandiPenggantiAgus PrangarsoKepala Staf Kodam III/SiliwangiMasa jabatan23 Juni 2021 – 25 Februari 2022PendahuluKunto Arief WibowoPenggantiDian Sundiana Informasi pribadiLahir0 Mei 1965 (umur 58)Dukuhwringin, Slawi, Tegal, Jawa TengahSuami/istriNy. Sri Indratmi, S.E.HubunganMayjen TNI. (Purn.) Untung Budiharto (Kolega)Alma materAkademi Militer (198...

 

 

Hanya Untukmu (film)

Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Hanya Untukmu. Hanya UntukmuSelebaranSutradara Arizal Produser A. Ganie Rachman Ditulis oleh Arizal PemeranLenny MarlinaFadlyKusno SudjarwadiAminah CendrakasihSofia WDBambang IrawanAde IrawanHardjo MulyoNana DhianaDistributorSurya Indonesia Medan FilmTanggal rilis1976Durasi110 menitNegara IndonesiaBahasa Indonesia Hanya Untukmu adalah film Indonesia yang yang dirilis pada tahun 1976 dengan disutradarai oleh Arizal. Film ini dibintangi antara lain oleh Lenny Marlina ...

Al-Na'ima

Place in Safad, Mandatory PalestineAl-Na'ima الناعمةEtymology: The soft soil[1] 1870s map 1940s map modern map 1940s with modern overlay map A series of historical maps of the area around Al-Na'ima (click the buttons)Al-Na'imaLocation within Mandatory PalestineCoordinates: 33°11′17″N 35°35′42″E / 33.18806°N 35.59500°E / 33.18806; 35.59500Palestine grid206/288Geopolitical entityMandatory PalestineSubdistrictSafadDate of depopulationMa...

 

 

كريستين والاس

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2019) كريستين والاس معلومات شخصية الميلاد سنة 1960 (العمر 62–63 سنة)  مواطنة أستراليا  الحياة العملية المدرسة الأم جامعة سيدنيالجامعة الوطنية الأسترالية  ا...

 

 

فيليبي رودريغيز (مغني)

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2019) فيليبي رودريغيز معلومات شخصية الميلاد 8 مايو 1926  كاغواس  الوفاة 26 مايو 1999 (73 سنة)   سان خوان، بورتوريكو  سبب الوفاة سقوط  [لغات أخرى]‏  مواط...

Rafael Pérez y Pérez

Rafael Pérez y Pérez Lápida del escritor Rafael Pérez y Pérez en el cementerio de Cuatretondeta.Información personalNacimiento 18 de septiembre de 1891Cuatretondeta, Alicante, EspañaFallecimiento 24 de abril de 1984 (92 años)Cuatretondeta, Alicante, EspañaSepultura Cuatretondeta Nacionalidad EspañaReligión Catolicismo Lengua materna Español Información profesionalOcupación NovelistaAños activo 1909-1971Seudónimo R. Pérez y Pérez,Rafael Pérez y PérezLengua literaria EspañolG

 

 

Miécimo da Silva Sports Complex

Multi-sport complex in Rio Miécimo da Silva Sports Complex Pan American Games 2007 in Miécimo da Silva. The Miécimo da Silva Olympic Boulevard, originally Miécimo da Silva Sports Center (in Portuguese: Centro Esportivo Miécimo da Silva), is a city-owned Olympic-grade multi-sports complex in Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro. Sporting swimming pools, multi-sport building complex, an indoor arena, a small stadium, and over 9 outdoor sports fields, Miécimo is one of the largest sports centers i...

 

 

Chesapeake Detention Facility

Correctional institution in Baltimore, Maryland, US Chesapeake Detention FacilityLocation401 East Madison Street Baltimore, MarylandStatusopenSecurity classmaximum / supermaxCapacity511Opened1988Managed byMaryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services The Chesapeake Detention Facility (CDF), previously the Maryland Correctional Adjustment Center (MCAC), is a maximum level II (supermax or control unit) prison operated by the Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional...

Leon Balogun

Leon Balogun Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Leon-Aderemi BalogunTanggal lahir 28 Juni 1988 (umur 35)Tempat lahir Berlin, GermanyTinggi 1,90 m (6 ft 3 in)Posisi bermain BekInformasi klubKlub saat ini Fortuna DüsseldorfNomor 3Karier junior Hertha BSC Berlin Hertha ZehlendorfKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2007–2008 Türkiyemspor Berlin 29 (4)2008–2010 Hannover 96 II 34 (1)2008–2010 Hannover 96 3 (0)2010–2012 SV Werder Bremen II 49 (4)2010–2012 SV Werder Bremen ...

 

 

Сент-Этьен-де-Сен-Жуар

У этого топонима есть и другие значения, см. Сент-Этьен (значения). КоммунаСент-Этьен-де-Сен-ЖуарSaint-Étienne-de-Saint-Geoirs Герб 45°19′59″ с. ш. 5°21′00″ в. д.HGЯO Страна  Франция Регион Рона — Альпы Департамент Изер Кантон Сент-Этьен-де-Сен-Жуар Мэр Yannick Neuder История и географи...

 

 

Beton (typeface)

Slab-serif typeface designed by Heinrich Jost Beton Bold in a metal type sample Beton is a slab-serif typeface designed by Heinrich Jost and released originally by the Bauer Type Foundry from 1929 onwards, with most major styles released by 1931.[1][2] Beton is German for concrete (originally from French), a choice of name suggesting its industrial aesthetic. Beton is a geometric slab serif, reflecting the style of German geometric sans-serifs (in particular Futura) which had ...

Her Handsome Hero

17th episode of the 5th season of Once Upon a Time Her Handsome HeroOnce Upon a Time episodeEpisode no.Season 5Episode 17Directed byRomeo TironeWritten byJerome SchwartzProduction code517Original air dateApril 10, 2016 (2016-04-10)Guest appearances Wes Brown as Gaston Greg Germann as Hades Eric Keenleyside as Maurice/Moe French Meghan Ory as Red Riding Hood/Ruby Lucas Episode chronology ← PreviousOur Decay Next →Ruby Slippers Once Upon a Time (season 5)List o...

 

 

Panfilov's 28 Men

2016 Russian filmPanfilov's 28 MenTheatrical release poster28 панфиловцевDirected byKim Druzhinin Andrey Shalopa[1][2]Screenplay byAndrey ShalopaProduced byAnton Yudintsev Andrey ShalopaStarringAleksandr UstyugovYakov KucherevskiyAzamat NigmanovOleg FyodorovAleksey MorozovCinematographyNikita RozhdestvenskiyMusic byMikhail KostylevProductioncompaniesPanfilov's Twenty Eight Gaijin EntertainmentDistributed byUniversal Pictures International (UPI)Release date November&...

 

 

Hirok railway station

Railway station in Pakistan Hirok Railway Stationہیروک ریلوے اسٹیشنGeneral informationOwned byMinistry of RailwaysLine(s)Rohri-Chaman Railway LineOther informationStation codeHRKServices Preceding station Pakistan Railways Following station Machtowards Rohri Junction Rohri–Chaman Line Dozantowards Chaman Hirok Railway Station (Urdu: ہیروک ریلوے اسٹیشن, Balochi: ہیروک ریلوے اسٹیشن) is located in Hirok village, Kachhi district of Balochistan pro...

Andy Timmons

American guitarist (born 1963) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources:...

 

 

Sisak People's Liberation Partisan Detachment

Sisak People's Liberation Partisan DetachmentMonument to the Detachment in Brezovica ForestLeadersVladimir Janjić-CapoDates of operation1941–1945HeadquartersBrezovica forestPart ofYugoslav PartisansOpponentsAxis powers, Germany, Italy, NDH, Bulgaria, Chetniks The Sisak People's Liberation Partisan Detachment (Serbo-Croatian: Sisački narodnooslobodilački partizanski odred), also known as the 1st Sisak Partisan Detachment (1. Sisački partizanski odred), was the first Partisan armed anti-f...

 

 

Itami Airport

Airport in Hyogo and Osaka prefecture, Japan Osaka International Airport redirects here. For the main airport serving the Osaka area, see Kansai International Airport. Itami AirportOsaka International Airport伊丹空港大阪国際空港Itami KūkōŌsaka Kokusai KūkōIATA: ITMICAO: RJOOWMO: 47771SummaryAirport typePublicOwnerNew Kansai International Airport Company [ja] (NKIAC)[1]OperatorKansai Airports(Orix and Vinci Airports)ServesKeihanshinLocationItami, HyogoIkeda,...

Dirac large numbers hypothesis

Hypothesis relating age of the universe to physical constants Paul Dirac The Dirac large numbers hypothesis (LNH) is an observation made by Paul Dirac in 1937 relating ratios of size scales in the Universe to that of force scales. The ratios constitute very large, dimensionless numbers: some 40 orders of magnitude in the present cosmological epoch. According to Dirac's hypothesis, the apparent similarity of these ratios might not be a mere coincidence but instead could imply a cosmology with ...

 

 

OpenZFS

Open-source implementation of the ZFS file system This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) OpenZFSInitial releasePorted to various systems between 2006 and 2010. Forked from OpenSolaris August 2010; 13 years ago (2010-0...

 

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!